...August 2011 I realized recently that we may be able to solve part of the patent problem without waiting for the government. I've never been 100% sure whether patents help or hinder technological progress. When I was a kid I thought they helped. I thought they protected inventors from having their ideas stolen by big companies. Maybe that was truer in the past, when more things were physical. But regardless of whether patents are in general a good thing, there do seem to be bad ways of using them. And since bad uses of patents seem to be increasing, there is an increasing call for patent reform. The problem with patent reform is that it has to go through the government. That tends to be slow. But recently I realized we can also attack the problem downstream. As well as pinching off the stream of patents at the point where they're issued, we may in some cases be able to pinch it off at the point where they're used. One way of using patents that clearly does not encourage innovation is when established companies with bad products use patents to suppress small competitors with good products. This is the type of abuse we may be able to decrease without having to go through the government. The way to do it is to get the companies that are above pulling this sort of trick to pledge publicly not to. Then the ones that won't make such a pledge will be very conspicuous. Potential employees won't want to work for them. And investors, too, will be able to see that they're the...
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...* Providing clean and safe products and enhancing the quality of life of people everywhere through all our activities. * Pursuing advanced technological development in a wide range of fields, we pledge to provide attractive products and services that respond to the needs of customers worldwide. In fiscal 2012, R&D expenses totaled ¥779.8 billion, up 6.8% from the previous fiscal year, representing 4.2% of consolidated net revenues. The company has been constantly increasing its total revenues as it grows older. We worked closely with suppliers to develop components and products more efficiently and took steps to reduce our own R&D expenses. At the same time, we plan to continue making substantial investments in R&D involving forward-looking, leading-edge technologies and the development of products associated with the environment, energy, and safety. These investments are essential to preserving our competitive edge in terms of technologies and products. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY STRATEGIES Toyota carefully analyzes patents and the need for patents in each area of research to formulate more effective R&D strategies. We identify R&D projects in which Toyota should acquire patents, and file relevant applications as necessary to help build a strong global patent portfolio. In addition, we want to contribute to sustainable mobility by promoting the spread of technologies with environmental and safety benefits. This is why we...
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...“good company” operates with four pillars in mind, each a different level for the firm to exhibit its corporate social responsibility. First, the company must ensure its commitment to the health, safety, productivity and profitability of its own employees. Second, the company must be actively customer-focused, establishing clear and open lines of communications and trust, while also demonstrating a duty of care in their operations. Third, the company must be globally-oriented towards the industry as a whole. And fourth, the company must display an investment in their own community. At each of those levels—the individual employee, the customer, the industry and the community, the “good company” should endeavor to uphold its own corporate pledge to deliver results while also taking responsibility for its activities. Applying this framework to Monsanto is a precarious task, but below we will examine the moral challenge that the company faces currently, identifying key stakeholders, and discerning the possible moral outcomes to its many challenges. Monsanto Company provides agricultural products for farmers in the US and abroad. With nearly 23,000 employees, the company has a history of producing and marketing agricultural chemicals. In 1982, Monsanto scientists were the first to genetically modify a plant cell, and two decades later the company was providing farmers with in-seed herbicides with tolerance to Roundup and other pesticides. Clearly their resources and products touch...
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...Legality of Objects, Performance and Discharge of Contract, Breach of Contract and its Remedies,Special contracts of Bailment and Pledge, Indemnity and Guaratnee, Contract of Agency. Module II: Sale of Goods Act, 1930 Sale and Agreement to Sell, Hire Purchase – Pledge – Mortgage – Hypothecation Lease.Goods – Different types of Goods, Passing of Property in Goods, Conditions and Warranties, Doctrine of Caveat emptor, Rights of an unpaid Seller. Module III : Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 Meaning of Negotiability and Negotiable Instruments – Cheques Bill of Exchange and Promissory Note – Crossing of Cheques – Endorsement – Dishonour of Cheques. Module VI: Company Law Companies Act, 1956-Meaning and types of companies, Formation of a company, Memorandum and Articles of Association, Share Capital and Shareholders, Prospectus and Issue of Shares, Buy Back of Shares, Debentures, Company Meetings and Proceedings, Powers, Duties, Liabilities of Directors and Winding up of Company. Module V: Indian Partnership Act, 1932 Meaning and definitions, Registration of partnerships, Types of partners, Dissolution, Limited Liability Partnership Act, 1932 – Meaning & definitions, Meaning of designated partner, Registration of LLP, Types of partners, Dissolution Module VI : Intellectual Property Laws (IPR) Overview of Law & Procedure relating to Patents, Trade marks & Copyrights, Infringement...
