...Analyze the activities of the International Credit Rating Agencies Credit Rating Agencies (CRA) have a very important role in all economies, both Domestic and Foreign transactions. “CRAs assess the credit risk of corporate or government borrowers and issuers of fixed-income securities.” The term Credit Rating Agency translates to a corporation that rates certain credit risks exposed to the corporate borrowers, therefore it involves the use of money in regards of both Issuing Loans and Borrowing. The main purpose of the CRA is to provide guidance to people who wish to give out loans to borrowers or Vice-versa, as it simply helps those people understand the risks of such measures and what losses they may incur if the borrower defaults on his loan, refuses to pay etc… Therefore the CRA measures how likely a borrower will be able to pay back. Lenders, corporations, and governments use the guidance of CRA’s. A Lender uses the CRA to clear his uncertainty of whether or not his loan will return to him, Corporations and Governments use the CRA to help determine or increase their Capital in the institution. CRA’s are monitored by Task Force Agencies, where they are formed by a committee known as the “Technical Committee of the International Organization of Securities Commissions” Or ISOCO for short. Those Task Force agencies monitor aspects in the CRA such as: * Whether the CRA is disclosing the information about their Rating. * The problems that the CRA faces, which can...
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...Internship Report Impact of Credit Rating on Corporate and Banking Sectors of Bangladesh A Study based on Ratings of Credit Rating Agency of Bangladesh Limited (CRAB) Exam Roll: 091127 Internship Report on Impact of Credit Rating on Corporate and Banking Sector of Bangladesh A Study based on Ratings of Credit Rating Agency of Bangladesh Ltd. (CRAB) Prepared For: Chairman Internship Placement Committee Prepared by: Exam Roll Number: 019927 Class ID: 892 4th year, 8th semester Batch Number: 18th, BBA Program Academic Session: 2008-09 Institute of Business Administration (IBA-JU) Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342 Date: 16.02.2013 Letter of Transmittal February 16, 2013 Chairman Internship Placement Committee Institute of Business Administration Jahangirnagar University Savar, Dhaka 1342. Subject: Submission of Internship Report Dear Sir, It is an event of great pleasure for me to prepare and present the internship report on ‘Impact of Credit Rating on Corporate and Banking Sectors of Bangladesh: A Study based on Rating of Credit Rating Agency of Bangladesh Limited (CRAB)’ which is a requirement for the completion of BBA program. In this report I have tried to identify different aspects of the credit rating service and its impact on the corporate and banking sectors of the country. I have tried my best to organize all relevant information and do according to the instructions of preparing...
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... 2) Rating agency: * Who are rating agencies? * Development of the rating agencies * Function of rating agencies * The procedure of rating assignment * Solicited method * Unsolicited method * Sovereign rating * Rating scale and definition * Advantages of credit rating * Disadvantages of credit rating 3) Rating agencies and companies: * Failures of rating agencies * Reasons for the mistakes of rating agencies 4) Rating agencies and states: * Background * History of Italian rating * Critics against Italian rating 5) How to improve the rating: * “Issuer pays” or “Investor pays” * Public funding of rating * Government rating agency * Increase of competition * Liability of CRAs 6) Conclusion 7) references Introduction: The history of the Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) is well represented through a parabolic trend. Before 1960 CRAs were quite famous only in the USA, later on their importance have increased in all the world until the recent crisis, in which they reached their highest level; whereupon they have been loosing power. Credit Rating Agencies are: an independent company that evaluates the financial condition of issuers of debt instruments and then assigns a rating that reflects its assessment of the issuer's ability to make the debt payments. An important key to understand the future of the thesis concerns the reliability of these agencies; actually...
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...Introduction Credit rating agencies play a key role in todays and the last century’s financial life. Their function is to analyze and then publish country’s and firm’s or basically any financial entity’s/product’s creditworthiness. However, their defining impact on today’s economics is goes way beyond their definition. The Three Big, Moody’s, S&P and Fitch are in possession of 95% market share, that means the competition is negligible. The lack of competition multiplies their individual effect on the markets and raises the question of whether they work with the moral standards today’s stakeholders are expecting from them. (The Role Played by Credit Rating Agencies in the Financial Crisis, Asian Development Bank Institute, 2012) Major investors and creditors are knowingly deciding about their financial moves based on a very narrow and far from comprehensive information. The three bigs ratings are certainly part of these data and they do have major consequences on whether a company will invest in a certain country or on what terms will a bank lend capital to a given enterprise. If we go even further, we can see that credit ratings will have impact on a country’s fiscal and monetary policies, industries’ success or in many case failure, and through that, on people’s everyday life and economic well-being. Now that the concept of ratings are not so abstract, let’s take a look at how they relate to the financial crises. The 2007 credit crisis were caused by the overvaluation...
