...“Shooting the Messenger?” The Impact of Short Sale Bans in Times of Crisis Ian Appel 1 and Caroline Fohlin 2 Original Version: 5/8/09 This Draft: 10/22/10 Abstract: We find that the bans on covered short sales, implemented in several countries during the financial crisis of 2008-09 improved market liquidity or at least had a neutral impact; a result we argue could be expected in theory, given a simple variation on the Diamond-Verrechia (1987) model. The result holds for daily data over an extended period as well as for intraday data over various time spans. In contrast to other recent studies, we use American Depository Receipts as the controls in a difference-in-difference analysis encompassing all banned non-U.S. shares with corresponding depository receipts listed in the United States. Furthermore, we find that bans on covered short sales generally succeeded in lowering volatility. Banning short selling is not good policy in normal times, but our findings indicate that such bans might prove useful in (temporarily) stemming liquidity loss during crises. 1 2 Department of Finance, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. ianappel@wharton.upenn.edu. Department of Economics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. fohlin@jhu.edu. We thank without implicating Hülya Eraslan, Thomas Gehrig, and Jonathan Wright as well as participants at the FRIAS-Bundesbank workshop of March, 2010, for comments on a previous draft. Fohlin acknowledges financial support...
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...Expansion and Merger Explain why government regulation is needed, citing the major reasons for government Involvement in a market economy. It is significant for the companies and organizations to concern all legal and law regulatory authorities before mergers and acquisitions. There are comprehensive requirement that authorizes the company to intervene in any action that could lead towards merger and acquisition. This is for the benefits for all the organization in case for instances in some mishaps the government could take some legal actions against the transaction. The other thing is that there are certain laws, in case of the international mergers, the tax policies and trading policies should be practiced in order to regulate and the actions can be practiced easily. This is done in order to do the system aligned so that all the beneficiaries could follow the same standardized rules and regulations. Justify the rationale for the intervention of government in the market process in the U.S. Market processes are the most complex process in terms of mergers and acquisitions in the U.S; this is the reason why the government of U.S focus more on mergers and acquisitions of market processes. The government could also intervene in order to regulate the resources and allocate the right amount of the resources for the improvement in the economies and social welfare. The government wanted to improve and correct the failures that have been taking place all over the...
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...mentioned that the Indian stock markets are one of the oldest in Asia. Its history dates back to nearly 200 years ago. The earliest records of security dealings in India are meager and obscure. By 1830's business on corporate stocks and shares in Bank and Cotton presses took place in Bombay. Though the trading list was broader in 1839, there were only few brokers recognized by banks and merchants during 1840 and 1850. The 1850's witnessed a rapid development of commercial enterprise and brokerage business attracted many men into the field and by 1860 the number of brokers increased into 60. In 1860-61 the American Civil War broke out and cotton supply from United States to Europe was stopped; thus, the 'Share Mania' in India begun. The number of brokers increased to about 200 to 250. However, at the end of the American Civil War, in 1865, a disastrous slump began (for example, Bank of Bombay Share which had touched Rs 2850 could only be sold at Rs. 87). At the end of the American Civil War, the brokers who thrived out of Civil War in 1874, found a place in a street (now appropriately called as Dalal Street) where they would conveniently assemble and transact business. In 1887, they formally established in Bombay, the "Native Share and Stock Brokers' Association" (which is alternatively known as “The Stock Exchange“). Trading was at that time limited to a dozen brokers. These stock brokers organized an informal association -the Native Shares and Stock Brokers Association, Bombay...
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...investment products at the time of opening the account so that the fund manager ensures that such investment products are not included in the portfolio. In case of non-discretionary services, the RBI allows banks to work through a separately identifiable department or division (SIDD) or a subsidiary. Such a subsidiary or SIDD would require to be registered with market regulator Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and comply with SEBI guidelines on providing these services, including the code of conduct, if any. There should be an arm’s length relationship between the bank and the subsidiary if the latter is offering wealth management services, the central bank said. RBI has also stated that bank employees involved in marketing or sales of third-party products should not be given any direct incentives in cash or non-cash form linked to their performance to avoid mis-selling of products. While the new regulations, along with a complaint redressal mechanism, will...