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...competitive industry in the world and in U.S is Pharmaceutical industry . Supreme pledge to research and development is main reasons for its success. Intellectual property protection has a goal to insure return on investment and future profits. Discovering and testing a new drug is a process that requires approval from regulatory agencies in the United States and Europe. This process might cost millions of dollars per new product. After such a large investment has been made, next step is to obtain approvals in other nations. This approval is necessary so that new product can be sell as widely as possible. The main risk that pharmaceutical industry is facing is imitation. Once a product have been developed to be safe and effective risk is that another firm might enter the market with same or similar products. It is much cheaper and faster to invest in manufacturing process and developing existing and start competing with the pioneering firm with lower prices. If such imitation were widespread and rapid, pioneer company might not have ROI( return on investment) Inequality between drug finding and imitation costs, led pharmaceutical manufacturers to stress on the importance of the patent system. Well developed patent system can allow company to have 20 years of exclusive rights to their invention, in order for them to recover initial investment . Patent protection is one of the main reasons for...
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...Monsanto’s pledge on business ethics: Oxymoron? “Producing more, conserving more, improving lives – that’s sustainable agriculture. And that’s what Monsanto is all about. Billions of people depend upon what farmers do. And so will billions more. In the next few decades, farmers will have to grow as much food as they have in the past 10,000 years – combined. We work alongside farmers to do exactly that by selling seeds, traits developed through biotechnology, and crop protection chemicals. We are working to double yields in our core crops by 2030 with one-third fewer resources such as land, water and energy per unit produced and helping farmers to raise themselves from poverty to prosperity, along with many more people.” (Compiled from www.monsanto.com) On its website, Monsanto positions itself as a relatively new agricultural company that aims to help farmers produce healthier food by increasing productivity, repressing weeds and combating insects while ensuring that environmental standards are not only met but exceeded, and while protecting the safety of people and communities. Its leading product is ‘Roundup’, world’s best selling agriculture herbicide for the last thirty years. Monsanto is also the world leader in biotechnology. 90 percent of GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) crops grown on the planet belonged to Monsanto (1). But then Monsanto is also arguably the world's most controversial company, praised by those who see a future of environmentally friendly farming...
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...Monsanto’s pledge on business ethics: Oxymoron? “Producing more, conserving more, improving lives – that’s sustainable agriculture. And that’s what Monsanto is all about. Billions of people depend upon what farmers do. And so will billions more. In the next few decades, farmers will have to grow as much food as they have in the past 10,000 years – combined. We work alongside farmers to do exactly that by selling seeds, traits developed through biotechnology, and crop protection chemicals. We are working to double yields in our core crops by 2030 with one-third fewer resources such as land, water and energy per unit produced and helping farmers to raise themselves from poverty to prosperity, along with many more people.” (Compiled from www.monsanto.com) On its website, Monsanto positions itself as a relatively new agricultural company that aims to help farmers produce healthier food by increasing productivity, repressing weeds and combating insects while ensuring that environmental standards are not only met but exceeded, and while protecting the safety of people and communities. Its leading product is ‘Roundup’, world’s best selling agriculture herbicide for the last thirty years. Monsanto is also the world leader in biotechnology. 90 percent of GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) crops grown on the planet belonged to Monsanto (1). But then Monsanto is also arguably the world's most controversial company, praised by those who see a future of environmentally friendly farming...
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...Question 1. Wether OB has taken on and breached a fiduciary duty to either, or both of SB and MPL, ultimately depends on the nature of its relationship at any given time with the parties in question. For this I consider the situation with each of the counterparties to OB individually, and throughout the various stages of the financing deal. Relationship with MPL A fiduciary relationship is one of confidence and trust whereby one party assumes particular obligations to act in good faith and not against the interest of another (i.e. counterparty). Fiduciary duty arises automatically when the relationship is one of agent and principal; trustee and beneficiary; director and company; partner and partner; or employer and employee. In its dealings with MPL, OB appears to be primarily engaged in a banker and customer relationship. As this does not fall under any of the categories of relationships specified above, there is no inherent fiduciary relationship. That being said, OB may have assumed a fiduciary capacity under common law, subject to satisfying the conditions arising from the Hospital Products Ltd vs United States Surgical Corporation (1984) 156 CLR 41 case. OB would be a fiduciary to MPL if it can be shown that it was acting in its interest and in a dominant position rendering MPL vulnerable to potential abuse. On the given facts, there is no clear-cut case to suggest that MPL, by virtue of its directors’ expertise, is vulnerable to abuse by the dominant OB. Therefore OB...
