...393 November 15, 2015 Connection between marriage and social status portrayed in Emma In Emma, a novel by Jane Austen, social status is determined by one’s family background, reputation, and wealth. One of the main ways to raise one’s social status is marriage but marrying too far above oneself may lead to unhappiness. There are a number of marriages in Emma and in each marriage the match strengthens the social status of the characters. The marriage between Jane Fairfax and Frank Churchill is very interesting because their social status are not equal. Jane Fairfax is the daughter of Mrs. Bates’ youngest daughter, Jane Bates and Lieutenant Fairfax. The Bates were of high social status for Ms. Jane Bates to marry a commissioned officer in the regimental military “The marriage of Lieut. Fairfax of the - regiment of infantry, and Miss Jane bates, had had its day of fame and pleasure, hope and interest” (Austen 87). Upon her father’s and mother’s death Jane is taken in by the Campbell’s family “and from that period Jane had belonged to Colonel Campbell’s family, and had lived with them entirely” (Austen 88). Jane is beautiful, talented, charming, well-regarded, and she possesses a kind heart and a reserved temperament. Frank Churchill is the son of Mr. Weston and Miss Churchill. Mr. Weston’s family is respectable yet originally not wealthy but Miss Churchill came from a wealthy and well-connected family. The inequality of their social status caused hardship to both “it was an unsuitable...
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...Austen’s Portrayal of Money, Marriage, and Happiness by Character Usage in Pride and Prejudice Throughout the novel Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen portrays her views on money, marriage, and happiness through the coupling of several characters she created. Austen uses the characters and their relationships to show what true love should really be like in her opinion. One of the ways she showcased marriage in the book was that marriage created love and happiness, as opposed to the idea that love and happiness were a direct result from getting married. I have chosen ten characters from the novel, and through their coupling, will portray Austen’s views on money, marriage, and happiness in the nineteenth century. The coupling of Elizabeth and Darcy is the kind of pairing that is common in present day society. They seemed to fall in love before the decision to marry was decided. Elizabeth defies the general views of what society considers right. She makes her decisions on marriage based on her feelings and not on status, money, or pedigree. This is portrayed in the novel when Mr. Collins proposes to Elizabeth and she does not accept because she does not love Collins. Unlike other couples, Elizabeth and Darcy's relationship is not based on money, status, or name despite Darcy’s social status. Instead, it is based solely upon their feelings for one another. Elizabeth perfectly describes Darcy's affection for her when she stated, "'...you were sick of civility, of deference, of officious...
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...Ulpian writes that “[w]hen conubium is not present, [children] accede to their mother’s legal status.” Conubium is “the capacity to take a wife legitimately,” yet, in spite of its outwardly androcentric definition, conubium is treated in law as a marriage’s collective quality rather than as an individual “capacity.” More appropriately stated, a relationship with conubium is one in which both parties have the “capacity” to marry legitimately. Semantics aside, there is no conubium without two parties to share it. As Karen was unmarried when the twins were both conceived and birthed, conubium is not present in this case, and the twins therefore “accede to [her] legal status.” Ulpian also provides that “in the case of children not legitimately conceived, [the time of] birth [is observed in determining the child’s status],” so Karen’s status at birth decides the status of her twins. As Karen is a sui iuris citizen, so too are the twins. Second, Karen is legally required to provide care to the twins, and the twins are similarly required to support Karen, for Ulpian “compel[s] a mother to support especially her illegitimate children; and (conversely) them (to support)...