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...1. Introduction Primark is an Irish clothing retailer, operating in Europe, in countries such as Germany, Spain, Ireland and United Kingdom. It is a subsidiary of Associated British Foods (ABF), a British multinational food processing and retailing company. Primark first open in Dublin 1969 under the name Penney’s, and have retained the name till this day in Ireland. Over the years Primark have expanded by buying out their competitors such as British Home Stores (BHS) and Clemens and August (C&A), they now have 257 stores across Europe (Primark, 2013). Primark sells clothes that are economical affordable. The company sources cheaply, using simple designs and fabrics in the most popular sizes and buys stock in bulk. Primark core competence is in their distribution change, the source all their products (Primark, 2013). Presently Primark Clothings are worn all over the world. However, Primark only has stores and outlets in Europe. This report proposes Primark entry into the Nigerian retail market using two P’s (Promotions and Product), the marketing mix, marketing planning, entry and analysis of the cultural factors that may affect the process. 2. Nigerian Retail Industry and Nigeria’s retail sector is undergoing change with international retail brands entering the country, new malls being constructed and the transformation of informal markets into more modern facilities. Shoprite a South African retailer and the biggest on the continent have been in operations in Nigeria...
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...suit against Kiley. Kiley denies Linda’s charges and sets forth his own claim that Linda breached their contract and owes Kiley money for the breach. This is: -a counterclaim. When companies reward employees who report valid claims of corporate unethical conduct, what are they clearly encouraging? -whistle blowing Which of the following statements is true? When a firm records depreciation it: -Reduces its assets During its first month of operations, a company had credit sales of $100,000 and collected $60,000 cash from customers. The company also purchased inventory for $70,000 and had $30,000 of inventory remaining at the end of the month. The company should report a gross profit of: -$60,000 Assume that a corporation reports the same amount of positive net income every year and does not pay-off any of its debts over time. The corporation does not pay out dividends and does not buy or sell its own stock. Which of the following is most likely to be true: -The corporation’s return on assets will decline over time A company has provided the following data: If the dollar contribution margin per unit is increased by 10%, total fixed cost is decreased by 20%, and all other factors remain the same, net operating income will: -increase by $11,000. Regarding the Eight Types of Waste that must be eliminated to implement a Just-In-Time production system, manufacturing an item before it is needed is part of which general waste category? -Over-production ...
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...institutional investors in those markets. (2) Corporate Finance and public finance (often referred to as investment banking) advising corporations and governments on their financing needs, including the underwriting of securities, on their merger and acquisition activities, or on their restructuring. Securities and capital markets divisions Clients are usually * Institutional investors, corporates or public entities, not private clients; * Mutual funds asset managers; * Pension Fund asset managers; * The insurance companies; * Private Banks; * Hedge Funds; * The treasury departments of large banks or large companies. Capital markets divisions * Equity division: equity research, equity sales, equity trading on cash, flow derivatives and structured products * FIRC or FICC (Fixed Income, currencies and derivatives): * Fixed income cash products, interest and credit derivatives, structured products; * FX: all currency transactions, from plain vanilla spot currency trades to sophisticated derivatives; * Commodities. Investment banking divisions * M&A (Mergers and acquisitions); * Advising on and underwriting securities issues; * Advising on restructurings. Clients are usually government/public bodies, corporates (quoted and...
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...Case 1 – Debt Policy at UST Inc. 1) UST is the dominant producer of moist smokeless tobacco, or moist snuff, controlling approximately 77% of the market. UST has been one of the most profitable companies in corporate America with low debt compared to other companies in the tobacco industry and the company has been recognized by Forbes in terms of profitability by achieving return of capital of 92.1%. Price elasticity of its products is also important while evaluating. Smokeless tobacco industry has a relatively steep demand curve and should be considered as having an inelastic consumer demand. UST has products outside of its core operations in the wine and premium cigar market also. The company built itself strong brand name recognition over the years by providing premium products. Tobacco industry does not allow new competitors to enter the market due to strict legal regulations and advertisement bans. So, we can think that UST will hold its position in the market in the long run. Although for the past couple of years, UST faced market share erosion due to price-value brands which offer low priced products. UST have been criticized for lacking innovation and new product offering. The company also has lack of international (geographical) diversity. Also, there is a chance of a cultural shift against tobacco, and UST is unlikely to expand to international market We can say that; UST is in a good position in terms of brand name and market position, capability to generate...