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...LAWS – BANKING Various Laws Affecting Bankers 1. RBI Act 1934 2. Banking Regulation Act 1949 3. Negotiable Instrument Act 1881 4. Indian Contract Act 1872 5. Indian Partnership Act 1932 6. The Companies Act 1956 7. Consumer Protection Act 1986 8. Banking Ombudsman Act 2006 9. Transfer of property Act 1882 10. Foreign Exchange Management Act 1999 11. Indian Stamp Act 1899 12. Code of Civil Procedure 1908 13. Banker’s book Evidence Act 1891 14. Information Technology Act 2000 15. Right to Information Act 2005 16. Recovery of Debt Due to Banks And Financial Institutions Act 1993 (DRT Act) 17. Securitisation & Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security interest Act 2002 (SARFAESI Act 2002) Indian Contract Act 1872 Who is competent to contract – Sec 11 Every person is competent to contract who is of the age of majority according to the law to which he is subject and who is of sound mind and is not disqualified from contracting by any law to which he is a Subject A minor is a person who has not attained majority. According to Sec 3 of Indian Majority Act 1875, a minor is a person who has not completed 18 years of age. Where a guardian has been appointed by court (for minor’s person or property or both) , the minor attains majority on completion of 21 years. A contract with a minor is void ab-initio (Right from inception) ...
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...medication azidothymidine (Gwertz & Amado, 2004). Depriving GlaxoSmithKline of their ability to recover their investment and profit from the products of their labor is stealing. That the property is something that others may need does not change the fact that taking the property without just compensation violates the eighth commandment. This demonstrates the purpose of patents, which reward intellectual property by giving the patent holder a monopoly for a limited period in exchange for making their property available to society (Gwertz & Amado, 2004). Incentives for research and Development In addition to protecting the rights of a company to its intellectual property, patent laws also encourage research, development, and innovation in the medical industry. For example, patenting was a fundamental part of the development and marketing of streptomycin and other antibiotics (Gabriel, 2016). This demonstrates that patent laws encourage innovation by rewarding the developer?s creativity, labor, and investment (Gwertz & Amado, 2004). In addition, Nobel laureate Philip S. Hench warned in 1958 that a proposal to remove patent protection for some drugs would remove the incentive for the pharmaceutical industry to invest in research (Gwertz & Amado, 2004). Access to Affordable Care Rawls contends that an individual is entitled to the full market value of their product unless that infringes on the basic liberties of other individuals (Gwertz & Amado, 2004). Applying this idea to the medical...
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...Week 6 Course Project B) Written below is a sample communication via the use of a memorandum George Fisher has sent out to his employees at Kodak. In this communication message it will give information about the change Kodak is making into the digital world. Memorandum To: All Staff From: Mr. George Fisher, CEO Date: January 12, 2002 Subject: Changes to come For the past ten years we have been designing a strategy to embark on a new change into the digital world, leaving behind the existence of the use of film. It is crucial that we stay above our competitors and continue to change and explore new ways of finding our way in staying competitive in this ever-changing market. That is why we are beginning our conversion from film to digital imaging in the weeks to come. We will launch the changes immediately to in order to get our production started as our estimates are growth show much potential for success. Now, we might face some obstacles along the way in executing the change. Such as the need to invest in research and “release incrementally updated products in a number of different fields” as soon as possible, but we believe this will work. Therefore, we need you on board because you are the essential factor in helping us making this change a success story, and a great moment in Kodak’s history. We might have to cut some of our losses along the way, such as factories and jobs, in order to keep up with our counterparts and competitors, but there is more information...