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...Credit Rating Agencies - What does the Watchlist tell us? Christina E. Bannier, Christian W. Hirsch (2010) Executive Summary In the “Economic Function of Credit Rating Agencies” by Christina Bannier and Christian Hirsch (2010), the authors researched whether the economic role of credit rating agencies have been enhanced after the introduction of Watchlists. Therefore, the focus of this paper is to analyze the shift in function of credit rating agencies from a passive player providing creditworthiness certification to a more active credit monitoring entity. First, the paper examines if the Watchlist instrument changes the informational content of credit ratings. Next, the paper tested between two different explanatory lines regarding the function of the rating agencies by analyzing their use of the Watchlist as delivering information to market participants and creating an implicit contract to influence a firm’s risk choices via the threat of a credit downgrade. They find that the general market reaction to downgrades is stronger in the post-Watchlist period, which is consistent with previous research conclusions. These results hence indicate that the informational content of rating downgrades has strongly risen after the introduction of Watchlist. Additionally, the authors find that direct rating downgrades trigger a much stronger market reaction than watch-preceded downgrades. These findings support previous conclusions by Cheng and Neamtiu on whether and how rating agencies...
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...RATING AGENCIES CRA are reviewing their methodologies as their ratings were not good indicators of banks’ vulnerabilities before the crisis (weak and positive relationship on FSR – but market indicators not better). * SP has proposed significant changes to its ratings methodology. * Moody’s has recalibrated the relative importance attached to rating factors. 1. All 3 CRA consider that the banks’ creditworthiness has worsened materially in Europe and in the US. 2. Greater agreement between CRA than in mid-2007, reflecting shifts in estimates of government support. 3. Revisions in methodologies likely to lead to further downgrades in the banking sector. Indicators that would have improved accuracy of pre-crisis ratings: * Regulatory environment/financial culture (exposure to complex financial products tolerated encouraged) * Macro-prudential indicators * Excessive credit growth * Asset price increases * Bank-level characteristics * High-quality capital Main issues: * Accounting for external support * Accounting for systemic risk (no definition of system, no metric => rely on macro-indicators) * Accounting for earnings volatility (due to high leverage) METHODOLOGIES 1. FITCH * Stand alone scale from 9 to 19 ratings by mid-2011 * = more granularity and more transparent link stand alone/final rating * Systemic risk assessed but used for sovereign ratings rather than individual ...
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...Module 1 Basic Concepts Assessment Year Previous Year Uniform Previous Year Previous year in case of newly set up business/profession Income of previous year not taxable in assessment year Income of nonresidents from shipping Income of persons leaving India permanently or for a long period of time. Income of bodies formed for short duration Income of persons trying to alienate his assets with a view to avoiding payment of tax. Income of discontinued business. Person [Sec 2(31)] Individual Hindu undivided Family A company A Firm An Association of persons or body of individuals, whether incorporated or not A local authority Artificial judicial person Assessee [Sec 2(7)] Assessee means a person by whom income-tax or any other sum of money is payable under the Act. Every person in respect of whom any proceeding under the Act has been taken for the assessment of his income or loss or the amount of refund due to him. A person who is assessable in respect of income or loss of another person. A person who is deemed to be an assessee, or an assessee in default under any provision of the Act. Income under Income tax Act u/s 2(24) Profits and Gains Dividend Voluntary Contributions received by a Trust Perquisites in the hands of employee Any Special Allowance or benefit City Compensatory or Dearness Allowance Any benefit or perquisite to a director Any benefit or perquisite to a representative assessee Income under Income...