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...& Alison Rieple. After a certain thought, she chose Syngenta – headquartered at Basel, Switzerland. Jolly referred to the textbook and jotted down the procedure as below. Procedure for doing the Strategic Analysis: 1) Evaluate financial performance: Calculate the following quantities and analyze them and find out the trend in the last three years. Overall Sales Overall Profit Profitability ratios such as Return on Equity (ROE), Return on Assets (ROA), and Return on Capital Employed(ROCE). 2) Measure operational performance: Page 1 of 29 Calculate the following quantities; find out the trend and analyze: Operating profit Operating profit as a percentage of sales (profit margin) Sales per employee Operating profit per employee 3) Find out some tailored measures of performance: Since Syngenta is an agribusiness company deriving its strength from innovations, Jolly thought she should find the following quantities. R&D expenditure as a % of sales 4) Competitor analysis: Find out the competitors of Syngenta Find out the following figures of the competitors and compare Syngenta’s figures with them. Overall sales...
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...Coke – Ethical Issues “Our product is quite healthy. Fluid replenishment is a key to health. Coke does a great service because it encourages people to take in more and more liquids.” - Michael Douglas Investor, Coke’s Chairman and CEO. “Public schools are funded by the public to educate the children as provided by state law. It is totally inappropriate that its facilities and employees are being used by corporations to increase their own profits on public time and with public dollars.” Dr. Brita Butler-Wall, Executive Director, Citizens’ Campaign for Commercial-Free Schools, US. THE RECALL On June 13, 1999, Coca-Cola[1] (Coke) recalled over 15 million cans and bottles after the Belgian Health Ministry announced a ban on Coke’s drinks, which were suspected of making more than 100 school children ill in the preceding six days. This recall was in addition to the 2.5 million bottles that had already been recalled in the previous week. The company’s products namely Coke, Diet Coke and Fanta had been bottled[2] in Antwerp, Ghent and Wilrijk, Belgium while some batches of Coke, Diet Coke, Fanta and Sprite were also produced in Dunkirk, France. Children at six schools in Belgium had complained of headache, nausea, vomiting and shivering which ultimately led to hospitalization after drinking Coke’s beverages. Most of them reported an ‘unusual odor’ and an ‘off-taste’ in the drink. In a statement to Reuters, Marc Pattin, a spokesman for the Belgian Health Ministry explained the seriousness...
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...Introduction Since the indefinite commercial whaling moratorium was introduced in 1986, the whaling nations have killed around 15,000 whales between them. At the time of writing, the Japanese whaling fleet has just returned from Antarctic waters where a further 300 or so minke whales have been killed for so called ‘research’, in open defiance of world public opinion and the IWC which has never validated the Japanese programme. The meat from those dead whales will end up on sale in Japanese restaurants and on supermarket shelves. Japan is not only defying the global moratorium on commercial whaling, it is killing whales in a sanctuary agreed by the IWC in 1994. Japan has ‘recruited’ many countries to the IWC to support the resumption of commercial whaling using foreign aid packages. If the ban is lost it will be a disaster for whale conservation efforts. This report presents the many reasons why the ban on commercial whaling must be maintained and properly enforced. We cannot wipe away the tragic history of commercial whaling, but we can, and must, prevent its repetition. The Natural History of Whales Whales belong to the order of mammals known as Cetacea. There are about 80 species of cetaceans, including all the dolphins and porpoises, as well as the ten so-called ‘great’ whale species, which have borne the brunt of commercial whaling. Cetaceans are believed to have evolved from land mammals, which adapted to an aquatic existence about 50 million years ago. They are superbly...