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...The aim of this essay is to collate the approach towards corporate social responsibility of two public limited companies, Apple and Samsung, which are both rivals and partners. In present, Apple is suing Samsung for patent breaches, however, at the same time Samsung is a supplier of some key components for Apple’s products. First of all, a basic definition of corporate social responsibility (CSR) will be presented and followed by comparison of the most important CSR initiatives divided according to the stakeholders, groups having a stake in an organization, that are most affected by the particular activities. These activities will then be discussed from the employees’ and management’s point of view. The essay will finish by outlining whether CSR initiatives are meant seriously. Corporate responsibility can be described as accepting, managing and being aware of the consequences of corporate decisions, and as stressing public good instead of private gain (Boddy, 2008: 689, 156). Social responsibility is based on the mutual dependence of society, environment and organisations (Mullins, 2007: 803). Several authors (Boddy, 2008: 149; Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010: 52) agree that corporate social responsibility belongs to the domain of ethics, which is between the domain of codified law and the domain of free choice. FTSE4Good Index Series have been created as an objective measurement of companies’ performance concerning CSR (FTSE, n. d.). First, in order to keep shareholders informed...
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...Adverse economic conditions could cause network operators to postpone investments or initiate other cost-cutting initiatives to improve their financial position. This could result in significantly reduced expenditures for network infrastructure and services, in which case our operating results would suffer. We have established flexibility to cost-effectively accommodate fluctuations in demand. However, if demand were to fall in the future, we may experience material adverse effects on our revenues, cash flow, capital employed and value of our assets and we may even incur operating losses. If demand is significantly weaker or more volatile than expected, this may have a material adverse impact on our credit rating, borrowing opportunities and costs as well as on the trading price of our shares. When deemed necessary, we undertake specific restructuring or cost saving initiatives, however, there are no guarantees that such initiatives are sufficient, successful or executed in time to deliver necessary improvements in earnings. Some of the risk factors we are exposed to may exacerbate in an adverse condition in the financial market. Most of our customers are financially stable and have networks with good utilization. However, some operators, in particular in markets with weak currencies, may incur borrowing difficulties and lower traffic than expected, which may affect their investment plans. The potential adverse effects of an economic downturn include: * Reduced demand for...
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...time; thereafter it is available for expenditure; pledges receivable that will not be fulfilled in the same period (since the resources are unavailable for expenditure until the pledge is fulfilled). (c) Resources restricted until the occurrence of a specific event: a life annuity — the principal and income must be used to provide income for the donor until the donor’s death. Thereafter it can be expended. Resources permanently restricted: An endowment — the principal of which must be kept intact permanently; only the income is available for expenditure. 2. Restricted contributions should be recognized as revenue in a restricted fund when the contribution (even if only a pledge) is received. Expenses should be recognized in an unrestricted fund when the funds are used. As the contributions are used, the restrictions are met, and the resources are released from the restricted to the unrestricted categories. The FASB reasoned that donors control only how contributed resources may be used. They do not control the timing of expenses or the specific activities in which the organization engages. 3. Pledges should be recognized in a restricted fund upon receipt and should be measured at the present value of estimated future cash flows using a risk free rate. Hence the university should recognize revenue of $909,091 (the present value of $1 million discounted for one year at 10 percent) upon receiving the pledge. If the pledge were conditional upon the daughter’s graduation...
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...At the Intersection of Health, Health Care and Policy Cite this article as: Henry G. Grabowski, Joseph A. DiMasi and Genia Long The Roles Of Patents And Research And Development Incentives In Biopharmaceutical Innovation Health Affairs, 34, no.2 (2015):302-310 doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2014.1047 The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is available at: http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/34/2/302.full.html For Reprints, Links & Permissions: http://healthaffairs.org/1340_reprints.php E-mail Alerts : http://content.healthaffairs.org/subscriptions/etoc.dtl To Subscribe: http://content.healthaffairs.org/subscriptions/online.shtml Health Affairs is published monthly by Project HOPE at 7500 Old Georgetown Road, Suite 600, Bethesda, MD 20814-6133. Copyright © 2015 by Project HOPE - The People-to-People Health Foundation. As provided by United States copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code), no part of Health Affairs may be reproduced, displayed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or by information storage or retrieval systems, without prior written permission from the Publisher. All rights reserved. Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution Downloaded from content.healthaffairs.org by Health Affairs on February 29, 2016 at UNIV OF CALIFORNIA Intellectual Property & Innovation By Henry G. Grabowski, Joseph A. DiMasi, and Genia Long 10.1377/hlthaff...
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