...This article is an introduction to the historical development of marketing, one of the major functional areas of a business firm. First, marketing is described and defined. Then, the evolution of marketing in the United States is described, touching on several major eras, including the simple trade era, the production era, the sales era, the marketing department era, the marketing company era, and the relationship marketing era. WHAT IS MARKETING? "Marketing is advertising, like those false or deceptive ads on television that try to get you to buy something that you don't really want." "Marketing is like those pushy car salespeople, or those salespeople that come to our front doors selling overpriced vacuum cleaners." "I hate those rude telemarketers calling at all times of the day and night." Some individuals think that marketing involves deceptive, high-pressure tactics to get people to buy something they don't really want. Those individuals are incorrect. While marketing usually involves advertising or personal selling, marketing (practiced correctly) should not try to get people to buy things they don't want, nor should marketers use deceptive or pushy tactics to get people to buy. In fact, marketing is really the process of developing products to satisfy customers through proper pricing, promotion, and distribution. The basic goal behind marketing is to satisfy the customer. Satisfied customers are much more valuable than customers who have been deceived into...
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... Past Trends Sometimes it’s better to let the things in the past, stay in the past but not when it comes to policing, back in the late 1800s and early 1900s police made people feel safe within their community. Police officers would walk the streets patrolling the neighborhood, standing on street corners talking to the neighbors in the community and actually getting to know the people who they help protect. That was when citizens and police officers actually knew each other on a first name basis, when citizens felt police officers cared about them and what went on in their community. During this era citizens felt safer and had a better relationship with the police but as time went on and technology got better the relationship that was developed between police officers and citizens changed dramatically. By the mid-1900s new technology had a significant influence on policing,...
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...justice system and criminal justice connections with surrounding society which involves policing in the United States of America. Sometimes it’s better to let the things in the past, stay in the past but not when it comes to policing, back in the late 1800s and early 1900s police made people feel safe within their community. Police officers would walk the streets patrolling the neighborhood, standing on street corners talking to the neighbors in the community and actually getting to know the people who they help protect. That was when citizens and police officers actually knew each other on a first name basis, when citizens felt police officers cared about them and what went on in their community. During this era citizens felt safer and had a better relationship with the police but as time went on and technology got better the relationship that was developed between...
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...Heitzel Gonzalez HIST 1023.05 Crash Course: Roaring Twenties The roaring twenties was an era of movies, cars, music, illegal liquor, prosperity, credit, gangsters, and prejudice against immigrants. There was exciting changed, freedom, and a change in art like music, poets, and movies. Laissez-fair capitalism led to business growing drastically by governments not regulating it. Trade commission with people who shared same views. Government corruption warren, picked horrible friends they turned out being money hungry, and he was the first to have a cabinet member to be convicted of a felony. The first cars to be created Fords, Chrysler, and General Motors, however, other than for transportation, cars led people to have love affairs. Car and electronic business grew and stretched overseas, causing America to manufacture 85% of the world’s cars and 40% of other good. Toasters, vacuums, refrigerators, and washers allowed Americans’ to have more leisure time, to...
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...are three major eras that have brought about such changes and one that is of the most importance. The progressive era brought us many changes in the workforce along with changes in technology. Also the roaring twenties was a period that started with great wealth extravagance and ended in the great depression that changed the entire country. Then there was the 1930's where FDR proposed the New Deal and had great ideas of where to take the country. Each of these eras created significant differences in the way the people worked and lived and will be further discussed in detail. The progressive era began in the late 1890's with a depression that led to one of the greatest movements of the era, the Pullman strike. The Pullman strike was started because of the depression and because of the fact that George Pullman, the man who owned Pullman Palace Car Company, fired a third of his employees and then cut the wages of the rest by 25 to 40%. The worked were left with hardly anything to bring home and they met to organize this strike. It became a national strike because nearly every railroad had Pullmans and there was no other way to transport the goods across country. The strike eventually became so large that it was halted by the government and ultimately ended in great violence. However, the Pullman strike was a success; it created organization amongst workers and gave workers a voice for the first time. Another large movement during this era was the influx of new immigrants and the...
