...To what extent the Doctor’s Trial held in Nuremberg established a precedent in human experimentation and human rights movement? Table of Contents A. Plan of Investigation………………………………………………………………………3 B. Summary of Evidence………………………………………………………………………...4-7 C. Evaluation of Sources…………………………………………………………………………….8 D. Analysis……………………………………………………………………………9 E. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………10 F. Bibliography………………………………………………………………………11 G. Appendix A. Plan of Investigation This investigation assesses to what extent was the significance of the Doctor’s Trial in establishing a precedent for human experimentation and the advancement of the human rights movement. The body of evidence would contain all the events that lead to a change of the view of human experimentation and rights. The researcher evaluated the process in which the Doctor’s Trial at Nuremberg marked an example to human rights today and how the Nuremberg Code helped exercise the decisions made at the Nuremberg trials. Primary sources as the partial transcript of the Doctor’s trial were used to evaluate the contribution of the verdicts made at the trials to human rights. Documents will be analyzed in regards to their origin, purpose, value, and limitations in order to properly evaluate the evidence. B. Summary of Evidence On December 9, 1946, an American military tribunal opened criminal proceedings against twenty-three leading German physicians and administrators for their...
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...used today. The paper also helps explain why the international system relies heavily on prosecution to enforce human rights by looking at the: balance of power, transnational advocacy, and diffusion theories. Finally, the paper examines a case study analysis on Afghanistan and the implications an ICC investigation would have on the peace process. As of November 2017, the Office of the Prosecutor is considering opening an investigation into the criminal activity in Afghanistan and is awaiting a decision...
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... protection of human subjects, and the care of animals are crucial to assure that researchers who are receiving money from the public can be held responsible to the public. Not to mention, ethical standards in research also give a hand to build public support for research. Usually people fund a research project if they have trust in the quality and honesty of research. Furthermore, many standards of research advocate many other valuable ethical and public morals, like civil accountability, animal health, human rights, agreeing with the rules of government, public safety and well-being. Research can have ethical breaches that can greatly hurt the subjects. For instance, researchers that make up their own data information in a clinical trial could possibly kill patients. Not to mention, the researcher that failed to follow regulations of life safety rules could put their own life at...
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...significant bearing on his career in the SS. Eichmann was adept at learning practical skills on the job, under the tutelage of seniors he respected. While he continued to live at home, he ranged over Upper Austria selling oil products, locating sites for petrol stations, and setting them up. He also arranged kerosene deliveries. On Saturday he conscientiously completed his paperwork and reported to his superiors. Eichmann did well and was transferred to the Salzburg district. But by 1933 he had tired of the job and, anyway, was laid off. He had learned a lot, though: how to identify prime sites at communication junctions, how to timetable and organise deliveries, how to sell a product and persuade people to do your bidding. During his trial he pretended to be apolitical, but Eichmann came from a strongly German nationalist family. Like many Germans his father lost his wealth during the post-war economic crisis and had the embittering experience of starting all over again. He enrolled his son in the Wandervogel youth movement which, while ostensibly apolitical, was strongly imbued with völkisch ideas about the Heimat (homeland). Later, Eichmann joined the Linz branch of the Heimschutz, a right wing paramilitary association of army veterans. In April 1932, he joined the Nazi party. At the instigation of the local gauleiter, who knew his family, he attended a Nazi rally and was approached...
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...NEGATIVE CASE Margaret Chase smith once stated that "Moral cowardice that keeps us from speaking our minds is as dangerous to this country as irresponsible talk. The right way is not always the popular and easy way. Standing for right when it is unpopular is a true test of moral character." I stand in firm negation of the resolution: Resolved: The United States ought to submit to the jurisdiction of an international court designed to prosecute crimes against humanity. Definitions: Submit: to yield ones power to the power of another, to give up resistance. Jurisdiction: the legal power of authority of a particular court to hear and determine cases. International court: a court extending across national boundaries, and prosecutes crimes when a State is unable to. My value is Morality, which is defined as the practice of moral duties. In order for the U.S. to uphold this vital concept that is stated in the very framework of the Declaration of Independence, when it points to the fact that we are "self-evident" and that we "are endowed by our creator" with these "Inalienable rights" because no power should take them away from the citizens for they deserve the same respect and rights from their government. When those rights are violated then it thus becomes immoral. My value criterion is national sovereignty. National sovereignty is defined as authority in a political community. In other words meaning we rule ourselves and not others ruling us. For we are built upon what...
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...TERRORISM, WAR, PEACE AND HUMAN RIGHTS FACULTY GUIDEBAC 445 FONTBONNE UNIVERSITY OPTIONS BACHELOR OF ARTS IN CONTEMPORARY STUDIES COURSE DESCRIPTION This course will explore ethical, theoretical, and practical questions relating to terrorism, the engagement of war, cultural and ethnic conflicts. This course will explore why we wage war, the development of terrorism and its impact on societies, society’s quest for peace and the methods attempted to achieve peace. This course will also explore the concept of human rights and how terrorism and war impact these rights. © Copyright Fontbonne University, St. Louis, MO, January 2007. COURSE OVERVIEW TOPICS • Historic and philosophical positions on war • Contemporary moral foundations on war • Human rights • Terrorism • Humanitarian intervention and preemptive war • Religious positions on war • Toward a theory of just peace COURSE OVERVIEW INTRODUCTORY NOTES TO FACULTY The subjects of war, peace, terrorism and human rights are daily fare in the media. While people form strong opinions on these matters and tend to regard them as right or wrong, many do not have the skills to analyze and clearly articulate a rationale for their positions. The purpose of this course is thus twofold: to equip students with the ethical theories needed to make a judgment...
