...It also supports the fact that mood disorder, like some other types of illnesses is an inherited and the closer the genetic relationship, the higher are chances to develop mood disorder.. Studies of twins have been effective for researching the role of genetics factors of depression (Ainswoth 2000). McGuffin in 1994 studied the concordance rates of depression in 411 identical twin pairs and according to his research the depressive symptom score was estimated 79 %. That suggest that depression appear to be heritable illness. 68 pairs of monozygotic twins(identical twins - sharing 100% genetic similarity) versus 109 dizygotic twins (non-identical - twins sharing around 50% of their genes). Based on that research MZ twins showed a significant higher concordance rate of 46% versus DZ twins with 20 %. However, this study can be argued because the rate of both identical twins developing depression is not close to 100% therefore depression is not entirely genetic and there are other factors that can have an impact on a person to develop depression. This genetic explanation is quite limited as it does not consider environmental factors such as childhood experiences, traumatic events, etc. Recent research of twins from age 3 to 63 years supports that. According to that the importance of the environmental factors raises with the age and explains the decline of heritability in adults. That leads to a relatively low influence of genetic factor. Research on the genetic causes of clinical...
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...dimensions (Cacioppo et al 1977) – – – – positive attitude = Hi +ve reaction & Lo -ve reaction negative attitude= Lo +ve reaction & Hi –ve reaction indifference = Lo +ve reaction & Lo –ve reaction ambivalence = Hi +ve reaction & Hi –ve reaction The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive Dissonance Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes Individuals seek to reduce this gap, or “dissonance” Desire to reduce dissonance depends on: • Importance of elements creating dissonance • Degree of individual influence over elements • Rewards involved in dissonance 4 • Since evaluations of attitude objects ‘automatic’ some consider attitude formation to be a reflex e.g. Chaiken et al., 1996 – But range of personal and social factors influence nature of our evaluations Measuring the A-B Relationship Recent research indicates that attitudes (A) significantly predict behaviors (B) when moderating variables are taken into account. A B Moderating Variables • Importance of the attitude • Specificity of the attitude • Accessibility of the attitude • Social pressures on the individual • Direct experience with the attitude 5 Attitudes and Behaviour • How strong the link between attitudes & behaviour? • Classic study (LaPiere 1934): – LaPiere +...
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...can expect a normal pregnancy and normal delivery. For all these reasons, women with MS, especially those with mild neurological deficits, should be encouraged to become pregnant as soon as possible due to the progressive flow of the disease. It is important to break down some of the prejudices that exist and women provide the necessary information: 1. Does MS affect on the fertility of women? 2. Does MS affect on pregnancy and the baby's health? 3. Is it possible to apply spinal or epidural anesthesia during childbirth? 4. Is it recommended breastfeeding and is it safe? 5. Does pregnancy affect on the MS during pregnancy and after childbirth? 6. How to treat MS during pregnancy and breastfeeding? 7. Is there a risk that child inherits this disease? Multiple sclerosis does not affect the fertility of women but pregnancy should be planned due to drugs used. The use of drugs should be stopped at least 3 months before planning pregnancy. Of course, with the consent of...
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...Engage in Entrepreneurship Genetic? Department of Public and Business Administration, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus, nicos.nicolaou@ucy.ac.cy Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, sas46@cwru.edu Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom {lynn.cherkas@gstt.nhs.uk, janice.hunkin@gstt.nhs.uk, tim.spector@kcl.ac.uk} Nicos Nicolaou Scott Shane Lynn Cherkas, Janice Hunkin, Tim D. Spector W e used quantitative genetics techniques to compare the entrepreneurial activity of 870 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) and 857 pairs of same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twins from the United Kingdom. We ran model-fitting analyses to estimate the genetic, shared environmental and nonshared environmental effects on the propensity of people to become entrepreneurs. We found relatively high heritabilities for entrepreneurship across different operationalizations of the phenomenon, with little effect of family environment and upbringing. Our findings suggest the importance of considering genetic factors in explanations for why people engage in entrepreneurial activity. Key words: entrepreneurship; twin studies; behavioral genetics History: Accepted by Wallace J. Hopp, technological innovation, product development, and entrepreneurship; received June 21, 2006. This paper was with the authors 6 1 months for 2 revisions. 2 Introduction Why do people engage...
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...Elderen (1998) (cited in Gross, 2009) defines health psychology as “…a sub-discipline of psychology which addresses the relationship between psychological processes and behaviour on the one hand and health and illness on the other...”. Health psychology aims to understand, explain, develop and test theories by evaluating the role of psychology and its perspectives as factors affecting illness, predicting unhealthy behaviours and understanding and evaluating the role of psychology in the experience and treatment of illness. It also aims to put theory into practice by promoting healthy behaviour, preventing illness and thereby improving the health care system and health policy. For example, from programmes developed to help people reduce risk factors to their health, such as obesity and smoking, to understanding how people respond to the onset of illness, how they deal with their illness, how they cope with pain and how they respond to treatments. Therefore, health psychology is an important discipline that has a great deal to offer to the health care system, demonstrating that psychological principals can be successful in providing positive health effects in patients than...