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...Università degli studi di torino | Rating agencies and financial speculation | An analysis of the protagonists of the world market | | Elisa Valenti | Matricola 711323 | | INDEX The protagonists of the world market | 2 | A particular source of power: rating agencies and country rating | 2 | Conflict of interest? | 4 | Other issues of concern * Barriers to entry and lack of competition * Transparency | 555 | The importance of reputation | 6 | What went wrong? | 7 | The need for regulation | 7 | Can we trust the rating agencies? * The Enron Case Study * The Parmalat Case Study | 889 | Are rating agencies guilty? | 12 | The sinister power of rating agencies | 13 | A world without rating agencies | 14 | Conclusions | 15 | References | 16 | The protagonists of the world market A rating agency is a private firm which publicly evaluates a company capacity to repay the debt issued. This capacity is classified using a scale that goes from a maximum of AAA and a minimum of DDD. Obviously the evaluation received influences the interests that a company has to pay to receive credit. Today the rating market is controlled by three giants, the so called “three sisters”: Moody’s Investor Service, Standard & Poor’s and Fitch . Till the 70s rating agencies were not making high profits, but today they are extremely relevant such that in 1996 the New York Times was writing that there were just two powers in the world, the United...
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...CREDIT RATING * A credit rating evaluates the credit worthiness of a debtor, especially a business (company) or a government. It is an evaluation made by a credit rating agency of the debtor's ability to pay back the debt and the likelihood of default.[3] * Credit ratings are determined by credit ratings agencies. The credit rating represents the credit rating agency's evaluation of qualitative and quantitative information for a company or government; including non-public information obtained by the credit rating agencies analysts. * Credit ratings are not based on mathematical formulas. Instead, credit rating agencies use their judgment and experience in determining what public and private information should be considered in giving a rating to a particular company or government. The credit rating is used by individuals and entities that purchase the bonds issued by companies and governments to determine the likelihood that the government will pay its bond obligations. * A poor credit rating indicates a credit rating agency's opinion that the company or government has a high risk of defaulting, based on the agency's analysis of the entity's history and analysis of long term economic prospects. In India there are 5 credit rating agencies. First, Credit Rating InformationServices Of India Limited (CRISIL) set up by ICICI AND UTI in 1988. Secondly InvestmentInformation and Credit Rating Agency of India limited (ICRA) set up by IFCI in 1991. Thirdly,Credit Analysis...
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...1.State the administrative agency which controls the regulation. Explain why this agency and your proposed regulation interests you (briefly). Will this proposed regulation affect you or the business in which you are working? If so, how? The proposed regulation that is of interest is “Removing Any References to or Reliance on Credit Ratings in Commission Regulations; Proposing Alternatives to the Use of Credit” submitted by Commodity Futures Trading Commission or CFTC. I am interested in this regulation because I deal with swaps trading every day. This proposed regulation will most likely not affect my company because we invest in the more standardized derivatives. We also have internal auditors to oversee how we invest our clients’ funds. 2. Describe the proposal/change. The proposed change is about clarifying and standardizing the current legislation on swaps. As it stands now, the regulations on swaps trading on few and far between. Along with those regulations are privately-run, for-profit credit rating agencies. These two problems combined are how Goldman Sachs was able to swindle their investors and likely why this regulation was originally proposed. Many investors looking to engage in a swap transaction first have to decided what type of swap they would like to enter into. I will use an Interest Rate Swap or IRS as reference for my example (although an IRS is one of the more basic and regulated swaps). An IRS is a swap where investors decide on a notional...
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...CRAB Rating Scale CRAB Long Term Rating Scale CRAB Short Term Rating Scale CRAB Long Term Rating Scale Rating Methodologies: It’s different for several sectors. Such as several methodologies for bank rating, financial institution rating, corporate rating, general insurance rating, life insurance rating, government owned enterprise rating and securitization rating. Other services: 1. Grading Services 2. Advisory & Consulting Services 3. Information Service National Credit Ratings Ltd National Credit Ratings Limited (NCR) is a credit rating agency in Bangladesh. It was incorporated as a public limited company under the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies in August 2010 and received its certificate for commencement of business in July 2010. It was granted a licence by the Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) of Bangladesh for operating as a credit rating company in September 2010. The formal launching of the company was held on 18 October 2010. Managing director & CEO: MD. Momin Ullah Patwary, BP, is a former secretary to the Govt. of Bangladesh. Services: The services provide by the agency are followings: Entity Rating, Instrument Rating, Insurance Company rating, Asset Manager Rating, Sectoral Grading and Ranking. Methodology A true and fair opinion is our responsibility. NCR gives opinion as to the ability of an entity to meet its financial obligations. The rating process primarily concentrates on business and financial risks...
