...provided below. When finished, submit to the DropBox. Chapter 1 (5 pts) 1. Briefly discuss the purpose of the Sixteenth Amendment. The sixteenth amendment, which was passed by Congress in 1909, grants the power to collect federal income taxes (Smith et al. 2015). Congress is given the authority to collect tax on any source of income, whether directly or indirectly. All individuals, and businesses, are required to pay federal taxes. Prior to the sixteenth amendment, Congress was only able to levy tariffs on imported goods. Congress tried to tax individuals on their property for additional revenue, but this tax was considered unconstitutional in the Pollock Case (Hart 2002). The reason for this being unconstitutional, was because it was deemed as an unapportioned tax, which was not allowed by the Constitution at the time. There was a large disparity between the rich and poor class, and income tax was intended to “level the plainfield”. The original purpose of the sixteenth amendment was to provide a tax relief to wage earners (Hart 2002). Now that all wages are taxed, whether apportioned or not, taxing the rich was supposed to assist the lower classes while generating revenue for the government. Hart, Phil. "Phil Hart -- Constitutional Income: The Purpose of the 16th Amendment. Part1."Phil Hart -- Constitutional Income: The Purpose of the 16th Amendment. Part1. NewsWithViews.Com, 28 July 2002. Web. 01 Nov. 2014. . Smith, Ephraim P., Philip J. Harmelink, James R. Hasselback...
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...lose the battle, I believe that the purposes for these income tax are that president Taft convinced the senator that a modest tax on corporate income would siphon off support for general income taxation. In doing so, it would deny victory to the congressional income tax coalition, preserving GOP unity. Framed as an excise tax on the privilege of doing business as a corporation, the levy was carefully designed to sidestep constitutional issues surrounding the income tax. As Taft had predicted, the corporation tax successfully deflated the larer income tax movement at least for the time being. This is when the federal income tax became introduced, in 1913 as part of his 1909 tax compromise, Taft had agreed to support a constitutional amendment authorizing federal income...
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...describing the U.S. federal expansion of authority I will have three context that are the importance of the developments in the United States which are political structures, social structures, and Economic structures. U.S. Federal Government Expansion of Authority During the Civil War there was an expansion of federal power. The first major expansion of federal government refused to allow confederate states of america which is also known as secession. After the federal government got rid of secession of states from the union but right after the war the Reconstruction Era saw opportunities to impose radical changes upon defeated southern states. The federal government guaranteed civil rights to all races, rather than state and local authorities make such decision. The second major expansion was the Progressive Era. This started as a social movement to help improve the lives and general conditions of americans, the movement used the government to increase such changes. In 1901 new regulations inspired by progressive philosophy began to be implemented. Then Five years later the Hepburn Act authorized the federal government to control railroad rates, the pure food, drug act, the Meat Inspection Act and many more Acts. The progressive also had a victory that was well known as the 19th Amendment, which gave suffrage to women and the 16th Amendment, which made the federal government to plan a federal income tax. Then...
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...February 26th, 2015; I screamed with joy after hearing about the enactment of net neutrality. I started running in my dorm and asked every person I met: “Do you know the FCC just passed Net Neutrality?” Despite my enthusiasm, most people looked at me with a confounded gaze, then asked: “What are you talking about?” I only got one positive response: “Oh, I saw an article about how ‘Pornhub’ was trying to inform people about net neutrality.” I was stunned, if not outraged. How do you not know what is net neutrality in this epoch that we socialize through Facebook, travel by uber, and shop with amazon? Net neutrality is almost equivalent of the 16th Amendment for the life we live online. It granted everybody equal access to all websites and prevented blocking and favoring. If net neutrality were not enacted, unfair competition between websites would’ve stripped people their freedom to browse the Internet freely. By enacting Net Neutrality, we establish equality on Internet viewing....
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...The selection of Lewis Cass indicated that many within the party had not entirely agreed with President Polk or Congressmen Wilmot towards the direction the party needed to lead into for the country. In the political cartoon of the “Democratic Funeral of 1848” Lewis Cass was displayed as a gas balloon , so that viewers may understand how he was inflated , or deceived, to believe that his roll had any particular importance; He was dull and only desired by the Southern Democratic members [6]. Polk is seen dead in the portrayal of this cartoon, over a stretcher with a devils tail, as many considered his term to be what set the division in the Party. Northerners had already divided on many of Polk’s economic decisions, such as “The Oregon Compromise” of 1846 (which let the English own large portions of Oregon’s territories), along with accepting the reduction of tariffs and neglecting federal aid to funding northern transportation [7]. The political cartoon by Peter E. Abel and E.F. Durang “The Democratic Funeral” speaks on the economic status of this time period, as the artists display an empty treasury box by Polk’s stretcher, indicating the constant indifferences...