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...Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Bus 102 – Dr. Sean D. Jasso John Chi 12/9/2010 Table of Contents - Table of Contents Introduction History of the Act Implementation Impact on Business Policy Analysis Conclusion Appendix References pg. 1 pg. 2 pg. 3 pg. 4 pg. 7 pg. 9 pg. 11 pg. 12 pg. 14 1|P a ge Introduction Corporate Scandals are business scandals that initiate from the misstatement of financial reporting by executives of public companies who are the ones trusted to run these organizations. Corporate scandals are derived in many ways and these misrepresentations happen through overstating revenues and understating expenses, overstating assets and understating liabilities, and use of fictious and fraudulent transactions that gives a misleading impression of the company’s financial status. There were a few corporate scandals that took place in the last decade that forever changed investment policies in corporate America. The companies that are most commonly known for these scandals are Enron, Adelphia, and WorldCom. These companies had hidden their true financial status from creditors and shareholders until they were unable to meet the financial commitments which forced them reveal massive losses instead of the implicated earnings. The ultimate result cost investors billions of dollars when the share prices of the affected companies had collapsed. According to Hopwood, Leiner & Young (2002), pg. 130, “the public outcry from the corporate scandals were enormous...
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...Introduction This investigation identifies PESTLE factors, combined with entrepreneurial and trend setting initiatives that the Hayloft Restaurant, a small independent business owned by the Dell’anno family in the Caradon district of Cornwall has developed. It also identifies any other organisations and companies who have adopted the practices, or from whom the Hayloft has developed from. Political 1. Tariffs 2. Smoking Ban 3. Media 4. Bye Law 5. BBC Spotlight Minor Impacts * Failure to display a beverage price tariff behind a bar is illegal as there is no guarantee of fair conduct. Due to government intervention, unlikely to change, this legislation impacts the industry as a whole and the benefit allows business owners to compare and compete. Positive Impacts * When the Hayloft exchanged to current hands in March 2005, the restaurant constricted smoking to only the bar area, but received customer complaints of cigarette fumes around the tables. By 1st July 2007 (Smoke free England 2012) the national smoking ban had affected the entire industry. It is now customary that establishments are relieved of smoking debris, the Haylofts has replaced curtains and carpets to dispose of lingering smells. * The global social networking trend is increasingly impacting reputations of businesses,...
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...Inc. Vs. Suncor Energy Inc. Presented by: Brittany Weekes - 6323677 Victoria Zillic - 9235477 Kwun Chung - 6290337 Ye Zhang - 5894352 Submitted to: Professor M. Sellors Date: November 27, 2012 Table of Contents Introduction 1 The Companies 2 Husky Energy Inc. 2 Investments 2 Suncor Energy Inc. 3 Investments 3 The Industry 4 Stock Performance 6 Ratio Analysis 8 Risk Factors 10 Commodity price risk 10 Regulatory risk 10 Sovereign risk 11 Earnings per Share (EPS) 12 Conclusion 14 References 16 Appendices 17 Appendix 1: Husky's Production - December 31st, 2011 17 Appendix 2: Suncor's Production – December 31st, 2011 18 Appendix 3: Ratio Interpretation 19 Appendix 4: Husky’s Basic EPS – December 31st, 2011 20 Appendix 5: Suncor’s Basic EPS – December 31st, 2011 20 Appendix 6: Husky's Financials 21 Appendix 7: Suncor's Financials 24 Introduction The purpose of this report is to carry out a financial analysis on Husky Energy Inc. and Suncor Energy Inc, to determine which of these two companies make up the appropriate energy-related exposure for our client’s stock portfolio. Thus, a financial analysis evaluation will be presented for the above mentioned companies as well as a reasoned investment recommendation to support our proposal. Acting as financial analysts, our team will reveal the macro and micro economic conditions along with the company's fundamentals, sector, and industry recommendations (Investopedia, 2012)...
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...A REPORT ON THE INDIAN TYRE INDUSTRY By Harsha Verma 09BSHYD0310 Nehal Basedia 09BSHYD0509 Prabani Phukan 09BSHYD1064 Jitendu Kumar Dixit 09BSHYD0336 Sandeep Kumar Gupta 09BSHYD0733 Date of Submission: September 03, 2010 The Indian Tyre Industry 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................... 4 Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. 5 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 7 Purpose of Report ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 Scope of the Report .................................................................................................................................................... 7 Phase I: Industry Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 7 Phase II: Test of Efficiency of Market .......................................................................................................... 7 Phase III: Company Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 7 Scope of Study...
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