...Evolutionary Psychology human-nature.com/ep – 2006. 4: 406-425 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ Original Article An Evolutionary Interpretation of Gift-giving Behavior in Modern Norwegian Society Iver Mysterud, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway. Email: mysterud@bio.uio.no Thomas Drevon, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway (Current address: USIT, Web gruppa, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1086 Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway) Tore Slagsvold, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway Abstract: We have studied gift giving at Christmas among 50 graduate students in Norway. The students invested more the closer the coefficient of relatedness. However, partners ranked highest, which is natural for people at the start of their reproductive career. All students gave to their parents, siblings, and children, most gave to their grandparents, and only a third gave to some, but not all, of their genetic aunts/uncles. Twenty percent gave to first cousins, and none to second or third cousins. Similar patterns for gifts received were found. There were also sex differences (e.g. women had larger exchange networks than men), and birth order effects. Firstborns spent more on relatives than laterborns. However, middleborns gave more to their male friends than both firstborns and lastborns. We conclude that the results are consistent...
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...Generally, people try to win the hearts of others to get the benefits and giving advantage to people as in Segon and Booth (2011, 16) which states that in western country gift giving is considered as bribery Asia is considered as a friendly action. In this case, a manager of the Australia Mining Corporation company needs to make an ethical decision whether to purchase a luxury gift. Since received information that gift giving able to secure the contract between the Asian Company. The ethical decision making models are utilitarian, moral rights and justice. This essay will be discussing on whether the manager should purchase a gift while negotiating a cross culture business. Moral right is not suitable because moral is one behavioral value base on certain criteria or conduct that is acceptable by the society (Boganovic, Cingula and Ivanisevic 2014, 80). In this case the humanity right is not being considered in the decision making process. If using transposition consideration, the Australia mining sector manager becomes the receiver and received an expensive and luxurious gift. Surely, none of the receiver will reject it. Moreover, the contract benefits company and stakeholder. Both company are able to do culture exchange. In additional, company should consider profit instead of humanity rights. Profit is more important to the company. If the manager considers humanity rights is more important the company will not be improve. Manager will be too scare to take risk and being...
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...dilemma of accepting or not a gift from a client from a non-Western culture. The essay describes the selected ethical dilemma, the cultural factors involved, and the first 14 steps that therapist takes to resolve this dilemma, and to arrive to an ethical decision. The 14 steps taken to obtain the ethical decision identify key aspects of this situation, analyzes the benefits and weaknesses of the options that therapist has. These ethical steps are helping the psychologist to identify the best approach for the ethical dilemma. The decision making process described in this paper applies to the patient’s best interest, influencing the client and therapist. Also the paper explains the importance of the ethical decision in professional psychology. Ethical Decision Making Ethical decision making process refers to the ability to take a decision after an evaluation of a complex and ambiguous ethical situation, and to the capacity to implement that ethical decision effectively. The ethical decision in this paper refers to the ethical dilemma of accepting of not the gift from the patient. In this case the client comes from a non-Western culture, so the ethical dilemma involves cultural considerations. The gift giving aspect must take into account the cultural context. The patient is a Navajo Native American male, and he has offered a dream catcher as a gift to his therapist, after ending the psychological treatment. In many non-Western cultures this type of gift represents an expression...
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...moral obligation towards a specific individual (for example, a god, a king), or collective (for example, a government). Pure altruism consists of sacrificing something for someone other than the self (e.g. sacrificing time, energy or possessions) with no expectation of any compensation or benefits, either direct, or indirect (for instance from recognition of the giving). Much debate exists as to whether true altruism is possible. Arguably, the act of sharing, helping or sacrificing may be primarily motivated by the gratification it returns. This seems to assume a different understanding of 'benefits', though, from the traditionally assumed meanings (which are external - recognition from others, reciprocation etc. - rather than internal), making this a problematic argument. The term altruism may also refer to an ethical doctrine that claims that individuals are morally obliged to benefit others. Used in this sense, it is the opposite of egoism. Contents[hide] * 1 The notion of altruism * 2 Scientific viewpoints * 2.1 Anthropology * 2.2 Evolutionary explanations * 2.3 Neurobiology * 2.4 Psychology * 2.5 Sociology * 3 Religious viewpoints * 3.1 Buddhism * 3.2 Jainism * 3.3 Christianity * 3.4 Islam and Sufism * 3.5 Judaism * 3.6 Sikhism * 3.7 Hinduism * 4 Philosophy * 5 See also * 6 References * 7...
