...socialization for children and young adults today are family, peer groups, mass media and school. I say this because it is where children and young adults socialize. The family is the main agent of socialization because children and young adults spend the most time with their families and first learn values from their families. Families come in different sizes - parents (married, single, or divorced), grandparents and extended family and this affects children. Families also just don’t socialize their children within the walls of their home. Parents teach values that children and young adults will have for their entire life along with gender roles. Socialization is affected by social times – for example, 50 years ago children were spanked with a wooden spoon for misbehavior but today, for many, it is considered child abuse. Other family factors such as race, social class, wealth, also affect the socialization of children and young adults (Openstax). Peer groups are also agents for socialization for children and young adults. Peer groups are made up of individuals about the same age and have similar social characteristics such as participating in sports, religion, or similar activities. In young adults, acceptance by their peer group is very important to them, which is why peer groups are so influential on young adults. Because young adults want to be like their peers, they want to become what they think their peers want them to be. Often there is conflict between what young adults...
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...Explain what is meant by the ‘correspondence principle’ The correspondence principle is all the lessons that are taught to you in school but they are not directly taught. For example, simply through every day workings of the school, pupils become accustomed to accepting hierarchy and competition. Suggest three criticisms that other sociologists may make of the functionalist view of the education system? Functionalists see education as a process that instils the shared values of society as a while, but Marxists argue that education in capitalist society only transmits the ideology of a minority, the ruling class. The interactionist Dennis Wrong argues that functionalists have an ‘over-socialised view’ of people as mere puppets of society. Functionalists wrongly imply that pupils passively accept all they are taught and never reject the schools values. Unlike Davis and Moore, the New Right argue that the state education system fails to prepare young people adequately for work. This is because state control of education discourages efficiency, competition and choice. Outline some of the ways in which government educational policies may have affected social class differences in educational achievement? Marketisation brought in a change in selection policies, it brought in a funding formula that gives the school the same amount of funds for each pupil, also exam league tables that rank each school according to its exam performance and make no allowance for the level...
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...Socialization From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the sociological concept. For the political and economic concept, see Socialization (economics). Sociology Portal Theory · History Positivism · Antipositivism Functionalism · Conflict theory Middle-range · Mathematical Critical theory · Socialization Structure and agency Research methods Quantitative · Qualitative Historical · Computational Ethnographic · Network analytic Topics · Subfields Cities · Class · Crime · Culture Deviance · Demography · Education Economy · Environment · Family Gender · Health · Industry · Internet Knowledge · Law · Medicine Politics · Mobility · Race and ethnicity Rationalization · Religion · Science Secularization · Social networks Social psychology · Stratification Categories · Lists Journals · Sociologists Article index · Outline Major category: Sociology v t e Socialization (or socialisation) is a term used by sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists, political scientists and educationalists to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs and ideologies. It may provide the individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within their own society; a society develops a culture through a plurality of shared norms, customs, values, traditions, social roles, symbols and languages. Socialization is thus ‘the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained’.[1]. [2] Socialization...
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...“A” Level Sociology A Resource-Based Learning Approach Deviance and Social Control Unit M4: Functionalism Introduction In these Teachers’ Notes we’re going to review a number of theories of crime and deviance from a Structural Functionalist perspective. In case this sociological perspective is not clear to you, the first part of these Notes is given over to a brief overview of this perspective. If you are familiar with this perspective, then this overview will serve as revision material... The second part of these Notes will provide an overview of some of the basic themes and theories put forward by writers working within this general perspective to explain crime. Functionalism: An Overview The Functionalist perspective is a form of Structuralist sociology and, as such, we can initially characterise it as a form of macro sociological theorising. In this respect, the main theoretical question addressed by sociologists working within the Functionalist perspective is that of: * How do social systems ("societies") hold together? In their attempts to provide an answer to this question, Functionalists have initially concentrated upon two ideas that are closely related to the above: 1. How is order maintained in any society? 2. What are the main sources of stability in any society? As you might imagine - given that the theoretical emphasis seems to be placed on rather grand questions...