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...The Progressive Era marked a time of new reforms throughout our nation and these changes have shaped the country we live in today. This era was the nation’s response to the Industrial Revolution. It affected all Americans and transformed the role of government in American society. Most racial issues and women's rights, were ignored during the progressive era, but the groundwork was laid for future reforms in those areas. Many events occurred during the time of the Progressive Era and Great Depression that made a big contribution to today’s society. One of the first turning points of this era was the founding of the Anti-Saloon League. It was a non-partisan political pressure group established in 1893 with Protestant churches as its primary support in rural areas and the South. In the words of leader Ernest Cherrington, it was "the united church militant engaged in the overthrow of the liquor traffic.” The League also used churches more directly to achieve its objectives. For example, it arranged for pastors in over 2,000 churches in Illinois to discuss a pending temperance measure and urge congregations to ask their representatives to support it. The Anti-Saloon stressed its religious character and since it acted as an agent of the churches and therefore was working for God, anything it did was seen as moral and justified because it was working to bring about the Lord's will. This became the first modern, single-issuing lobbying group in the America and opened the doors for...
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...industry is developing difficultly because of the influence from the financial crisis. In contrast, China's automobile production and sales are still having a blowout type growth, and jumped into the world's largest automobile production and sales market. At the same time, Chinese automobile companies continue to deepen and join with international brand cooperation; independent research and development of the independent brand production, and their technical also get greatly strengthened. Similarly, in the tide of industrial upgrading and international acquisitions, strategic transformation era of Chinese automobile industry has gradually started. This paper based on the world economic crisis brought both challenge and opportunity to the automobile industry in China, comprehensively analysis China's automobile industry development present situation and development trend in the transformation era, with case analysis of China's automobile companies, and then gives some suggestions on China's automobile industry strategy adjustment in transformation. Keywords: Strategic transformation, Automobile industry, China automobile development 1. Introduction Changing is the eternal theme of enterprise development. The strategic change is not only the result of...
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...“Progress is meant to bring about new joy and economic prosperity, but paradoxically, it can lead to national destruction and depression.” (Shirley Isakovan) The 1920s is perceived as an era of unprecedented economic prosperity, material excess, and renowned for the birth of the social and societal upheaval that spreads throughout modern America. This period in time brings about tremendous amount of technological progress, the automobile being among the greatest, and presents an opportunity to transform a person via wealth. As a result, the American Dream is recreated and seen to be the ideal lifestyle desired by the residents of the nation. Although a paradox, this golden dream of commodities, individualism and hard work to gain abundant money becomes a nightmare of materialism and carelessness. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby is a highly symbolic arbitration of the disintegration and underside of the American dream and portrays the consequences of those in pursuit it. Although ironic, Fitzgerald uses cars as a motif to represent the wealthy class living the corrupted American dream, whose careless actions drive the destruction of the 1920’s decade. He demonstrates this by using the car accident after one of Gatsby’s parties to foreshadow disastrous events, by emphasising Jordan Baker’s carelessness towards cars and her driving skills as a further insight to the recklessness of the wealthy, and by referring to Gatsby’s car as the “death car” after the incident of Myrtle’s...
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...The History of Policing and the New Advancements of Technology in Policing Columbia Southern University Scholars divide the history of U. S. policing into three eras, The Political Era, The Reform Era, and The Community Integration Era. From 1840 till about 1920 is called The Political Era, during this era the police came to be armed with two types of technology, the gun and the nightstick. Even though technology has changed through the centuries we still revert back to the gun and nightstick when called upon to use force. “Whatever technologies progress the police have made since the second half of the 19th Century, they still rely to a considerable extent on basic tools available 100 years ago to protect innocent life and themselves.” Some of the technology that came about in during this era is use of the telegraph and telephone installation of the police callbox, Bertillon system of criminal identification and the fingerprinting system. Historian’s call the 1920’s to the 1970’s The Reform Era. During this era “Reformers were out to get rid undesirable political influences and create what they deemed professional police departments.” Some people will say that this era helped emphasize discipline, equal enforcement of the law, and centralized decision making. During the Reform Era policing became more centralized and also the social distance between police and community also increased. Technology became more important with patrol cars and radios which helped to organize...
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...the states were passing legislation that coded inequalities between races. These legislations stated that there would be separate schools for separate races. This case originated in 1892 as a challenge to the Louisiana Separate Car Act which was in 1890 the law required that all railroads operating in the state provide equal but separate accommodations for white and African American passengers and prohibited passengers from entering accommodations other than...
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...4/26/12 Oil Crisis in the 1970’s The Oil Crisis of the 1970’s was a major period in American history, when a number of political, global and social events came together to create a ‘perfect storm’. The Seventies was an era filled with people seeking self-fulfillment (The ‘Me’ Decade), where the nation was growing at a fast pace. People, during this time, concentrated on their own leisure and happiness. Behind the narcissism and selfishness of many people’s attitudes, an oil crisis struck America which largely impacted the automobile industry and led to a rise in gas prices. The combination of stagnant growth and price inflation during this era raises many issues, while many attempts to end the crisis, such as Jimmy Carter’s Energy plan, substantially made it worse. These problems caused Americans to focus more on economic issues versus social issues. The “Me Decade,” a term coined by novelist Tom Wolfe, was a concept of the Seventies- “an era of narcissism, selfishness, personal rather than political awareness… The ‘70’s was the decade in which people put emphasis on the skin, on the surface, rather than on the roof of things… It was the decade in which image became preeminent because nothing deeper was going on (Schulman, 145).” It described the new American self-awareness and the collective retreat from history, community and human reciprocity. Compared to the 1960’s, Americans in the 1970’s were self-absorbed and passive; it was a stylistic change in American preoccupations...