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...Roy Yong-Joo Chua and Sheena S. Iyengar ABSTRACT The provision of choice is one of the most common vehicles through which managers empower employees in organizations. Although past psychological and organizational research persuasively suggests that choice confers personal agency, and is thus intrinsically motivating, emerging research indicates that there could be potential pitfalls. In this chapter, we examine the various factors that could influence the effects of choice. Specifically, we examine individual-level factors such as the chooser’s socioeconomic status and cultural background. We also examine situational factors such as the content of choice and the number of choices offered. We then expand our discussion on the effect of giving employees extensive choice by looking at its influence on creative performance. In the second half of this chapter, we discuss implications for future organizational behavior research and examine how emerging research on choice making can inform specific managerial practices. Research in Organizational Behavior: An Annual Series of Analytical Essays and Critical Reviews Research in Organizational Behavior, Volume 27, 41–79 Copyright r 2006 by Elsevier Ltd. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved ISSN: 0191-3085/doi:10.1016/S0191-3085(06)27002-3 41 42 ROY YONG-JOO CHUA AND SHEENA S. IYENGAR INTRODUCTION Douglas McGregor’s (1960) specification of Theory X and Theory Y beliefs about human motivation at the workplace has...
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...University CARDSWAP 2 CardSwap Value Proposition Gift cards provide value to both merchants and consumers. However, the nature of the value derived by each is different. For the consumer, the value is convenience. For the merchant, there are many financial incentives to offer gift cards. Some have argued that the financial value to consumers is weak and consumer advocacy groups have been vocally opposed to the use of gift cards. Business Value Increased immediate cash flow is one obvious benefit to merchants that results from gift card sales. The merchants receive an influx of cash without giving up any inventory. Some governments have produced regulations regarding the issuance and servicing of gift cards (System, 2010) (Government, 2012). These rules define the type, frequency and magnitude of fees merchants can charge against outstanding balances available on gift cards. Regulations also dictate whether expiration dates can be applied. In most cases this regulation is free of any requirements on the merchant regarding the management of the cash in the time between the purchase of the gift card and its redemption. As such, merchants are free to choose a business policy that fits with their business objectives. In some cases gift cards are partially redeemed by a consumer. The industry refers to this as breakage (Horne, 2007) and some estimates put it at around 10 percent. This data suggests that for every $100 gift card, the merchant gets to keep $10 of that money without providing...
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...Nuances in Bulgarian business culture in comparison with the United Kingdom’s Course work in Cross-cultural issues in the European Human Resource Management Prepare by: Dimitar Arnaudov, Faculty number: 1523078 Course: European business and Finances Sofia, 2015 1. Differences between national cultures. Authors, studies, etc. 2.1. Culture (def.); Culture differences. 1.1.1 Culture – def.; 1.1.2 Culture differences. 1.1 Authors and studies related to business culture. 1.2.1 Geert Hofstede; 1.2.2 Famous studies around the World. 2. Similarities and differences between the business cultures of Bulgaria and the United Kingdom. 2.1. Bulgarian business culture; 2.2. British business culture in comparison to Bulgaria’s . 3. References. Differences between national cultures. Authors, studies, etc. Culture (definition) and culture differences Culture illustrates the accepted norms and values and traditional behaviour of a group. One definition of culture by Deal and Kennedy is “the way a we do things around here”. However, culture also evolves over time. The culture of each country has its own beliefs, values and activities. In other words culture can be defined as an evolving set of collective beliefs, values and attitudes. Culture is a key component in business and has an impact on the strategic direction of business. Culture influences management...