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...The Progressive Era marked a time of new reforms throughout our nation and these changes have shaped the country we live in today. This era was the nation’s response to the Industrial Revolution. It affected all Americans and transformed the role of government in American society. Most racial issues and women's rights, were ignored during the progressive era, but the groundwork was laid for future reforms in those areas. Many events occurred during the time of the Progressive Era and Great Depression that made a big contribution to today’s society. One of the first turning points of this era was the founding of the Anti-Saloon League. It was a non-partisan political pressure group established in 1893 with Protestant churches as its primary support in rural areas and the South. In the words of leader Ernest Cherrington, it was "the united church militant engaged in the overthrow of the liquor traffic.” The League also used churches more directly to achieve its objectives. For example, it arranged for pastors in over 2,000 churches in Illinois to discuss a pending temperance measure and urge congregations to ask their representatives to support it. The Anti-Saloon stressed its religious character and since it acted as an agent of the churches and therefore was working for God, anything it did was seen as moral and justified because it was working to bring about the Lord's will. This became the first modern, single-issuing lobbying group in the America and opened the doors for...
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...Arizona Statehood & Constitution Kelli Miller Grand Canyon University: POS 301 January 22, 2013 Arizona Statehood & Constitution Arizona is recorded to have began in 1539 by the Europeans with the first documented exploration of the area by Marcos de Niza. Arizona was part of Mexico because the population was small. The United States took possession in 1848 after the Mexican-American War. Arizona split off from New Mexico in 1863, and became a state on February 14, 1912. Arizona still continues to grow today as a state in population, with retirees and tourism. I will be describing and analyzing events that have impacted Arizona becoming a state. Preterritorial Period The earliest cultures of Arizona can be speculated to have appeared around 25,000 BC. In 500 A.D., the more defined cultures emerged being known as the Hohokam whom was pit dwellers that specialized in irrigation systems. They brought water by way of canals to grow crops; and many of the remains of their canals still can be traced. The Casa Grande tells us a great deal about the achievements of the civilization. Beginning in the 11th Century, the Pueblo developed underground chambers to build their homes and cotton fiber. They lived in elaborate cliff dwellings, unlike the Hohokam. Around this time, Spanish colonist began to populate the territory in search of fortune. The Apache and Navajo whom exited Canada in the 13th century began to settle the land. This time was known for many battles and...
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...Historical Report on Race/Ethnicity Dominique Morant ETH125 December 7, 2012 Sherri Goodwin Historical Report on Race/Ethnicity Native Americans have crossed over onto America before the Bering Strait became a sea. According to Wikipedia (2012) from the 16th through the 19th centuries the population of Indians declined in the following ways: epidemic diseases brought from the Europe; genocide and warfare at the hands of Europeans explores and colonist, as well as between tribes; displacement from their lands; internal warfare, enslavement; and a high rate of intermarriage. Most mainstream scholars believe that, among the various contributing factors, epidemic disease was the overwhelming cause of the population decline of the American natives because of their lack of immunity of new diseases brought from Europe. (Wikipedia, 2012) Herndon (2012) stated, “In Virgina, the first colony, very tense relationships existed between the English colonists and the Indians confederacy headed by Powhatan, whose daughter, Pocahontas, because an intermediary between Englishmen and Native Americans. Upon the arrival of Lord De La Warr in 1610, war was declared against the surrounding native peoples, who signed peace treaty in 1614.” In 1622 the Indians, who were continually harassed by whiles greedy for land and whose numbers were dwindling because of disease, had had enough and began striking back, killing over 300 settlers, including John Rolfe (Herndon, 2012). According to Herndon...
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...the war. It highlights their achievments and setbacks and Osuala 2 also takes a look at how they were instrumental to different causes and in general, their influences on the war at large. Stay tuned. Introduction There were so many people who took part in the American Civil war of 1861-1865 which was between the Confederacy and the Union. By the end of the war,over 730,000 soldiers and sailors died in the conflict (Shi and Tindall 506). Some of the most influential names that are still in the conversation today are people like Abraham Lincoln: As the 16th president of the United states, he became commander in chief of the union army and during the civil war issued the...
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...Technologies Used In Internet Censorship and Control Murdoch (2013) opines the Internet as an entity where control is always fought over for by those that use it. He further demystifies the internet, breaking it down to the two protocols that define it. These are the transmission control protocol – TCP- and the Internet Protocol –Ip. It is these protocols that enable the connection of two separate networks to each other. The protocols enable the easy connection of separate networks, without the need to make the hardware in the networks the same. It also enables restriction abstraction, where networks can be interoperable irrespective of the underlying architecture. It is important to note that the protocols are not the product of a bug; instead they are a deliberate effort to make internet connectivity seamless. The nature of the internet (which unlike other services and goods doesn’t have a single straight forward owner) raises some logical implementation queries related to its restriction. In the beginning, there were some mechanisms of control which were fronted by the members that make up the larger internet community. There existed as norms, that lacked any legal backing form the courts and law enforcement. To ensure adherence to these laws, the internet community leaders (in this case the administrators) would threaten to disconnect the perpetrators and then further block them if they persisted. At the time, it was the hope of many users and administrators that this...