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...and the policing organizations throughout the United States. Police history is something everyone should know about. Police have been around for a long time. The history of police is important to know about because it helps people understand why some of the policies are in place today. The United States has used methods of policing from Great Britain. There are many ways to learn about policing by studying the history of police. Police practices and logics have changed enormously over the years. It is a common misconception that policies remain the same over the years, but that is not true. Furthermore, there are different stages in the history of American police called the political era, professional era, police crisis of 1960’s, and the new development stages. America has used policies implemented by Robert Peel. Robert Peel was a political leader in England, who fought to improve law enforcement in the country. Robert Peel developed three core elements that involve mission, strategy, and organizational structure of the police. Robert Peel also introduced the police having a presence in the community (Schmalleger, 2009). That is something America still uses and the impact still affects the United States today. The impact of Robert Peel to the United States is still felt today. The first law enforcement in America is when the colonist settled. They used the logics from their English heritage with the institutions of the sheriff, the constable...
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...Final Exam Name: Institution: Final Exam Question 1 Four major marketing eras can be identified between the 1950s and the present day. The first period to follow the 1950s was the product era. During this era, producers relied on their products to market themselves. They believed that if a product were made with high standards, then there would be no need to try any aggressive marketing techniques. The next period to follow was the selling era. During this period, producers turned to marketing believing that a product did not have to be very good to sell. With the right amount of promotion, any product – regardless of quality – could be sold. The Marketing era came next. This period combined producers’ beliefs in the first two eras. Manufacturers made products that they believed would be desirable to consumers and then marketed them rigorously. The most recent period in marketing history is the holistic marketing era. During this period, producers factor in all elements involved in the entire transaction. Marketing integrates the processes of production, shipping and promotion. Marketing is directed to the customers in order to build a brand and to the firm’s employees so that they can be fully aware of the firm’s goals and standards. Question 2 The Samsung Galaxy S4 is Samsung’s latest addition to their Android Smartphone portfolio. The sleek device bears all of the latest innovations in mobile technology and is full of features that will make it useful and very...
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...supplies needed to transform an old car from a worn-out relic to a dazzling show beauty. If you've decided to restore a particular old car because you have a longstanding attachment to that model and are not concerned about its value or whether parts can be easily found, then we applaud you--that mindset should be the primary focus of this great hobby of ours. However, if you enjoy old car restoration but prefer your projects to be easy and relatively cheap to do--with, perhaps, the added bonus of making a few dollars on it when it's done--then these are the cars you should consider for your next venture. Of course, the majority of these cars won't make you stand apart from the crowd at a show or cruise-in, but you will be able to complete their restoration far faster and a whole lot cheaper than if you chose a car that was rare, or had only been made for a few years. Another factor to consider is the actual purchase price of the car. While some of the cars listed here can be bought for around $5,000, others will cost four times as much even if they're basket cases--but keep in mind that those higher-priced cars will also bring four times the money when sold, so it kind of equals out. But the one common feature enjoyed by most of these cars--and the main reason why they are on this list--is that they're backed by a huge parts supply, making them a lot easier to restore than something rare like a Pierce-Arrow, a Forties-era De Soto or a V-16 Cadillac. The availability...
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...throughout the United States. Police history is something everyone should know about. Police have been around for a long time. The history of police is important to know about because it helps people understand why some of the policies are in place today. The United States has used methods of policing from Great Britain. There are many ways to learn about policing by studying the history of police. Police practices and logics have changed enormously over the years. It is a common misconception that policies remain the same over the years, but that is not true. Furthermore, there are different stages in the history of American police called the political era, professional era, police crisis of 1960’s, and the new development stages. America has used policies implemented by Robert Peel. Robert Peel was a political leader in England, who fought to improve law enforcement in the country. Robert Peel developed three core elements that involve mission, strategy, and organizational structure of the police. Robert Peel also introduced the police having a presence in the community(Schmalleger, 2009).. That is something America still uses and the impact still affects the United States today. The impact of Robert Peel to the United States is still felt today. The first law enforcement in America is when the colonist settled. They...
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