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...oppression in the context of the travelling community and examine how travellers are discriminated and oppressed within the education system. I will draw examples from practice and throughout this discussion, I will demonstrate my understanding of oppression and if current strategies and provision includes or excludes Travellers within mainstream education. Introduction In order for society to exist there must be some degree of agreement on values and forms of behaviour accepted as the ‘norm’. Without this there would be social chaos. Therefore we learn some forms of behaviour considered to be normal, thus enabling us to integrate within society. There are three factors that influence us into socialisation which are personal, cultural and structural. (Thompson 2001) As some individuals, groups and communities in society have different ‘values’ it is inevitable that there will be “differences” between individuals and other cultures. These differences are not always viewed or accepted the same by others, therefore they are then categorised by social divisions: class, race, gender and the broader social...
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...Crime and Deviance Revision SCLY 4: Crime and Deviance with Methods in Context Sociology Department Greenhead College SCLY 4: Crime and Deviance with Methods in Context Remember: You have to revise everything, because you have no choice on the exam paper. The specification 1 Different theories of crime, deviance, social order and social control * Different definitions of crime, deviance, social order and social control * The distinction between sociological theories of crime and other theories (eg biological, psychological); crime and deviance as socially constructed * Functionalist theories of crime: Durkheim, anomie, collective conscience; Merton’s strain theory; manifest and latent functions; functionalist subcultural theories * Marxist and neo-Marxist theories of crime: classical Marxism, laws reflecting class interests; Neo-Marxism, hegemony, the CCCS studies, critical and new criminology * Interactionist theories of crime: labelling theory, the self-fulfilling prophecy * Feminist theories of crime: patriarchy, male control of women’s lives * Control theory and other contemporary approaches to crime: social bonds, communitarianism, situational prevention; postmodern theories; Foucault on individualisation and surveillance * Realist theories: New Left Realism and Right Realism * The relevance of the various theories to understanding different types of crime, and their implications for social policy. 2 The social distribution...
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...Crime and Deviance Revision SCLY 4: Crime and Deviance with Methods in Context Sociology Department Greenhead College SCLY 4: Crime and Deviance with Methods in Context Remember: You have to revise everything, because you have no choice on the exam paper. The specification 1 Different theories of crime, deviance, social order and social control * Different definitions of crime, deviance, social order and social control * The distinction between sociological theories of crime and other theories (eg biological, psychological); crime and deviance as socially constructed * Functionalist theories of crime: Durkheim, anomie, collective conscience; Merton’s strain theory; manifest and latent functions; functionalist subcultural theories * Marxist and neo-Marxist theories of crime: classical Marxism, laws reflecting class interests; Neo-Marxism, hegemony, the CCCS studies, critical and new criminology * Interactionist theories of crime: labelling theory, the self-fulfilling prophecy * Feminist theories of crime: patriarchy, male control of women’s lives * Control theory and other contemporary approaches to crime: social bonds, communitarianism, situational prevention; postmodern theories; Foucault on individualisation and surveillance * Realist theories: New Left Realism and Right Realism * The relevance of the various theories to understanding different types of crime, and their implications for social policy. 2 The social distribution...
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...Sociology Revision What is the family? “The family are a close group of people, usually related not always. Who support each other and at some point in their lives tend to live in the same household.” There is no correct definition on the family, Sociologists do not agree on a definition, broadly there are two types of definition; • Exclusive definitions – These focus on the specific relationships within the family unit i.e. marriage • Inclusive definitions – These focus on the functions of the unit e.g. support. The Cereal Packet Family A popular image of the family in Britain in the late twentieth century has been described as the cereal packet family. The ‘happy family’ image gives the impression that most people live in a typical family and these images reinforce the dominant ideology of the traditional nuclear family. Functionalists Roles of the Family – Parsons The Functionalist Talcott Parsons sees two main functions that the family performs these are: • The primary socialisation of children Parson argues that every individual must internalise the norms and values of society. He said it is the family that moulds the child’s personality to fit the needs of society, producing children who are committed to shared norms and values and who have a strong sense of belonging to society • The stabilisation of adult personalities Adults need emotional security, which is given by partners in a marriage, and they also need a source...