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...I. Chapter 1 + 2: 1. a. Meaning of LIBOR and what is its significance in the Eurocurrency markets? The benchmark interest rate paid on deposits among banks in the Eurocurrency market is called LIBOR (London interbank offer rate). It’s the world most widely used benchmark for short term interest rates. LIBOR is determined by the supply and demand for funds in the Euromarket for each currency, because participating banks could default on their obligations and the rate paid for Eurodollar deposits in addition to the spread over LIBOR for borrowers. It also help to reduce the cost of using the Euromarket for borrowers. Eurocurrencies are domestic currencies of one country on deposit in a second country. Any convertible (exchangeable) currency can exist in “euro-“ form. Eurocurrency markets serve two valuable purposes: These deposits are an efficient and convenient money market device for holding excess corporate liquidity; This market is a major source of short-term bank loans to finance corporate working capital needs. * The modern Eurocurrency market was born shortly after WW II. Eastern European holders of dollars, including state trading banks in the Soviet Union, were afraid deposit their dollar holdings in the US because they felt claims could be made against these deposits by US residents. These currency holders then decided to deposit their dollars in western Europe. While economic efficiencies helped spurn the growth of this market, institutional events were...
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...future or make me question my opinion. The act of taking already existing genetic material, and making an exact copy, is known as cloning. A revolutionary advancement, we are now capable of achieving with the technology and knowledge obtainable to us. When it comes to cloning, there is three types; therapeutic/research, reproductive human cloning and reproductive animal cloning. The mere thought of cloning has always been science fiction to me, something you only see in movies. Now that i'm faced to ponder whether or not any kind of cloning should be permitted. I believe that, just because something can be done, doesn't mean it should be done. I urge you to please consider all the moral and ethical values we have as people, when its comes to permitting any type of cloning. As the outcomes, can be great in positive and negative gravity. The possibilities that come with therapeutic cloning, are enough to make...
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...Analysis of Emotional Intelligence by Daniel Goleman Analysis of "Emotional Intelligence" by Daniel Goleman Daniel Goleman's book Emotional Intelligence is phenomenal. Rich with insight and valuable information, it provides answers to some questions that have perplexed professionals and lay persons alike for some time: Why do some people achieve far beyond what we might expect of them based on their circumstances and innate abilities, and why do some children thrive in a modem environment that seems intent on preventing them from even surviving? The answer, Goleman says, lies in emotional intelligence. He writes, "My concern is with. . emotional intelligence, abilities such as being able to motivate oneself and persist in the face of frustrations, to control impulses and delay gratification; to regulate one's moods and keep distress from swamping the ability to think; to empathize and to hope"(34). Emotional intelligence is further described as a "meta-ability," determining how well we can use whatever other skills we have, including raw intellect (36). The book goes on to explain that it is our ability to successfully manage our emotional lives, and therefore our relationships with others and our view of ourselves, that determines our success in life. Interestingly enough, the book doesn't t focus to any extent on communication per SE, but brings us just to the door of that issue on many occasions, almost as if it is a foregone conclusion that the ability to communicate...
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...DESIGNING A STUDY TO GENERATE EVIDENCE FOR NURSING * The choice of research method is dictated by the problem statement and goal of the research. Because research goals and problem vary, research methods also vary. Research design can be thought of as the structure of research, the “glue” that holds together all of the elements in a research project. One of the biggest challenges of a nurse researcher is to decide which research design and method to use. * Research Design is the researchers overall plan of how the study will be conducted. The plans contains such details as the type of data to be collected, the techniques or the means to be used to obtain these data, the basis for the choice of the subjects, the manner of determining sample size, the instruments to be used and their validation, and the data analysis scheme which includes the application of the statistical tools for treatment of data. Criteria for choice of Research Design * Logically sound * Comprehensive enough to solve the problem * Reasonably clear & precise * Clearly spelled out * Free from weaknesses Elements to consider in the choice of Research Design * The total population from which to select the study samples * The method of selecting the samples or study respondents * The alternative versions of independent variable under study * The criterion measures evaluating the effects of the independent variables * The statistical treatment of data, using...
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...Risk and Return LECTURE 2 Risk and Return Twin axioms of modern financial theory Fear • Risk averse • Degree of risk aversion Greed • Non-satiable appetite for wealth • Utility Risk Aversion • Behaviour when exposed to uncertainty • Risk attitudes: – Risk averse (or risk avoiding) – Risk neutral – Risk loving (or risk seeking) • Measurements: additional marginal reward an investor requires to accept additional risk – Absolute risk aversion – Relative risk aversion Utility • Satisfaction experienced when consuming a good • Expected utility theory deals with choices of risky projects with multiple outcomes Risk • Typically, investment returns are not known with certainty • Investment risk refers to the probability of earning a return less than that expected • The greater the chance of a return far below the expected return, the greater the risk Return • Investment returns measure the financial results of an investment • Returns may be historical or prospective (anticipated/expected) • Can be expressed in units of currency (dollars or RM) or percentage terms Risk, Return and Financial Markets • We can examine returns in the financial markets to help us determine the appropriate returns on non-financial assets • Lessons from capital market history – There is a reward for bearing risk – The greater the potential reward, the greater the risk – This is called the risk-return trade-off The Importance of Financial Markets • Financial markets...
