...man you must first know where he began prior to the shack. He had achieved many accomplishments that of a forester, wildlife ecologist, environmental philosopher, and educator. Even with all his experience, there is little known about him as a writer until his death in 1948 and the release of his book in 1949. Initially at first glance I had little to no interest in this book; I now see the true gift behind Leopold’s writing. He begins speaking of the thaw and how the animals are slowly starting to come out of their sleepy state and once again move about the land. He gives descriptions of how one must be able to survive off the land, and what you have to do so that you’re able to survive. He describes and details that you must plant a garden, and second is splitting wood to warm where you might sleep. During this time he goes on to describe how over the years, through drought and war he was able to see something in the land that was beauty to him. He speaks of spring and the return geese; this being a sign of seasons change. Soon, the floods begin something unpreventable. From this, Leopold took this as yet...
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...Mrinalini mahidhar Phil 1102 sec 01 Chapter 8 8.1 Eco centric ethics was systematically presented first by Aldo Leopold in his collection of essays a sand county almanac in his essay titled the land of ethics. The author says that this chapter of the book by Aldo focuses on land ethics as the best example of eco centric ethics Leopold was the one who changed the thinking about the predators in his early research he was In agreement about the Pinchot idea that all natural resources are commodities and this is one of the reasons why he wrote a book called game management which had the ways of increasing our harvest by natural resources. According to him the biggest threat to higher productivity was predators and they needed to be controlled and his view all the hunter gamers and conservationist should come together and try to stop this. After years of experience Leopold understood that the conservationist approach had problems and he jotted it down to two main concerns, first it doesn’t understand the interconnectedness of nature we cannot manipulate one part of nature and the expect the other to be same. Secondly it sees earth as dead whereas ecology views everything on this earth as living. He talks about how Leopold recognized that we need to look at a broader perspective and think like a mountain so that nature can be saved. 8.2 According to Leopold’s land ethics all land should be treated ethically we as humans have some obligation to it and should be viewed as a...
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...Ryan Willen English 106 06 Markowicz 22 September 14 Who Can Claim This Land as Their Own? Land is not merely soil, rock and vegetation. Land has endured everything that man has had to offer and everything before man. Whether land will survive the era of humans is the essential question asked in Aldo Leopold’s “The Land Ethic.” Leopold describes a variety of problems and solutions with our environment due to industrial agriculture, education or a lack there of, and ethical values and morals. Agriculture has drastically changed over the course of time. Farming used to be an art in which families would take pride in growing a strong, dependable product on a manageable size of land. Now, big businesses and industrialization have changed the...
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...Preservation, Conservation, and Land Ethics The application of ethical standards to relationships between humans and nonhumans entities is known as environmental ethics. The preservation ethic and the conservation ethic have guided the branches of the environmental movement during the past century. John Muir, a pioneering advocate for the preservation ethic, argued that “nature deserves protection for its own inherent value” (Withgott & Laposata, p.13) and should be untouched. Also, he maintained that nature encouraged happiness in humans. As an example, he wrote, “Places to play in and pray in, where nature may heal and give strength to body and soul alike” (Withgott & Laposata, p.13). In opposition, Gifford Pinchot, founder of what would become the U.S. Forest Service, was a leading supporter of the conservation ethic. According to Withgott and Laposata (2012), Pinchot deemed that we should allocate natural resources within reason (p. 13). In other words, we ought to manage them wisely, not carelessly, so that current and future groups will have sufficient resources. Whereas preservation strives to preserve nature for its own worth and for our enjoyment and spiritual peace, conservation “promotes the prudent, efficient, and sustainable extraction and use of natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations” (Withgott & Laposata, p.13). In my region, the Shenandoah National Forest is complemented by its trees, natural trails, streams, and...
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...The Ethics of Design The industrial revolution was a period between 18th and 19th centuries in which the world transitioned from a more natural environment, to heavy industry and infrastructure. During the industrial revolution, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban through advancements in technology and manufacturing processes. Growth in industrialism in combination with an anthropocentric world view, brought with it a lack of sentiment for the environment, health risks, and resource depletion. Naturally, as ideologies have shifted to a more basic biocentric point of view, people have sought out to replace the design and production methods of industrial environmentally hurtful materials with more sustainable methods. Among these people are William McDonough, and American architect, and Michael Braungart, a German chemist. Based on the idea that nature is a designer and that human industrial structure works in contrast to the natural environment, McDonough and Braungart have pioneered “cradle to cradle” design which attempts to imitate nature’s structural design that produces without pollution. Additionally, David R. Keller and E. Charles Brummer, professors and directors of studies, have developed postmechanistic agricultural ideas to humane and environmentally conscious food production. To offer a greater philosophical view, Aldo Leopold’s, “The Land Ethic” reorients ethics to view human beings as members of a much larger biotic community...