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...Jane Austen’s Point of View of Marriage in Pride and Prejudice Acknowledgements This thesis has finally come into being to meet critical eyes through two months of hard work. From the very beginning when I chose the topic till the completion of the thesis, I have benefited from many people . First of all I would like to show my sincere gratitude to my tutor, Shen Guozheng. Without his sincere and trustworthy guidance,valuable suggestions and critical comments,it would be difficult for me to accomplish this thesis.His loyalty to teaching and punctilious work style has profoundly impressed me. Moreover, I heartily thank all the teachers who have helped me in the past four years, who have provided me with incentives and direction for my study. Thanks are also due to my classmates and friends for their constant encouragement and their ways of assistance in the course of writing. Last but not least, I would like to take this opportunity to thank my family members, for their selfless support,thoughtfulness and encouragement. Abstract Jane Austen was one of the distinguished realistic novelists in the nineteenth- century-English literature.Pride and Prejudice is a world wide popular novel published in 1813.Austen set the story in the first decade of the nineteenth century.At that time,marriage was the only way for women to gain social status and recognition. The author of the present thesis will analyze the five marriage patterns from the perspective of...
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...Same Sex Marriages Sociology 107 Professor Durso-Finley May 6, 2012 Inequality based on sexual orientation is a common social problem people encounter every day of our lives. A lot of our societies have seen discrimination based on sexual orientation and it has become a spread out issue in many states. Because of this, same-sex marriages have been a serious concern to society. Gay marriages is looked upon as a major social problem within our society today and can viewed through three different perspectives which are functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionist. The components of marriage is a union between two people who share their resources, maintain a healthy family if raising children, and loving each other. Marriage is considered to be a constitutional law and it gives the right for most Americans to legally get married. Yet, in most states, same-sex marriages have been a major issue to people who oppose these new changes to their society. People still continue to follow the traditional marriage and they feel like it should neutrally stay this way. Today, only Vermont and Massachusetts have legalized same sex marriages. Functionalists view society as an orderly system composed of what each part functions for stability as a whole. They look at marriages to be like the “traditional” marriage with one man and one woman married and forms a family together. Traditional marriage is known to be between a man and woman. Opponents of same sex marriage argue that...
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...English Aristocratic Marriage Negotiations, 1400-1700 Bruce Guy ANT101 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology Dr. Emma Bate September 23, 2013 Marriage from the 14th century through the 17th century was more of a business arrangement between two families than a joining of a man and woman to live together in the holy bonds of matrimony. In some cases, the women were married to the suitor who had the most to offer. Marriages during those centuries focused more on status and wealth than on love. According to Desmet, “to marry for affection alone was deemed irresponsible, even immoral” (Desmet 2002). A woman’s position in the aristocracy and her living standards depended heavily on her husband’s wealth, political power, and rank. The goal of her parents was to have her marry into the wealthiest, highest ranking family possible. Marriage among the aristocrats is a collective decision of family and kin, not an individual one. Past lineage associations, political patronage, extension of lineage connections, and property preservation and accumulation were the principle considerations. Property and power were the predominant issues which governed negotiations for marriage, while the greatest fear in a society so acutely conscious of status and hierarchy was of social derogation in marriage, of alliance with a family of lower estate or degree than ones own (Stone 1977). In most cases the parents and children agreed because...
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...from another country, keeping you safe and secure. The love of your life intrigues all of your senses, being enchanted in a mystifying land. Yet, not many people are seeking love but are seeking more tangible gains: money, financial security, and visas. It is harsh, but it is reality. Foreigners stalk and prey social networks, chat rooms, and romance sites for their loves, hoping it would lead them to money and permanent resident status in a more prosperous country. Methods and Analysis From September to November, I will collect articles and other various research materials and use the knowledge gained from these articles to interview persons and organizations in connection to scam marriages and visa-marriage arrangements. Intellectual Merit Through the in-depth study of different stories of scam marriages, we will interview persons of interests as well as review articles. The research takes an integrative approach to anthropological research. Research Questions & Objectives 1) to document the incidence of multiple multicultural marriages for residency purposes among research participants. This involves collecting life histories that focus on the ethnic background of informants and their experience with 2) collecting data on characteristics of the communities, forums, and social networks of participants. 3) to determine behaviors of individuals seeking love versus individuals seeking visas Literature Review This is a topic that has been a debated topic...