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...Sociology Revision What is the family? “The family are a close group of people, usually related not always. Who support each other and at some point in their lives tend to live in the same household.” There is no correct definition on the family, Sociologists do not agree on a definition, broadly there are two types of definition; • Exclusive definitions – These focus on the specific relationships within the family unit i.e. marriage • Inclusive definitions – These focus on the functions of the unit e.g. support. The Cereal Packet Family A popular image of the family in Britain in the late twentieth century has been described as the cereal packet family. The ‘happy family’ image gives the impression that most people live in a typical family and these images reinforce the dominant ideology of the traditional nuclear family. Functionalists Roles of the Family – Parsons The Functionalist Talcott Parsons sees two main functions that the family performs these are: • The primary socialisation of children Parson argues that every individual must internalise the norms and values of society. He said it is the family that moulds the child’s personality to fit the needs of society, producing children who are committed to shared norms and values and who have a strong sense of belonging to society • The stabilisation of adult personalities Adults need emotional security, which is given by partners in a marriage, and they also need a source...
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...Glossary of Sociological Terms |11-Plus Exam |Examination introduced with the 1944 Education Act, sat by all pupils in the state sector| | |at the age of 11. If they passed they went to the selective Grammar School, or if they | | |failed to the Secondary Modern School. This exam still exists in some counties such as | | |Kent and also in Northern Ireland. | |12-Plus Exam |Exam made available only to a minority of 'high-flyers' in Secondary Modern schools, | | |offering a late chance to go to Grammar School at the age of 12. | |'30-30-40 society' |A term associated with Will Hutton to describe an increasingly insecure and polarised | | |society. The bottom 30 per cent is socially excluded by poverty from the rest of society.| | |The next 30 per cent live in fear and insecurity of falling into poverty. Only the top 40| | |per cent feel secure and confident. ...
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...Human Resource Management Revision week 1 HRM encompasses -Policies - Practices and systems (Influence employees behaviour, attitudes and performance) - 1945-1979 HR focus was on Personnel Management - making sure employees comply with law…conditions - 1980-1990s HR focus was on management of human capital Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) - Plans activities for organisations to achieve its goals - To receive ultimate employee performance, they need to be linked to organisational goals and strategy - Achieved by consistently influencing employee attitudes and behaviours - HRM policies are linked towards organisational goals, HRM contribute to them in a meaningful way. Theoretical bases for HRM Behavioural view - HRM controls employee attitudes and behaviours to suit the situation - Suggesting HR focuses on behaviour rather than skills / knowledge of the job Resource Based view - HR are seen as a resource which give an upper hand for the reason they keep employees in right mind of frame for the goals set Political – influence view HR act as a Political leader through - Social communication through one and another - there to prevent negative social influences and maintain positive environment Harvard framework for HRM -HR take raw influences in business - Tune them providing an organisation that has positive, individual wellbeing, effectiveness and social wellbeing. Roles for HR professionals - Strategic...
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... Their heads stop growing normally. They don't develop normal speech and exhibit strange breathing breathing patterns and unusual breathing problems. They suffer from seizures, rigid muscles, growth retardation and other problems life expectancy is around 40 years. With C.D.D. this mainly effects males. The child is normally ok till around 42 months, when suddenly they experience a dramatic loss of language and social skills. Loss of bladder control and seizures may also result. Children with this disorder are very very low in intelligence and this is the easiest on the spectrum to diagnose Classic autism). Autism Disorder. This is the most severe kind of autism- remembering that Rhett's and C.D.D. are very rare. It is characterised by social impairments. Communication difficulties, restricted and particular patterns of behaviour. The most classic sign is impaired social interactions. A person with A.D. may be unresponsive to people or focus intently on a single item. They find it difficult to follow what people are saying or thinking as they can't pick up social cues, such as body language and tone of voice. They may fail to respond to their names and avoid eye contact. They may engage in repetitive movements such as rocking, spinning or flapping their arms. Even in self abusive behaviours like head banging and biting. Asperger Syndrome (A.S.) this is often mistaken with high functioning autism. Often "Aspirs" aren't diagnosed until after three years of age. This is due to...
