THE PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY This theory was proposed by Sigmund Freud which he believed that a child passes five major stages in which the pleasure‐seeking energies of the ‘id’ become focused on certain erogenous areas. These stages are the oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. If psychosexual stages are completed successfully, the result is a healthy behavior or personality. If certain issues are not resolved at the appropriate stage, fixation occurs. Fixation is the tendency to stay at a particular if not properly satisfied on its appropriate period. PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY This theory was proposed by Erick Erickson. His theory states that human’s lifespan undergo the Eight (8) Stages of major crises or conflict. This theory describes the impact of social experience of a person across the whole lifespan. He believed that human beings are rational creatures whose thoughts, feelings and actions are largely controlled by the ego. Individuals must first understand the realities of the social world in order to adapt successfully. The Eight Stages across the human’s lifespan are as follows: a. Basic Trust vs. Mistrust – from 0 to 1 year old or the Infancy Stage b. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt – from 1 to 3 years old or the Early Childhood Stage c. Initiative vs. Guilt – from 3 to 6 years old or the Middle Childhood Stage d. Industry vs. Inferiority – from 6 to 12 years old or the Late Childhood Stage e. Identity vs. Role Confusion – from 12 to 20 years old or the Adolescent Period f. Intimacy vs. Isolation – from 20 to 40 years old or the Young Adult Stage g. Generativity vs. Stagnation – from 40 to 65 years old or the Middle Adult Stage h. Ego Identity vs. Despair ‐ from 65 to death or the Old Age Period DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FREUD AND ERICKSON’S THEORY Although Freud and Erickson both believed that people are born with basic instincts and that the personality is composed of three components: the id, the ego and the superego, they still differ mainly by the determinants of development they have used. Freud focused on sexual or the pleasure‐seeking libido of an individual which he described on his Five Stages of Psychosexual theory, while Erickson focused mainly on the socio‐cultural determinants of an individual across his whole lifespan which he described on the Eight Major crises or conflicts of Psychosocial theory. He believed that interaction takes place between an individual and social environment during each development stage which can change the course of personality either positively or negatively.

COGNITIVE THEORY OF JEAN PIAGET Jean Piaget divided intelligence into two division: (1) organization and (2) adaptation. According to him, organization is the process by which a child combines existing schema into new or more complex intellectual structure or bodies of knowledge. Schema is defined as logically organized pattern of thought or action that are construct to interpret some aspects of one’s experience while, adaptation is the aspect of intelligence which organizes the interaction between the individual and environment. Adaptation occurs through two complementary activities of (a) assimilation and (b) accommodation. Assimilation is the process by which the child understands new information or interprets new experience while Accommodation is the process of modifying existing schemas in order to account for new experiences. Equilibrium is the total process of assimilation and accommodation for maintaining intellectual balance at all age levels. These concepts find expression in the Four Developmental Stages of Piaget’s theory as follows: a. The Sensorimotor Stage – from 0 to 2 years old; exploring and understanding the environment. b. The Preoperational Stage – This is divided into (1) pre‐conceptual stage – from 2 to 4 years old and (2) intuitive reasoning stage – from 4 to 7 years old. c. The Concrete Operational Stage – from 7 to 12 years old is marked by manipulation of objects. Children increased in knowledge and skills and decreased in egocentrism. d. The Formal Operational Stage – from 11 to 15 years old MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY OF LAWRENCE KOHLBERG The moral development theory of Lawrence Kohlberg focuses on moral reasoning of an individual which Kohlberg believed that it is the basis for ethical behavior. He believed that moral development was principally concerned with justice, care and respect. The Six Stages of Moral Development can be grouped into three main levels as (1) Pre‐conventional, (2) Conventional and (3) Post‐Conventional. Each level has two stages as follows: a. Post‐conventional: 1. Obedience and Punishment Orientation How can I avoid punishment? 2. Self‐interest Orientation What’s in it for me? b. Conventional: 3. Interpersonal accord and confirminity Social norms 4. Authority and Social Order Maintaining Orientation Law and order morality c. Post‐conventional: 5. Social Contract Orientation 6. Universal Ethical Principles