...Inclusion is now a controversial issue in the education of children with disabilities. There are three general reasons that inclusion in education has many supporters (Little et al., 2000). The first reason is that federal and state legislation calls for children with disabilities to be educated in the least restrictive environment. The second reason is the belief that inclusion results in social, behavioral, academic, and developmental benefits for children with disabilities and other, nondisabled, children in the classroom. The third reason comes from philosophical beliefs about the right of full access to services for individuals with disabilities. The article discusses inclusion, and definitions of inclusion, with regard to legislative and judicial mandates, as well as ethical decision making. However, judicial decisions pertaining to inclusion leave a great deal of decision making responsibilities to educators regarding placement decisions for individual students (Little et al., 2000). The current emphasis on inclusion began with the passage of the Education of All Handicapped Children Act in 1975 (PL 94-142). This particular Act is now known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) (Little et al., 2000). This act required all public schools accepting federal funds to provide equal access to for children with physical and mental disabilities. Public schools were required to evaluate handicapped children and create an educational plan with parent input...
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...Schmidt 10/17/13 The Constitution of the United States marked the start of a new form of government for the newly freed colonies. It established a system of government in which the US has had for over two hundred years. The Framers of the Constitution wrote it to “establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity…” It was created to protect the citizens of the United States and our freedoms. The Constitution is what sets the US apart from many other countries. The Articles of Confederation, Bill of Rights, and Constitution are arguably the most important documents in United States History. They were the documents that put in place the first government of the United States of America. Although written over two hundred years ago, the Constitution is timeless in the ideas and principles that it promotes. As of late, the relevancy of the Constitution to today’s society has been called into question, more specifically our second amendment. Does the Constitution of the United States with the inclusion of our second amendment right continue to insure domestic tranquility? The United States Constitution, including the second amendment, is a healthy document, which still serves our nation exceptionally well and continues to insure domestic tranquility. The evolution of society and recent events may show that the second amendment right can be endangering our...
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...tremendous controversy surrounding the Second Amendment. This, however, was not the intent of the Founding Fathers when they were formulating the United States Constitution in the 1700’s. When the framers convened to develop their governing document and infrastructure, they wanted to ensure the citizens would be free from governmental oppression, like that of the monarchy they had just escaped from. The Second Amendment writes, “A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed” (“The Constitution of the United States of America”, Amendment II). The Revolutionary War was fought and won with the help of firearms, therefore, the inclusion...
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...acceptable punishments include fines, imprisonment and humane executions for certain serious crimes. The Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution limits the punishments that may be imposed by the government on American citizens. These limits are compulsory among the states by way of the Fourteenth Amendment. The English Bill of Rights of 1689 expressed concern with arbitrary and disproportionate sanctions, giving way to the Founders inclusion of the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. To explore the Eighth Amendment it is important to consider constitutionally accepted punishments, the ever-evolving practice of capital punishment, and eighth amendment protection inside prison walls. Barron V. Baltimore (1833),...
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...In the United States, the First Amendment of the constitution guarantees freedoms concerning religion, expression, assembly, and the right to petition. The First Amendment was created because citizens demanded a guarantee of their basic freedoms. Without the First Amendment, religious minorities could be persecuted, the government might well establish a national religion, protesters could be silenced, the press could not criticize government, and citizens could not mobilize for social change. When the U.S. Constitution was signed on September 17, 1787, it did not contain the essential freedoms now outlined in the Bill of Rights, because many of the Framers viewed their inclusion as unnecessary, but after a huge debate, the Bill of Rights was...
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... The Costitution A.K.A the "supreme law of the land," Is the most important Developement in American Constitutional thinking to take place during 1776-1787. The constitution was concerned in developeing a new way of government. In 1776 a constitution was not in place, And simply calling a document a constitution did not make it legally distinct from any ordinary legislation. A constitution is the body of rules in accordance with which the powers of a government are distributed and excersised. How did the U.S. come to have writen the constitution? There are three Charters that influenced this. Firstly, the influene of the colonial charters. Secondly, was the church covenants, and Thirdly the influence of english precedent, these developed a habit of drawing up constitutional documents for purpose of placing limitations on the king or the government.(Hutchinsons,2) The general court later wrote a new constitution to replace the Royal Charters. The general Court agreed to a convention, Which purpose was only to write a constitution. After the writing of the constitution a Convention was then set up to allow the people of Massachussetts to overlook this set up a two part process, Framing and ratification by the people that the writers of Constitution followed. The preamble was revised up until the last days of the convention. Instead of listing the people of the states individually, The final wording encripted the American people as "WE." This...