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...such as effect on tax liabilities and marriage penalty tax. Following calculation of taxes owed for the current year a higher tax penalty was determined. It was suggested by the clients that they individually file single until the day before they married, terminate their tax years and subsequently file a “short period” joint tax return for the time that they are married. Conclusion: On the Donald R. Pierce, TC Memo 1980 - 563. , Code Sec(s) 143 it states how “no matter what is the taxpayer’s status during the year, the law will only use taxpayer’s status on the last day of the year December 31.” The approach that the couple wants to take is illegal according due to the fact that once a “man and woman are legally married they are considered married for the entire year” per IRS Sec 7703-1. Furthermore, John and Susan will not be able to file as they suggested, and will have to accept the “marriage penalty tax.” Ultimately they could face severe penalty taxes by the IRS either for negligence at the time of filing their return or any other applicable reason. Supporting Evidence: As evidence to my conclusion, to determine the situation of the couple and if they could file their return as they suggested I used Donald R. Pierce, TC Memo 1980-563. , Code Sec(s) 143. On it is clearly stated the situation of marital status of taxpayers as follows: Sections 143 and 6013(d) 3 provide the [pg. 80-2385] general rule that a person's marital status shall be determined as of the end of...
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...Outline reasons for the decline in first time marriages (10 marks) There are numerous reasons for a decline in first time marriages; these could be a simple change in the attitude toward marriage, secularisation, a change in the position of women, a fear of divorce and a decline in the stigma attached to alternatives to marriages. A change in the attitudes toward marriage, there is less pressure to marry and there is more freedom for individuals to choose the type of relationship they long to be in, this could be cohabitation or just a relationship without living together. In today’s society, there is a widespread belief that the quality of a relationship has higher importance over the legal status. The norm that everyone ought to marry has been greatly weakened and the level of stigma toward those who hadn’t married no longer was as strong as it used to be. In previous years, men who were single didn’t need to marry but women who were single needed to marry as they were not financially independent; people now choose to live as creative singledom, which means anyone, any gender, can live financially independent and not have the need to get married. Secularisation means that society has moved from religion to a nonreligious society. This influences first time marriage as churches influences on marriage is declining so that people have the right to choose not to marry. According to the 2001 consensus, 3% of nonreligious people were married in comparison to 17% of people with...
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...Legal Studies Research Paper Series Research Paper No. 07 - 25 E-marriage: Breaking the Marriage Monopoly Adam Candeub Mae Kuykendall This paper can be downloaded without charge from the Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1491704 Candeub-Kuykendall: Draft. Do Not Cite or Quote Without Permission E-MARRIAGE: BREAKING THE MARRIAGE MONOPOLY Adam Candeub and Mae Kuykendall ∗ ABSTRACT: This Article advocates updating the law governing marriage formation to recognize the shift in social interactions from real to virtual life. We argue that couples can use internet communications not only to marry when separated by great distance but also to choose which state’s laws will authorize their marriage. In particular, same sex couples could marry under the laws of a state that permit such unions, regardless of where they exchange vows. States inadvertently have created geographic monopolies, requiring each marriage receiving the benefits of their licensing laws to be performed within their borders. This Article’s model builds upon established precedents, such as proxy marriage and choice of law for multijurisdictional and internet contracts. Using the power of internet communications, our proposal allows states to compete over marriage’s procedures and substance. Depending on a couple’s preferences for “e-ritual” and a state’s desired level of regulatory control, couples could consume the trappings of a traditional ceremony...
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...All legal same-sex marriages recognized for tax purposes NOVEMBER 2013. In the wake of the Supreme Court’s Windsor decision (Sup. Ct. Dkt. No. 12-307 (6/26/13)), which invalidated a portion of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), P.L. 104-199, the Treasury Department and IRS announced in late August that “same-sex couples, legally married in jurisdictions that recognize their marriages, will be treated as married for federal tax purposes.” The IRS also issued a revenue ruling (Rev. Rul. 2013-17) providing guidance on the topic. The ruling will apply to all federal tax provisions where marriage is a factor, for all federal taxes, including income, estate, and gift taxes. Tax provisions in which marriage is a factor include filing status, personal and dependency exemptions, the standard deduction, employee benefits, contributions to IRAs, the earned income tax credit, and the child tax credit, among others. According to the IRS, more than 200 provisions in the Code and Treasury regulations include the terms “spouse,” “marriage,” “husband,” “wife,” or “husband and wife.” Under the revenue ruling, the IRS will treat gender-neutral terms, such as “spouse” and “marriage,” as including, respectively, an individual who is married to a person of the same sex if the couple is lawfully married under state law and such a marriage between same-sex individuals. The terms “husband,” “wife,” and “husband and wife” will be interpreted to include same-sex spouses. ...