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... ‘CRIME AGAINST THE HUMANITY’, means that the acts of persecution or any large-scale atrocities against a body of people, as being the criminal offense above all others. Human rights are international norms that help to protect all people everywhere from severe political, legal and social abuses. The right to freedom of religion, the right to a fair trial when charged with crime, the right not to be tortured, and the right to engage in political activity are the fundamental human rights. The rights exist in morality and in law at the national and international levels. The main sources of the contemporary conception of human rights are the Universal declaration of Human rights, the treaties that followed in international organizations such as the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the Organization of American States, and the African Union. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights sets out number of human rights that countries should respect and protect, which are normally divided into six. They are Security rights that protect people against abuses of the legal system such as imprisonment without trial, secret trials and excessive punishments, liberty, rights that protect the liberty to participate in politics through actions such as communicating, assembling, protesting, voting and serving in public office, equality rights that guarantee equal citizenship, equality before the law and non discrimination and social rights that require provision of education to all children...
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...Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) heard Jean-Paul Akayesu accused of vicious gang rapes and genocide that took the lives of 2,000 Tutsis. The trial court chamber of three judges, two men and one woman, had an unprecedented opportunity to clarify whether rape during internal armed conflict constitutes genocide as well as a crime against humanity. Nongovernmental organizations worked to "engender" the Tribunal while holding accountable the Hutu leaders who orchestrated genocide. The critical 1998 verdict influenced states negotiating improved standards for the prosecution of sexual violence and the creation of a permanent International Criminal Court. "Rape and Genocide in Rwanda" addresses current issues of international law, human rights, women in politics, African Studies, judicial procedure, legal and moral reasoning. RAPE and Genocide IN RWANDA: The ICTR’s Akayesu Verdict CASE OUTLINE I. An Unprecedented Opportunity Glossary and Map II. Prior Responses to Sexual Violence in War A. From “Time Immemorial” to 1948 B. From the 1949 Geneva Conventions to an International Criminal Court III. Genocide In Rwanda A. A Colonial Legacy of Ethnic Division B. Mass Killing, Rape and the 1994 U.N. Withdrawal IV. The U.N. Creates a Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda V. The Trial of Jean-Paul Akayesu Trial Chronology and Key Individuals VI. Issues for Judgment A. Threshold Requirements B. Distinctive Crimes? VII...
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...Running head: TESTING WITH A POSSIBLE DEATH SENTENCE Testing With a Possible Death Sentence (An analysis of American mal-practice stemming from the Henrietta Lacks story) Testing with possible death sentence We can perceive past and future medical advancement through two very different lenses. One lens is clean and colorful and paints an innovative and hopeful picture of the present and future, and therefore many folks enjoy looking through it and broadcasting it. The second is foggy, dirty and colorless, and depicts a sad and appalling look at a frightening past. This perception threatens us, as the haunting past often does. Needless to say, most people choose not to look the old lens and is rather kept occult. This is probably the reason that aside from bits and pieces of unethical experiments in our part of the world, I was simply not well-educated on the subject and never expected to hear about so many terrible incidents catalyzed by one patient’s cells. The historic lens shows us that “historically, the health care institution has failed, humiliated and ruined lives in the effort to improve medicine” (Robbennolt, 2009) , and it is important for us as social workers to look through that gloomy, grim lens and envision interventions that would have prevented it from becoming so. In a twisted irony of life, one woman’s ill fate, gave way to many discoveries that have saved many lives, but unfortunately at a heavy price for others...
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...depict a period of time rather than singular personal stories. A memoir is limited as a primary source; Memoirs are limited to only one individual's point of view, rather than an analysis of many people's perspectives...
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...14 PROSECUTOR V. DUSKO TADIC INTRODUCTION The main belligerents in the Bosnian War were the forces of the Republic of Bosnia(Bosnian Government Forces) and Herzegovina and those of the self-proclaimed Bosnian Serb and Bosnian Croat entities within Bosnia and Herzegovina,Republika Srpska and Herzeg-Bosnia, who were led and supplied by Serbia and Croatia respectively. The war came about as a result of the breakup of Yugoslavia. Following the Slovenian and Croatian secessions from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1991, the multi-ethnic Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was inhabited by Muslim Bosnians(44 percent), Orthodox Serbs (31 percent) and Catholic Croats (17 percent), passed a referendum for independence on 29 February 1992. This was rejected by the political representatives of the Bosnian Serbs, who had boycotted the referendum and established their own republic. Following Bosnia and Herzegovina's declaration of independence (which had gained international recognition), the Bosnian Serbs, supported by the Serbian government of Slobodan Milosevic and the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), mobilized their forces inside the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to secure Serbian territory, then war soon broke out across the country, accompanied by the ethnic cleansing of the Muslim Bosnian and Croat population, especially in eastern Bosnia and throughout the Republika Srpska...
