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The Impact of the Short Sale Ban on Stock Returns

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Национальный исследовательский университет

Высшая школа экономики

Факультет экономики

Кафедра фондового рынка и инвестиций

Реферат по статье

«The Impact of the 2008 Short Sale Ban on Stock Returns»
Abraham Lioui

(Bankers, Markets & Investors №108 September-October 2010)

Выполнил: студент группы ФФР2 Пилюгин Г.В.

Москва 2013

Введение.

В своей статье автор рассматривает влияние запрета коротких продаж в период кризиса 2008-го года на доходность акций. Для этого исследуются основные характеристики (асимметрия и скошенность расперделения доходностей) по акциям, на которые был введен запрет коротких продаж, в разных периодах.

Принятие решения о запрете коротких продаж произошло в результате сильных колебаний на рынке акций страхового и банковского секторов. По предположениям инициаторов этой политики данная крайняя мера должна была снизить понижательную тенденцию в отношении соответствующих акций. Реализация этих действий была осуществлена Комиссией по ценным бумагам и биржам США 15 июля 2008г. в отношении 19 акций, а после банкротства Lehman brothers – на сотни различных акций. Аналогичные запреты были приняты в большинстве европейских стран.

Казалось бы, запрет коротких продаж в период острого кризиса – это вполне обоснованная, рациональная и в крайних случаях даже необходимая мера для предотвращения обвала фондового рынка. Тем не менее, автор статьи в своём исследовании доказывает обратное. Меры 2008-го года принимались в соответствии с доминирующей парадигмой Миллера об ограничениях на короткие продажи, действующей с 1977г. Согласно этой теории, ограничение коротких продаж приводит к переоцененным курсам акций и меньшей волатильности. Однако данная гипотеза верна только при предпосылке о совершенной информации: на рынке останутся только игроки с оптимистичным взглядом. В реальности же, при асимметричной информации (если те, кто осуществляет короткие продажи, более информированы, чем игроки в среднем по рынку) оставшиеся на рынке рациональные игроки будут учитывать в котировках акций факт запрета коротких продаж.

Так, введение запрета коротких продаж было довольно неожиданной мерой, т.к. согласно ряду эмпирических исследований отсутствие такой возможности негативно сказывается на фондовом рынке. Беспрепятственно осуществляемые короткие продажи позволяют быстро отражать негативную информацию, способствуя большей стабильности и эффективности, а также увеличению ликвидности на фондовом рынке. Более того, участник рынка, занимающиеся короткими продажами являются неким «буфером», срабатывающим при чрезмерном снижении стоимости акций.

Данные, методология и модель.

В качестве источника данных был выбран французский фондовый рынок, т.к. запрет коротких продаж в этой стране длился наиболее долго. Автор рассматривает 10 из 15 акций, на которые распространялся запрет коротких продаж: 5 – из страхового сектора, 5 – из банковского.

Пожалуй, основная заслуга автора рассматриваемой статьи перед предыдущими исследованиями заключается в разделении периода на пред-кризисный (январь-июнь 2007г.) и кризисный (июль 2007г. – февраль 2009г.) с выделением этапа запрета коротких продаж (октябрь 2008г. – февраль 2009г.).

Для выделения влияния запрета коротких продаж в кризисный период автор вводит две дамми переменные – для периода кризиса и введения запрета. Для каждой акции автор рассчитывает асимметрию и скошенность распределения доходностей со скользящей в 60 дней: для каждого дня учитываются данные за предыдущие 60 дней.

Для учёта дополнительных факторов экономических условий автор также берет данные по среднерыночной доходности (index), изменение спрэдов доходностей американских корпоративных облигаций с рейтингами BAA и AAA (credit spread), а также изменение спрэдов ставок LIBOR и краткосрочных ставок по казначейским векселям США (TED) для отражения изменений ликвидности.

В итоге, строится регрессия ежедневных объёмов торгов от вышеуказанных факторов:

momi,t = αi + βi*momi,t-1 + σi*crisist + κi*bant + γi*indext + δi*TEDt + λi*creadit spreadt + εi,t

В результате, была выявлена высокая волатильность доходностей. Для выявления влияния введенного запрета была оценена спецификация модели САРМ с β, зависящей от времени:

returni,t = αi + βi,t*indext + εi,t , где βi,t = βi,0 + βi,1*TEDt-1 + βi,2*creadit spreadt-1 + βi,3*crisist-1 + βi,4*bant-1.

Для определения влияния запрета коротких продаж на объём ежедневной торговли опционами автор использовал индекс САС40 вместо среднерыночной доходности (index).

Результаты исследования.

В целом, в результате регрессионного анализа, дамми переменные по большинству акций оказались значимыми: влияние кризиса на объёмы торговли оказалось положительным (в результате увеличения шума), а запрета – в основном отрицательным.

Для определения влияния введения запрета на короткие продажи автор сначала исследует различия в скошенности распределения доходностей до и после введения запрета. В предкризисный период доля акций с существенной отрицательной скошенностью составляла 10%, в кризисный – 30%, а в период запрета увеличилась до 40%. При определении влияния запрета на асимметрию было также выявлено негативное воздействие.

При рассмотрении изменения волатильности было выявлено, что волатильность рассматриваемых акций выросла существеннее, чем в среднем по рынку. В результате введения запрета коротких продаж волатильность акций выросла более чем в 4 раза.

Таким образом, в период введения запрета понижательная тенденция на рынке только усилилась. Введение запрета коротких продаж не остановило падение акций страхового и банковского секторов: выход с рынка участников, занимающихся короткими продажами, приводит к падению спроса на акции и соответствующему падению цены. Данные выводы подтверждают гипотезу автора о том, что при запрете коротких продаж оставшиеся на рыке игроки учитывают этот факт.

Заключение и мнение о статье.

Итак, в результате исследования автор статьи получил ряд важных выводов относительно влияния запрета коротких продаж на доходность акций в период кризиса 2008-го года. Согласно исследованию, предпринятые меры не только не остановили понижательную тенденцию на фондовом рынке, но и увеличили уровень неопределенности в экономике. Вопреки существующей парадигме Миллера (1977г.), в реальности при асимметричной информации запрет коротких продаж не снижает, а увеличивает волатильность на фондовом рынке, в существенной степени приводит к увеличению асимметрии распределения доходности и не сокращает скошенность.

В итоге, данная статья безусловно занимает существенное место в экономической литературе, поскольку она хорошо структурирована, соблюдена чёткая логика изложения с приведением исторических справок и указанием результатов предыдущих исследований, все выводы подкреплены эконометрическими выкладками. В итоге, статья изложена в достаточно доступной форме и содержит ряд важных практических выводов, подтверждающих результаты предыдущих исследований[1].

-----------------------
[1] http://www.columbia.edu/~sn2294/pub/jbes-05.pdf
[Bai, J. and Ng, S. Tests for skewness, kurtosis, and normality for time series data. // Journal of Business and Economic Statistics. – 2005. – pp. 49-60

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Tyre Industry

...A REPORT ON THE INDIAN TYRE INDUSTRY By Harsha Verma 09BSHYD0310 Nehal Basedia 09BSHYD0509 Prabani Phukan 09BSHYD1064 Jitendu Kumar Dixit 09BSHYD0336 Sandeep Kumar Gupta 09BSHYD0733 Date of Submission: September 03, 2010 The Indian Tyre Industry 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................... 4 Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. 5 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 7 Purpose of Report ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 Scope of the Report .................................................................................................................................................... 7 Phase I: Industry Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 7 Phase II: Test of Efficiency of Market .......................................................................................................... 7 Phase III: Company Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 7 Scope of Study...

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