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...Same Sex Marriage The controversy over the decision to make same sex marriage legalized has been going on for many years now. The decision that is made to be united as one is to be made between two people. Whether is it between a man and women, a man and another man, or women and another woman. As long as there are two people that care about each other and have a loving relationship should be allowed to be united. Only one state allows “gay marriage”, which is Massachusetts. New Jersey, Connecticut, and Vermont allow it be called a “civil union”. The state of California use to allow Gay Marriage but in November the law was banned. The most recent state added to the list to allow gay marriage is Iowa. Iowa believes that people should live the way that they want to, freely and without restrictions. The gay rights movement is hoping to make legal the New England States within the upcoming years. Same sex couples should have the same rights as opposite sex couples. Why? With the legalization of gay marriage it should increase adoption rates since gay couple cannot pro-create. Any couple that is in love should have all the legal benefits of an opposite sex couple. Also, any couple, depending on the circumstance, should not be denied marriage in any circumstance is a form of minority discrimination and questioning of someone’s love toward one another. With all the children that need to be adopted in this world, there is no a reason why same sex couples can’t adopt a child even...
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...in want of a wife, but instead is that the young women and their mothers are pursuing such a man in order to establish a marriage relationship with him. Austen emphasized her point by using the technique of irony and satire in this sentence, this position...
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...Jane Austen’s Emma and Amy Heckerling’s ‘teenpic’ Clueless, show how the transformation can shape contextual and perspectival meaning as satirical reflections of Regency England and postmodern America. By adapting the society of Highbury and to the fast-paced modern Beverly Hills, insight is given into class, marriage and gender roles over the past two centuries. Techniques demonstrate aspects of society that have changed, others that have stayed the same. Relationships and marriage is a theme that shapes the understanding of Emma and Clueless and their contexts, involving self-realisation of Emma and Cher respectively. ‘Marriages of convenience’ with people of class and wealth defined the Regency mindset. Marriage was very significant and would secure a woman’s future, financial assets and social status. Austen conveys this in the metaphor “It darted through her, with the speed of an arrow, that Mr Knightley must marry no one other than herself!” the arrow symbolises how Emma’s independence has been shot down and overrun by feelings for an ideal marriage candidate. When Emma reflects on Mr Elton’s attempt to court her, the hyperbole in “The Elton’s bloodline were nobody” highlights the attitude towards incompatible matches. Similarly, Cher comments with contemptuously...
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...An arranged marriage is a marriage that is established before involving oneself in a lengthy courtship, and often involves the arrangement of someone other than the persons getting married sometime ,it is to some point a political alliance,a solidification of one’s family political and financial status . These marriages are relatively rare in our western hemisphere, but still numerous in the Middle East and parts of Africa and Asia. While a love marriage is more of a free choice when the unity of two people is strictly, your choice and no one can force you to marry against your will. This is the most common way for marriage which was developed mostly in the western countries such as the US . Depending on the upbringing of the individual, one will come to accept this union as a core foundation upon which you will build a family and within which the true values of our western society will reflect. But notice that this approach is soly a western approach based on the views and teaching of the Christian religion which our eastern counterparts will found for a lack of better term “too liberal”, where we have to chose our partners based on interests ,culture similarities,intellectual,political and social and religious views and or affiliations. Our western society comes to understand that arranged marriage does not have good outcomes and that most of the time the woman fell victim of pressure imposed on her to bore children and force to adhere to the principles and religions of her...
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