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...Monday 6pm April 15, 2013 The Costitution A.K.A the "supreme law of the land," Is the most important Developement in American Constitutional thinking to take place during 1776-1787. The constitution was concerned in developeing a new way of government. In 1776 a constitution was not in place, And simply calling a document a constitution did not make it legally distinct from any ordinary legislation. A constitution is the body of rules in accordance with which the powers of a government are distributed and excersised. How did the U.S. come to have writen the constitution? There are three Charters that influenced this. Firstly, the influene of the colonial charters. Secondly, was the church covenants, and Thirdly the influence of english precedent, these developed a habit of drawing up constitutional documents for purpose of placing limitations on the king or the government.(Hutchinsons,2) The general court later wrote a new constitution to replace the Royal Charters. The general Court agreed to a convention, Which purpose was only to write a constitution. After the writing of the constitution a Convention was then set up to allow the people of Massachussetts to overlook this set up a two part process, Framing and ratification by the people that the writers of Constitution followed. The preamble was revised up until the last days...
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...context in this research paper provided the laws associated to this case and justify whether the airlines are at fault for her death. Obese Woman Denied Boarding Vilma Soltesz flew with her husband, Janos Soltesz, from New York City to Budapest on an annual vacation to her native country without any major problem with KLM airline (Newcomb, 2012). On October 15th, Vilma made her first attempt through KLM to return to New York for medical attention, but she was asked to disembark by the captain because of her inability to secure the seatbelt (Newcomb, 2012). KLM airline representatives advise the couple to go to a nearby airport where they could catch a bigger airplane operated by Delta airline (Newcomb, 2012). On October 16th, when they reached the airport, Vilma was told by Delta representatives that they do not have a wheelchair that could handle her weight class. On October 22nd, they made another attempt to fly with Lufthansa airline but were disembarked again by the Captain since Vilma was not able to fasten the available seatbelt (Newcomb, 2012). Two days later, on October 24th, Vilma died due to kidney failure in combination with pre-existing health condition. Her husband believes that if they...
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...King Cotton It was a slogan used by southerners to support the secession of the South from the North as the money obtained from cotton export would support the Confederacy. It would also support countries such as Britain and France to support the Confederacy as opposed to the North as the economies of these countries heavily depended on the textile industry. It was a failure as other countries did not want to get into the conflict. In foreign affairs, the South had been initially confident of the power and influence of “King Cotton,” the crop that accounted for more than half the value of U.S. exports before the war. Confederates felt that the importance of cotton would force diplomatic recognition from the Federal government and European countries. Neither the commissioners sent abroad in 1861 nor the permanent envoys who replaced them were able to secure recognition from Great Britain, France, or any other European power. The South was able, however, to buy considerable war matériel and several fast ships that destroyed much Federal shipping on the high seas. South = one crop economy By 1840 - 50% of US exports was cotton / was providing 50% of the world supply / providing 75% of England’s supply 1/5 of workers tied to the textile industry but cotton also drives northern economy - needs cotton for textiles (supporting abolition and making $ off slavery). Different economies of the North and South between 1815-1861 North: Industrial Abolition slavery No need...
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...against the Tribunalisation of company law in India. The following discussion culminates from the Constitutional Bench Judgment of the Supreme Court that upheld the establishment of the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) and the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT), in an appeal filed by the Union of India against a Madras High Court judgment. The case in discussion is Union of India v. R. Gandhi / Madras Bar Association v UOI. What was effectively held in the judgment was to uphold the legislative competence of the Parliament to create the NCLT and NCLAT. In the present case, upon recommendations of Eradi Committee, constituted to suggest measures to avoid unnecessary delay in litigation, Parliament passed Companies (Second amendment) Act, 2002 establishing NCLT and NCLAT. The committee mentioned multiple proceedings to be the main cause for vexatious litigation and thus recommend establishing tribunals to deal with matters pertaining to common law and to transfer the jurisdiction of High Courts and other boards to these tribunals. This step of Government was challenged by Madras...
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...Hate Crimes Hate crimes have become a major concern among lawmakers in all nations and at all levels of government. The main concern is that hate crimes are nothing new. Some examples from the past are the Roman persecution of Christians and the Nazi solution for the Jews. More recently we have experienced the ethnic cleansing in Bosnia and genocide in Rwanda. Racial and religious bias seems to be the inspiration for most hate crimes in the United States. Even as the United States was being settled in the 16th and 17th centuries, the Native Americans were the victims of intimidation and violence. During the last two hundred years, examples in the United States include lynching of African Americans, cross burnings to dive black families out of white neighborhoods, assaults on gay and lesbian people, and painting swastikas on Jewish synagogues. In the United States, over 8, 000 hate crimes were reported in 1995. Over one third were against African Americans, while the others were motivated by biases anti white, anti Jewish, anti gay, and anti Hispanic. Nearly 7 years ago a former Ku Klux Klansman, Thomas E. Blanton Jr. was convicted for blowing up a church in Birmingham and killing four young black girls in 1963. Also in 1963, Alabama Governor George C. Wallace ordered National Guard Troops to block black students from entering public schools. Birmingham safety commissioner Eugene “Bull” Conner turned German shepards and fire hoses on peaceful demonstrators...
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