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...Study Guide for 301 Chapter 1 Development - the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span. Life Span perspective = views development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual and as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss. Life expectancy – the average # of years that a person born in a particular year can expect to live Multidimensional – for example can include attention, memory, abstract thinking and speed of processing information and social intelligence. Plastic – means the capacity for change; for example can you still improve your intellectual skills when you are in your 60’s or 70’s. Or may they be fixed by your 30’s Contextual – contexts include families, schools, peer groups, churches, cities, neighborhoods. Each is influenced by historical, economic, social and cultural factors. Normative age- graded influences- are similar for individuals in a particular age group Puberty Menopause Starting kindergarten Normative history-graded influences- are common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances. Living time during a historical event WWII, cold War, great depression, 9/11, The Great Depression Non-normative life events - Individual events that happen to people. Kindergarten parents died Hurricane Katrina, car wreck, young kid has a stroke. Development Stages Prenatal (conception – birth)...
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...Hello Richard! All work is to be done in a 12 pt. font. See a few too many quotes. See my comments on APA issues. Thanks! 8/10 Dr. Marilyn Griffin Information Literacy in Managing Start-ups Richard M. Knapp University of Phoenix Online Information Literacy in Managing Start-ups Richard M. Knapp University of Phoenix Online Information Literacy in Managing Start-ups In her article printed in the Journal of Business & Finance Librarianship, Carol Simon reported Peter Drucker as he spoke of information literacy, “to be information literate, you begin with learning what it is you need to know”. To this, one might add, “, “to be information literate, you begin with learning what it is you need to know” now (Simon, 2009, p. 248). Time sensitivity has become increasingly important in this fast-paced, information-based economy. Like any other CEO of a large corporation, leaders of smaller, entrepreneurial ventures must make a myriad of decisions each day based on the information at their disposal. Unlike their counterparts, however, small business leaders often have more limited resources at their disposal. In a business with fewer than 100, 20, or even 10 employees, there is no time or money to create reports with detailed financial analysis of each available alternative. There is no research department and no board of directors, unless of course pillow talk with the wife counts for professional advice. With most small businesses, of necessity, judgment...
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...Vanessa Heber November 17, 2010 SOCI 202 (LW): Canadian Families: Past, Present, and Future Danita Kagan Research/Analytical Review Paper McDonaldization Research Paper In a world where society is so influenced by technological advancements and materialistic possessions and where most people are often inclined to decide the way the live their lives, purchase items and what values and beliefs they follow based on brands, brand characteristics and brand values. We see many North Americans follow a way of life based on brands they connect with such as those who are Nike lovers; most often turn into what the brand stands for. They have a love for athletics, they always must show high performance in more than just sports and always exert a sense of authenticity in their lifestyle, but most importantly they live their lives in a “just do it” mentality. Yet even further social institutions that affiliate around the Nike lifestyle tend to have this same sense of rationalization. However, Nike is a brand that has had a small influence on those who are the brands consumer, when compared to some larger more influential brands. Yet there is one brand, with high global reach that triumphs all brands. This brand is the largest fast-food chain worldwide and the most influential brand in North Americans particularly; this brand is of course McDonalds. In The McDonaldization Thesis: Is Expansion Inevitable written by George Ritzer, Ritzer reveals that on a global scale the brand personality...
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...Addiction is a condition that affects many people throughout the world. “Addiction appears to be a complicated disorder affecting brain processes responsible for motivation, decision making, pleasure seeking, inhibitory control and the way we learn and consolidate information and experiences.” (Benizet-Lewis) One Tree Hill is a TV drama that had its final season in 2012. Deb is a character in the show that, after a life of being abused and mistreated, becomes addicted to prescription painkillers. Many drug addictions begin with the excessive amount of Dopamine released in the body when the drug is put into the bloodstream, “People with low levels of D2 are more likely to find taking drugs pleasurable.”(Benizet-Lewis) Although medicines have...
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...The Effects Of Divorce On Chidren and Families Background of the study In our epoch, divorces are among the most important social problems of modern society. According to recent studies, almost every second marriage in the United States ends with separation of the partners. Of course, many of such families have one or more young children and teenagers, who must learn to live with the problem of divorced parents. Actually, everybody who is involved in divorce has to suffer a lot, because the majority of the divorces are connected with scandals, constant confrontations, misunderstandings, humiliation and other negative effects. Of course, there are some situations when separation of the parents becomes a happy end of their relations and a relief for everybody in the family. But, unfortunately, those situations are very rare and not typical. That is why it is possible to say that the effects of the divorce on families are more likely to be negative and destructive than positive. The children are the ones that is affected through divorce they experience different emotions the way how they accept things. Children have those negative thoughts about divorce that can lead to misunderstanding and other quarrels. The emotional state of the children will be most affected by this the way they see their parents that not in good terms affects their emotional state. A lot of struggle will be happen when divorce came the different aspects of a family will be affected. There are different...
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