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...Chapter 1, Section 1 Notes * Government is the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies. * Public policies are all of those things a government decides to do that ranges from taxation, defense, education, crime, health care, transportation, environment, civil rights, and working conditions. * Legislative power is the power to make law and to frame public policies. * Executive power is the power to execute, enforce, and administer law. * Judicial power is the power to interpret laws, to determine their meaning, and to settle disputes that arise within the society. * Dictatorship is a form of government in which the leader has absolute power and authority. * Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme authority rests with people. * States can be defined as a body of people, living in a defined territory, organized politically, and with the power to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority. * States must have 4 things that are population, territory, sovereignty, and government. * There are 4 major political ideas. * The force theory is that many scholars believed that the state was born of force. * The evolution theory claims that the state developed naturally out of the early family. * The divine right theory states that it was widely accepted in much of the Western world from the fifteenth through the eighteenth century...
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...Houston Community College Homework 1-5 Presented To: Lloyd W. Gaddis By Yushana Ford Government 2305 8:00A.M- 9:30A.M Mon/Wed 09/20/2015 Chapter 1: The More Things Change…The More They Stay the Same 1. Analyze current problems and issues in American Government by applying Historical perspectives: -History Repeats Itself +A new Communication medium paves the way to Electoral Victory- Meaning the internet and social media have revolutionized American politics. Campaign advertising is the use of an advertising campaign through the media to influence political debate and ultimately voters. Political advertising has changed drastically over the last several decades. Harry S. Truman was proud of his accomplishment of shaking approximately 500,000 hands but his accomplishment was soon pale compared to the next presidential election with the advent of television, war hero and presidential candidate D.W Eisenhower created commercials to get votes and so on and it different with different elections and different decades. +The Power of Incumbency- It is usually used in reference to elections where races can often be defined as being between an incumbent and non-incumbents. Incumbents have easier access to campaign finance and government resources that can be indirectly used to boost a campaign. Incumbency is any elected official who is already in office and seeking re-election. 2. Explain the Philosophical underpinnings of American Political System through...
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...and Fisher v Texas have been cognizant of the resourceful means of the affirmative action notion and its implementation. However, cases like City of Richmond v Crosan and Adarand v Pena have been unsympathetic of the affirmative action idea and reject its practice. I tend to disagree with the verdicts delivered in both City of Richmond v Crosan and Adarand v Pena for reasons that allude to the upward mobility of historically oppressed people. In 1978, Allen Bakke applied for admission to the University of California twice and was rejected both times. The school admitted that they reserved 16 spots out of each entering class of about 100 for qualified minorities as part of the University’s affirmative action program to bolster minority inclusion at the University. Bakke had an academic record that was exceptionally better than most of the minority candidates who applied for the school but was denied on the basis that he was not a minority. Bakke contended in the...
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...FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES Fundamental Duties of India are guaranteed by the constitution of India in Part IV. These duties are identified as the moral obligations and help in promoting the spirit of patriotism and to uphold the unity of the country. These duties are designed concerning the individuals and the nation. However, these fundamental duties are not legally enforceable. Furthermore, the citizens are morally obligated by the constitution to perform these duties. The Fundamental Duties were added by the 42nd Amendment Act in 1976. Article 51-A of the constitution provides ten Fundamental Duties of the citizen. These duties can be classified accordingly as concerning the environment, duties towards the State and duties towards the nation and also duties towards self. However, these are non-justiciable, incorporated only with the purpose of promoting patriotism among citizens. The international instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights include reference of such duties. These Fundamental Duties are such obligations that extend not only to the citizens, but also to the State. According to the Fundamental Duties all citizens should respect the national symbols of India and also the constitution. The fundamental duties of the land also aim to promote the equality of all individuals, protect the environment and public property, to develop scientific temper, to abjure violence, to strive towards excellence...