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...buried sunshine * Shift from Cowboy Economy—people believe that there are unlimited shits, i.e. like the wild west to Spaceship Economy * Spaceship Economywe have only brought enough food/resources for the people we are carrying and must make it last for as long as we can * Stresses resource management * Doesn’t really consider environmental impact as much as more about conservation * Focuses more on population vs. environmental impact * Entropy (?) * Spaceman Economy living within our means, don’t worship production vs. costs… more conservation concerned * Fracking is a good example of us still in a cowboy mode although we are shifting toward Spaceman * Reference to Ethics—ethics, it is us, it is a plural term… we have an ethical obligation to think of future generations * Solutions at the end of the article * 1) Using taxation to deter others * 2) Correction to price system higher price higher quality * 3) Legislative action 2) Garrett Hardin: “The Tragedy of the Commons” (1968) * Background: * Lived in US (1915-2003) * Professor Human Ecology at UC Santa Barbara * Known for Hardin’s First Law of Ecology: stating the impossibility...
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...buried sunshine * Shift from Cowboy Economy—people believe that there are unlimited shits, i.e. like the wild west to Spaceship Economy * Spaceship Economywe have only brought enough food/resources for the people we are carrying and must make it last for as long as we can * Stresses resource management * Doesn’t really consider environmental impact as much as more about conservation * Focuses more on population vs. environmental impact * Entropy (?) * Spaceman Economy living within our means, don’t worship production vs. costs… more conservation concerned * Fracking is a good example of us still in a cowboy mode although we are shifting toward Spaceman * Reference to Ethics—ethics, it is us, it is a plural term… we have an ethical obligation to think of future generations * Solutions at the end of the article * 1) Using taxation to deter others * 2) Correction to price system higher price higher quality * 3) Legislative action 2) Garrett Hardin: “The Tragedy of the Commons” (1968) * Background: * Lived in US (1915-2003) * Professor Human Ecology at UC Santa Barbara * Known for Hardin’s First Law of Ecology: stating the impossibility...
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...population. It was a shift from an agricultural society to an urban society powered by fossil fuels. What is "the tragedy o the commons"? Explain how the concept might apply to an unregulated industry that is a source of water pollution? The tragedy of the commons was written by Garret Hardin. Hardin argued that unregulated exploitation would cause environmental depletion. What is environmental science? Name several disciplines involved in environmental science. Environmental Science is the study of how the natural world works and how humans and the environment interact. Environmental Science in an interdisciplinary field which requires expertise from ecology, earth science, chemistry, biology, economics, political science, demography, ethics, and others. Contrast the two meanings of science. Now name three applications of science. One description of science is a systematic process for learning about the world and testing our understanding of it. The term science is also commonly used to refer to the accumulated body of knowledge that arises from this dynamic process of observation, testing, and discovery. Developing Technology, to inform policy for management decisions. Describe the scientific method. What is its typical sequence of steps? What needs to occur before a researcher's results are published? Why is this process important? The scientific method is a technique for testing ideas with observations. Make Observations, Ask Questions, Develop Hypothesis, Make Predictions...
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...in Australia post Students learn about: | Students learn to: | Contemporary Aboriginal Spiritualities * Aboriginal spirituality as determined by the Dreaming * issues for Aboriginal spiritualities in relation to: * the effect of dispossession * the Land Rights movement Religious expression in Australia – 1945 to the present * the religious landscape from 1945 to the present in relation to: * changing patterns of religious adherence * the current religious landscape * religious dialogue in multi-faith Australia * ecumenical movements within Christianity * Interfaith dialogue * The relationship between Aboriginal spiritualities and religious traditions in the process of Reconciliation | * discuss how Aboriginal spirituality is determined by the Dreaming * kinship * ceremonial life * obligations to the land and people * discuss the continuing effect of dispossession on Aboriginal spiritualities in relation to: * separation from the land * separation from kinship groups * the Stolen Generations * outline the importance of the following for the Land Rights movement: * Native Title * Mabo * Wik * analyse the importance of the Dreaming for the Land Rights movement * outline changing patterns of religious adherence from 1945 to the present using census data * account for the present religious landscape in Australia in relation to: * Christianity as the major religious tradition ...
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...Business ethics is one of the most debated topics in recent time. Ethics is all about doing the right things while keeping intact the moral values. When it comes to business ethics few companies follow the ethics keeping social values and few don’t. Business is not only about making profit but it also about keeping and maintaining social responsibility. Some institution or organization only thinks about their profit maximization or wealth maximization. However when it comes to make profit few business doesn’t bother about the ethics. As a result the lack of business ethics in the market is the reason the world economy is presently in crisis. If an organization practice ethical behavior that creates goodwill and reputation which, expand that organization’s opportunities’ for profit. It’s a long term strategy. Here we have discussed about the ethical factors that should be practiced in business: • Investors ensuring safety of their money and timely payment of interest. • Employees provision of fair opportunities in promotions and training, good working conditions, and timely payment of salaries. • Customer complete information of the service and product should be made available. Personal information of the customers should not be used for personal gain. • Competition unscrupulous tactics and methods should be avoided while handling competitors. • Government rules and regulations regarding taxes, duties, restrictive and monopolistic trade practices,...