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...LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY TERMPAPER HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGMENT EMPLOYEE RENTENTION NAME: SOURABH SHARMA REGD: 10903798 ROLL NO: RR1908B31 SUBMMITED TO:MR.RAJEEV GUPTA INTRODUCTION Employee retention refers to the efforts by which employers attempt to retain employees in their workforce. In a business setting, the goal of employers is to decrease employee turnover, training costs, and loss of talent. By implementing lessons learned from key organizational behavior concepts employers can improve retention rates and decrease the associated costs of high turnover. How To Increase Employee Retention | | | Companies have now realized the importance of retaining their quality workforce. Retaining quality performers contributes to productivity of the organization and increases morale among employees. Four basic factors that play an important role in increasing employee retention include salary and remuneration, providing recognition, benefits and opportunities for individual growth. But are they really positively contributing to the retention rates of a company? Basic salary, these days, hardly reduces turnover. Today, employees look beyond the money factor. | employee retention can be increase by inculcating the following practices: 1. Open Communication: A culture of open communication enforces loyalty among employees. Open communication tends to keep employees...
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...Assignment 2 – Philosophy of Science Sofia Ellmén, 072270 QRM, 23019 Instructor: Veronica Liljander Individual assignment 2 HT 2011 The aim of marketing research is to conduct empirical studies, which generate theory through the findings that the researcher makes in his or her study. In marketing research the object of research is usually concerned with consumer behavior and other social matters. When conducting academic research, one must not only be familiar with the appropriate theoretical framework to use, but also know which methods are suitable for conducting that particular study. Theory and methodology cannot be separated from each other, but should be seen instead as a whole. Depending on the theoretical framework you also commit yourself into using specific tools in the empirical research you aim to do. In other words, your world view directs what methodology you can and should use in your empirical work (Desphande,1983). The different world views are in this case broadly classified as research philosophy and when discussing different research stances one can take, we are talking about research paradigms. The three assigned articles by Desphande(1983), Brand(2009) and Tadajewski(2004) discuss the various research paradigms and how they can and should be contrasted to one another in order to form a more functional whole. In the first article by Desphande, a definition for paradigms by Thomas Kuhn is offered. Paradigms are described as a guide for...
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...Stress and Communication In The Workplace Your Name Your School Abstract There are many factors which contribute to successful functioning of a workplace. The company must have a solid foundation and solid business practices to develop and maintain the type of environment that will keep its’ employees satisfied, loyal, and most of all productive. In this report, I have examined some common potential barriers to success. Stress and Communication in the Workplace Create a brief job description for a position within the company you research that you would like to fill. Iyanla Vanzant is an industry leader in “self-help” motivational materials. She has a Master’s Degree in Spiritual Psychology and has been presented with several awards, including a NAACP Image Award and an Emmy. Additionally, she is an ordained minister and a Yoroba priestess. As a best-selling Author, Motivational Speaker, Life-Coach, and frequent guest on “The Oprah Winfrey Show,” she has touched the lives of millions. The “Inner Visions Institute” was founded in 1998 by Iyanla and her daughter, Gemmia to teach “universal laws and spiritual principles (http://www.innervisionsworldwide.com/index.php?p=aboutus).” Offerings at the institute include programs for personal and spiritual growth, a coaching program, and even a Life Coaching certification course. Her facility is based in Silver Spring, MD. I’ve known that I wanted to work at this institute from Iyanla’s first appearance on “The...
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...and practically gave me any and everything I wanted. Many people called me spoiled, but I considered myself loved. Over the years, receiving gifts turned into earning them. I recall my mother giving me a list of daily tasks and chores to complete throughout the week. If I completed each chore and kept my grades up in school I would earn an allowance. It didn’t take long for me to appreciate the value of money. When I was 12 I started saving my money in a purple shoe box that I kept under my bed. Each week I would ask my parents for additional chores so that I could make extra income. By the time I was 14 I decided to do something I loved while getting paid to do it; babysit. On my sixteenth birthday I had saved over $700 and my father took me to open a savings account at the local bank. I remember feeling accomplished and “grown”; not knowing that I would find out the true meaning of that word within a couple of months. As I entered the eleventh grade my uncle, who is two years younger than me, had a baby at fifteen. This caused a hardship on him because the mother of the child signed away her maternal rights and gave him full custody of the baby. No one in my family was willing to help him support his newborn child. This behavior could be described as cognitive psychology. Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that studies mental processes including how people...