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...unfortunate tragedy occurs. For instance, after the April 16th, 2007 massacre at Virginia Tech University, in which left thirty-three persons including the gunman died, many persons were of the opinion that such an incident could have been avoided through effective gun control measures. However, the issue of gun control is a very sensitive topic in the American society. Many Americans view control gun legislation and policies as an attempt to refute and violate a constitutionally enshrined liberty, which guarantees them a right to own a gun. This liberty to own and possess firearms stems from the Second Amendment which many believe affords the ordinary citizen the right to be armed. On the contrary, there is the other sector of American society who argues that the Second Amendment does not afford or protect and such a right. Moreover, members of this group also argue that if the Constitution does in fact afford such a right it needs to be revisited or repealed since it is not applicable to the present American society. Both sides of the spectrum are heavily represented by influential lobby organization and political action committees which challenge, or support the implementation of new gun legislations or the revising of existing ones. For instance, Handgun Control Inc. also known as the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence is one of the largest gun control lobbying organizations in the U.S. This organization and its influential PAC, seek stricter gun...
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...William and Mary Law Review Volume 49 | Issue 4 Article 16 Constitution Writing in Post-conflict Settings: An Overview Jennifer Widner Repository Citation Jennifer Widner, Constitution Writing in Post-conflict Settings: An Overview, 49 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 1513 (2008), http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr/vol49/iss4/16 Copyright c 2008 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr CONSTITUTION WRITING IN POST-CONFLICT SETTINGS: AN OVERVIEWt JENNIFER WIDNER* During the past forty years, over 200 new constitutions have emerged in countries at risk of internal violence. Internationally brokered peace accords have entailed the development of constitutions not only in the Balkans but also in Cambodia, Lebanon, East Timor, Rwanda, Chad, Mozambique, Bougainville-Papua New Guinea, Nepal, the Comoros, and other places.' New constitutions have heralded the adoption of multiparty systems from Albania to Zambia. 2 Policymakers have started to ask what we have learned and specifically whether some constitutional reform processes are more likely than others to deliver a reduction in violence or more rights-respecting fundamental documents. For example, over the past decade, the Commonwealth, the U.S. Institute of Peace, and t This Article draws in part on WIDER Research Paper 2005/51 and is published with the kind permission of the UNU-WIDER. * Professor of Politics and International Affairs, Princeton...
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...| | | | | | |Assignment on: | |CHT CONFLICT AND PEACE PROCESS | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |DHAKA CITY COLLEGE ...
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...Electronic Surveillance of Employees Law, Ethics & Corporate Governance October 23, 2011 1. Explain where an employee can reasonably expect to have privacy in the workplace. The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees "the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures" (U.S. Const., amend. IV.1), however, the Fourth Amendment applies only to government actions, not to actions of private employers. As a result government employees may appear to have a fairly stronger claim for protection against electronic monitoring and surveillance than private sector employees. Thus in the U.S., workers in the workplace, except occasionally in restrooms and employee locker rooms, are not normally protected from surveillance on the grounds that the premises and equipment are possessions of the employer and the employee can have no reasonable expectation of intimacy or protection from employer intrusion. The employee, in the employment-at-will setting, has completely consented to the employer's right to monitor the employee closely "for any reason, no reason, or even reason morally” wrong to lose their job. Employees normally have no expectation of privacy in public or in the workplace. Most courts are employing narrow reasoning when discussing reasonable expectation of privacy on e-mail, using “voluntariness” of e-mail communications and property-based notions of ownership of computer systems...
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...Milan Dalal Follow this and additional works at: http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, and the Foreign Law Commons Recommended Citation Milan Dalal, India's New Constitutionalism: Two Cases That Have Reshaped Indian Law, 31 B.C. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 257 (2008), http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr/vol31/iss2/4 This Notes is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Boston College International and Comparative Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. For more information, please contact nick.szydlowski@bc.edu. INDIA’S NEW CONSTITUTIONALISM: TWO CASES THAT HAVE RESHAPED INDIAN LAW Milan Dalal* Abstract: As a nation of over one billion people and the world’s largest democracy, India is sometimes confronted with situations in which its democratic institutions clash. Under the Indian Constitution, legislation concerning land reform is placed in a special category designed to immunize it from judicial scrutiny. This scheme, known as the Ninth Schedule, has been abused by legislators seeking electoral benefit. Simultaneously, the country has been rocked by a series of public corruption scandals. As Parliament has sought to clean up its image by expelling disgraced members, its actions have been challenged as unconstitutional, leading to a constitutional showdown between the legislative and...
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