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...GEORGETOWN LAW The Scholarly Commons 2007 Biomedical Research Involving Prisoners: Ethical Values and Legal Regulation Lawrence O. Gostin Georgetown University Law Center, gostin@law.georgetown.edu Georgetown Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 976413 This paper can be downloaded free of charge from: http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/479 http://ssrn.com/abstract=976413 297 JAMA 737-740 (2007) This open-access article is brought to you by the Georgetown Law Library. Posted with permission of the author. COMMENTARIES Biomedical Research Involving Prisoners Ethical Values and Legal Regulation Lawrence O. Gostin, JD U NTIL THE EARLY 1970 S , R. J. R EYNOLDS , D OW Chemical, the US Army, major pharmaceutical companies, and other sponsors conducted a wide variety of research on prisoners—a captive, vulnerable, and easily accessible population.1,2 During that time, approximately 90% of all pharmaceutical research was conducted on prisoners, who also were subjected to biochemical research ranging from testing diet drinks and simple detergents to studies involving dioxin and chemical warfare agents.3 From 1962 to 1966, for example, 33 pharmaceutical companies tested 153 experimental drugs at Holmesburg Prison in Philadelphia, including a Retin-A (tretinoin) study in which researchers did not seek informed consent and prisoners were not adequately treated for pain.4 By the mid-1970s, biomedical research in prisons sharply ...
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...to the Nazi regime The use of prisoners in research is a concern under the Belmont principle of Justice because: Prisoners may be used to conduct research that only benefits the larger society Issued in 1974, 45 CFR 46 raised to regulatory status: US Public Health Service Policy (45 CFR 46 raised to regulatory status the US Public Health Service policy of 1966 "Clinical research and investigation involving human beings".) Which of the following brought increased public attention to the problems with the IRB system? Death of Jesse Gelsinger (Although all of these are related to the problems with the IRB system, the death of Jesse Gelsinger was what received public attention.) Which of the following is included in the Nuremberg Code? Voluntary Consent Informed consent is considered an application of which Belmont principle? **** Respect for Persons (Respect for persons involves respecting individual autonomy in the decision to participate in research. That respect is implemented through the process of informed consent) How should the investigator proceed, with respect to the IRB, after the discovery of the adverse event occurrence? Report the adverse drug experience in a timely manner, in keeping with the IRB's policies and procedures, using the forms or the mechanism provided by the IRB. How long is an investigator required to keep consent documents, IRB correspondence & research records? For a minimum of three years after completion of...
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...Increasing Recruitment and Retention of Minority People in Clinical Trials Name Course Tutor Date Introduction Clinical trials are faced by numerous problems among them being difficulties in recruitment and retention of minority groups. The challenges that are faced in recruiting and retaining these groups have been well documented through various researches. In order to successfully recruit and retain minority people in clinical trials research in the health fields must undertaken beyond the traditional methods so that the barriers prevalent in the process of recruitment and retention can be overcome. Some of these barriers are related to mistrust and fear of science-based experiments following a history of atrocities committed in the name of science (Area, Alvidrez, Nery, Estes, & Linkins, 2003). This essay is going to highlight the strategies to increase recruitment and retention of minority people participation in clinical trials. Discussion Background Ethical consideration in medical research and clinical trials particularly with regard to humans came into the limelight in the first half of the 20th century following the medical experiments conducted by the Nazis on humans. These experiments saw the development of the Nuremberg code, which began a wide range of regulations that emphasized on the need for the protection of human beings who participated in trials that were prevalent in medical research. Principles that were articulated...
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...psychological interpretation, complex algorithms, or both. Hermann Rorschach was a Swiss Psychiatrist born in Zurich in 1884 to a father who was a local art teacher who encouraged his to express himself in all creative capacity. He received his medical degree from the University of Zurich in 1909. It was a combination of his high creative upbringing, his medical training, and his friendship with Carl Jung, who was using free association to tap into the unconscious, that influenced his book on inkblots and their significance in the world of psychology. Psychologists have used it in various ways from personality examination to emotional functioning as well as to detect issues in thought processing. Although Rorschach was the first to attach a system analysis to inkblot interpretation, the idea of using “ambiguous design” to assess personality is first referenced by polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci and Botticelli. Many have proposed that Rorschach was inspired by the work of a German doctor known as Justinus Kerner who authored a book of poems in 1857 which was inspired by klecksography, the art of making art from inkblots, as well as Alfred Binet, a French psychologist who worked with inkblots to use them as a part of testing for creativity. Rorschach, who also served as Vice President of the Swiss Psychoanalytic Society, decided to pen a book, Psychodiagnostik, in 1921 after observing 300 mental patients and 100 control subjects. Though the book introduced the basics of the use of inkblot...
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