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...International Journal of Economics and Finance www.ccsenet.org/ijef Cross-cultural Communication in Business Negotiations Liangguang Huang English Department, Zhenjiang Watercraft College of PLA Zhenjiang 212003, China E-mail: Blackhawk1975@126.com Abstract All communication is cultural -- it draws on ways we have learned to speak and give nonverbal messages. With the implementation of the Economic Reform and Opening policies, more and more Chinese companies do business with the foreigners. When negotiating with the delegates from different countries, cross-cultural communications play an important role. Culture differs from one another, which influences the style, the time, and the course of negotiations. If distorted, cross-cultural communications may weaken a company’s position in the market, prevent it from accomplishing its objectives, and ultimately lead to failure of negotiation. Keywords: Cross-culture, Cultural difference, Business negotiation, Negotiating style 1. Introduction As business has turned more and more to an integrated world market to meet its needs, the difficulties of communicating at a global level have become increasingly widespread. Still, in an increasingly competitive world economy, it is harder for the successful business venture to conduct business exclusively within the safe confines of a single domestic business environment. With the implementation of the Economic Reform and Opening policies, China’s national economy has...
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...International Journal of Economics and Finance www.ccsenet.org/ijef Cross-cultural Communication in Business Negotiations Liangguang Huang English Department, Zhenjiang Watercraft College of PLA Zhenjiang 212003, China E-mail: Blackhawk1975@126.com Abstract All communication is cultural -- it draws on ways we have learned to speak and give nonverbal messages. With the implementation of the Economic Reform and Opening policies, more and more Chinese companies do business with the foreigners. When negotiating with the delegates from different countries, cross-cultural communications play an important role. Culture differs from one another, which influences the style, the time, and the course of negotiations. If distorted, cross-cultural communications may weaken a company’s position in the market, prevent it from accomplishing its objectives, and ultimately lead to failure of negotiation. Keywords: Cross-culture, Cultural difference, Business negotiation, Negotiating style 1. Introduction As business has turned more and more to an integrated world market to meet its needs, the difficulties of communicating at a global level have become increasingly widespread. Still, in an increasingly competitive world economy, it is harder for the successful business venture to conduct business exclusively within the safe confines of a single domestic business environment. With the implementation of the Economic Reform and Opening policies, China’s national economy has made unprecedented...
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...Abstract It is the purpose of this paper to address the topic of ethics in group counseling. This author will define what group ethics is according to the psychological organizations such as the American Counseling Association (ACA), and the Association of Specialist in Group Work (ASGW). This author will also address what the American Association of Christian Counselor (AACC) has to say about the ethical standards for Christian Counseling. To effectively practice ethically group therapy a counselor needs to internalize the morals, values, and behavioral makeup of each individual within the group. This paper will also look at the comparison between group and individual psychotherapy and why a counselor will choose between the two. The group processes in both individual and group psychotherapy are a positive catalyst for personal growth within the individual psyche. Whereas group therapy tends to address interactional and interpersonal, individual therapy usually looks at the intra-psychic. Group therapy has been proven to have effective treatment benefits in the treatment with various psychological and personal problems. The final section will address the ethical challenges this author may face and her biblical perspective in counseling, her personal leadership qualities and her personal approach to group counseling. Counseling in our society has gone through multiple changes in the recent years. More individuals are looking into receiving support and guidance in...
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...History and Development of Hinduism * Hinduism is the oldest and perhaps the most complex of religious systems. It is difficult to provide adequate history of Hinduism because it has no specific founder or theology. * The earliest product of Indian literature, the Rig Veda, contains the songs of the Aryan invaders who were beginning to make a home in India. Thus, Hinduism is commonly regarded as the offspring of an Aryan religion, brought into India by invaders from the north and modified by contact with Dravidian civilization. (Elliot, 1921) * The literature of Vedic Aryans is relatively ancient and full and there is no available information about old Dravidians comparable with it. Yet, some argue that it is more correct to describe Indian religion as Dravidian religion modified by the ideas of the Aryan invaders. * This is accentuated by the fact that major deities of Hinduism (Siva, Krishna, Rama, Durga), and some of its core doctrines, are either totally unknown to the Veda or obscurely indicated in it. * The chief characteristics of mature Indian religion are characteristics of an area, not of a race, and they differ from those of other ancient religions in Persia, Greece, Egypt or other Aryan lands. (Mamandram.Org, 2011) * The word “Hindu” is an incorrect term given to a follower of the Vedas. The true name of the religion is “Sanatana Dharma”, meaning “the eternal religion”. * Ancient Arabians gave rise to the term as they were...
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