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...extension of ethics to nature. In an anthropocentric ethic nature deserves moral consideration because how nature is treated a¡ects humans. In an ecocentric ethic nature deserves moral consideration because nature has intrinsic value. In two experiments participants (n=91 and 84) generated moral reasoning responses to ecological moral dilemmas. The reasoning was coded as ecocentric, anthropocentric, or nonenvironmental (i.e., social contracts, truthfulness). Individual di¡erences and situational variables were examined in relation to moral reasoning about ecological dilemmas. Pro-environmental attitudes were related to more ecocentrica nd anthropocentrica nd less nonenvironmental reasoning. The presence of information about the impact of ecological damage on the environment, especially a more ‘‘wild’’ environment, elicited more ecocentric reasoning, while the presence of a social commitment elicited more nonenvironmental moral reasoning. The implications of the research for con£icts over environmental commons dilemmas are discussed. # 2001 Academic Press Ecocentrism and Anthropocentrism: Moral Reasoning about Ecological Dilemmas There is as yet no ethicd ealing with man’s relation to land and to the animals and plants which grow upon it. . . The extension of ethics to this third element in human environment is. . .an evolutionary possibility and an ecological necessity. (Leopold, 1949, pp. 238^9) Aldo Leopold, sometimes called the father of environmental ethics, expressed...
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...Lesson 1 Optics vs Vision There are optics and visions in ethics. Optic is a specific way to approach things.. This can be a legal, fi nancial or marketer point of view. Vision is different ways of seeing through the optic. In other words, visions are different opinions. You can have multiple visions under one optic. Norms and values Rules can be made to try and protect a value. Its important to know whether obeying a norm leads to protecting a value. Your moral is the combination of all values and norms together. A written rule is a regulation, while a norm can be written or unwritten. Responsibility There are some prerequisites for making somebody responsible. 1. Freedom of movement: • Literal: he/she should be able to move in order to be responsible. • Freedom of will (personally): • Social Freedom: ➢ Negative Freedom: The individual is free to make his or her own decisions. The government doesn’t oblige me to do anything. This is a form of liberalism. ➢ Positive Freedom: People want government interference. They want the government to shape them into a society where they can operate freely. Things are done for the benefits of the people who are being interfered with. Positive freedom is basically assuming that you know what’s right. Too much should not be used in sales activities. 2. Knowledge: Are you aware of the fact that something is happening? 3. Being capable of making your own decisions: ...
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...are many ways to monetarily assign value to a species in order to justify the protection of its ecosystem. One method that can be used to assign monetary value is cost-benefit analysis, in which the cost of destroying the ecosystem is compared to the cost of preserving it (Textbook pg. 78). In cost-benefit analysis, the income generated from developing this area instead of preserving the ecosystem would be compared to the income and resources lost in ecotourism, nearby land values, and the like. This approach attempts to determine which decision would be the most profitable; however, these analyses are difficult to calculate, especially over time (pg. 79). Another way to assign monetary value to this dragonfly population would be to...
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...ways(Polanyi 68). For example, people in market society think that economic relations are much more important than interpersonal relations (Polanyi 44). Polanyi calls the emergence of market society “the great transformation”. My thesis statement is that the shift to market society is a fundamental transformation because market society is characterized by self-regulation, fictitious commodities, and an emphasis on individuals, which are significantly distinct from previous societies. Some of the changes that take place in workplace under the system of market society will also be presented. Moreover, the ideas that people have about the world in market society will be describing by pointing out the relationship between the “protestant work ethic” and the “spirit of capitalism”. Finally, the reasons why these ideological conditions are crucial to the emergence of market society will be provided. The first characteristic of market society that makes the shift to market society essential is that economy within it is self-regulating and it is called “market economy” (Polanyi 68). Self-regulation indicates that the system of market is able to organize Chen 2 the power in the economic sphere without external force (Polanyi 43). In other words, it is the market itself to be responsible for what are produced and how goods are distributed. All the production...
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... The moral responsibility of all the participants are to decide if it is morally right to drill for gas in a natural reserve. The government should look at what the land is set aside for, not what they can acquire form the natural reserve. The Bureau of Land Management, and the BLM Field Manager is also responsible because they are the ones that process the applications to drill. The gas companies that wish to drill are responsible for drill in a safe and way that the land and animals are not affected by the drilling. * What are the stakeholders' moral failings? The failing of the US government is that they want the energy companies to be able to drill for gas to benefit from the energy and monetary value that this will provide the country. The BLM has the failing in that they rarely deny an application to drill. “How many of those applications have you rejected? Actually, percentage wise very few but I have changed many.” (The BLM Field Manager in Pinedale, 2004). The failing of the energy companies is that they do not care about the environment that they are drilling in and are causing damage to the ecosystem. * What ideals or obligations are in conflict? The obligations that are in conflict is that the land in question is set aside as a natural reserve to preserve a part of the US land in its natural state and keep the animal life that live their intact without...
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