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...The specialist skills of the Health Visitor are crucially important in safeguarding children (HM Government, 2010). In the past decade there has been significant change in nursing and healthcare that has led to a much wider remit for those involved in working with children and subsequently child protection (Hall and Elliman, 2006; Department of Health, 2004); indeed Health Visitors are responding to a national drive to further enhance their contribution to public health (Department of Health, 2009). It is against this backdrop that the critical need to develop the leadership role of the Specialist Community Public Health nurse within the process of recognising and referring child maltreatment emerges. This requires Team Managers to support staff to safeguard children, which highlights the need for effective clinical supervision, improved interagency working, and a change in organisational culture. Using a Case Study presented in Appendix One, consideration will be given to the significance of the role of the Specialist Community Public Health nurse in the recognition and referral of a child in need of protection. Consideration will also be given to the complexities of the recognition of abuse, and the barriers which may hinder the safeguarding process. For the purposes of this assignment the terms Specialist Community Public Health Nurse and Health Visitor will be used interchangeably. Elizabeth is clearly a ‘child in need’ as defined by Section 17(10)...
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...Deviance AN INTRODUCTION TO CRIME AND DEVIANCE Definitions * Crime- An act which breaks the criminal laws of society. * Deviance- refers to the behaviour which is disapproved of by most people in society and which does not conform to society's norms and values. TOPIC 1: FUNCTIONALIST, STRAIN AND SUBCULTURAL THEORIES Durkheim's functionalist theory: * Socialisation and Social control are two key mechanisms which allow social solidarity to occur in society. The inevitability of crime: * Functionalists see too much crime as destabilising society. * They also see crime as inevitable and universal- Durkheim, 'crime is normal... an integral part of all healthy societies.' * There are two reasons why C&D are found in all societies; 1.Not everyone is equally effectively socialised into the shared norms and values. 2. Different groups develop their own subculture and what the members of the subculture regard as normal, mainstream culture may see as deviant. * Durkheim also discusses that in modern societies there is a tendency towards anomie (normlessness). The diversity of modern societies means that the collective conscience is weakened, and this results in higher levels of C&D. The positive functions of crime: * For Durkheim, crime also fulfils two important functions; boundary maintenance and adaptation. * Boundary Maintenance- In Durkheim's view, the purpose of punishment is to reaffirm society's shared rules and reinforces social solidarity...
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...UNDERSTANDING LEARNING – STUDY NOTES WHAT IS LEARNING? * Reflective teaching * Classroom experience * Technical teaching * Knowledge about learning * Reflective teaching * Classroom experience and knowledge about learning provide students with a constructive learning environment * Understanding learning * Individual differences, Learning theories, Managing learning in classrooms, Teachers * Constructivist – refers to the idea that learners construct knowledge for themselves; each learner individually (and socially) constructs meaning as he or she learns. * Humanist – a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over established doctrine or faith (fideism). * Cognitivist – believe that learning is a change in individuals' mental structures enabling them to show changes in behaviour. It is based on the thought process behind the behaviour. * Behaviourist – believe that learning takes place when knowledge is separated into smaller bits. Students are rewarded for successful answers. Instruction focuses on conditioning the learner's behaviour. Learning involves repetition and association and is highly mechanical. Behaviourist leaning teachers focus on a new behavioural pattern being repeated until it becomes automatic. *...
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