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...National Institute of Securities Markets Assessment of Long Term Performance of Credit Rating Agencies in India July 2009 5th Floor, Plot No.82, Sector 17, Vashi, Navi Mumbai 400 705 1 Contents Terms of Reference Executive Summary Acknowledgements CRAs: Relevance and Perspective Raters and Ratings: Evolution and the Current State of the Art Critical Evaluation of Ratings Rating Transition and Default Study Emerging Trends and Alternate Approaches Conclusions and Recommendations References Annexure Sample Questionnaire 3 4 14 15 21 32 43 58 63 74 78 2 Terms of Reference This Study has been commissioned by NISM as desired by the Committee on Comprehensive Regulation of CRA’s in India, to look into the legal and policy framework for regulating the activities of Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs), vide letter bearing Reference No. F.No.12/11/07-PM, dated 16.1.2009. The Terms of Reference are listed as under: 1. Assessment of the performance of CRAs in India in terms of parameters like default and transition data 2. How much information asymmetry is bridged by CRAs 3. How far CRAs assessment helps financial regulation 4. Accountability, corporate governance issues of CRAs 5. Disclosures of methodologies of rating 6. Rating of complex products like structured obligation 7. Uniformity or otherwise in definition and rating nomenclature of CRAs in India 8. Consistency of rating data with accounting data 9. Overall evaluation of what CRAs have done in terms of value...
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...Policy #2 The history of the American economy has been greatly impacted by the industrial revolution. Life as the people of this time knew it would have a big change ahead of them. The normal life of using your hands to produce products would become more of machines doing the manual work. There was a boom in population and income stemming from the economy becoming more efficient. The Industrial Revolution increased the supply of goods dramatically from the invention of a mass-production technique that was represented by Henry Ford. The majority of the increase of supply was largely seen in mining, steel, oil, transportation networks, communications networks, industrial cities, and financial centers, but also consumer goods. The concept of people not having to use their hands as much anymore was an important advancement. The time being saved was significant not to mention how efficient these steam powered machines were in production. Now the overall work time is being cut dramatically considering they could now have settings for machines to produce the work. At the same time, the workers needed to realize this meant there would be less jobs available for employees. There would be less work to manage, but this led to creating a bigger profit since there was not as much man power needed in the factory. This idea of having the machine do the dirty work sparked the importance of profits for the business leaders, which over time has arguably led to the greedy business leaders we...
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...topic ‘Role of a Credit Rating Agency in the capital market development of Bangladesh’ is a significant one in the present capital market context of Bangladesh. The report focuses on increasing the understanding on the workings of the present capital market, the concept of credit rating and the effect it can have on the capital market. 1.1 Origin This report has been authorized to the students as an integral component of the Business Communication (C- 501) course requirement. The Course Instructor Ms. Mahjabeen Ahmad has authorized this report on March 27, 2002 with the date of submission being June 30, 2002. 1.2 Objective The main objective of the report is: ▪ To portray the role that a Credit Rating Agency (CRA) can play in the capital market development of Bangladesh The sub-objectives of the report are: ▪ To review the current situation of the capital market of Bangladesh ▪ To discuss the activities /operations of a Credit Rating Agency 1.3 Scope The scope of the report is limited to the presentation of a broad overview of the capital market of Bangladesh, definition and description of general activities of a Credit Rating Agency and the impact it can have on Bangladeshi capital market. The depiction does not include any discussion on the Stock Exchanges of Bangladesh or the International capital market. Since the rating business in Bangladesh is still at its infancy, no practical example of rating in Bangladesh could be...
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...accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those statements require the planning and performing of the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. The auditor did express unqualified opinions based on the audit and the reports of other auditors, on the respective financial statements of the governmental activities, the business-type activities, the aggregate discretely presented component units, each major fund, and the aggregate remaining fund information. However, the financial statements of the San Francisco International Airport, San Francisco Water Enterprise, Hetch Hetchy Water and Power, San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency, San Francisco Wastewater Enterprise, San Francisco Market Corporation, and the Health Service System were not audited. The City of San Francisco’s organization chart contains several levels: the citizens elect a mayor and the city administrator is appointed. Also elected is the assessor/recorder, Board of Supervisors, City Attorney, District Attorney, Public Defender, Sherriff, Superior Court, and the Treasurer/Tax Collector. Furthermore, the CAFR contains a list of principal officials: • Mayor - Edwin M. Lee o Board of Supervisors: • President - David Chiu • Supervisor - Eric L. Mar • Supervisor - Mark Farrell • Supervisor - Carmen Chu • Supervisor - Ross Mirkarimi • Supervisor - Jane Kim • Supervisor - Sean Elsbernd • Supervisor...
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