...03 May 2014 Networking Basics NETWORKS Networks are made up of a basic personal computer, network interface card (NIC), hub, switch, or router. NIC card communicates to the rest of the computer. The NIC card connects the modem to the computer electrically. The NIC has a logic board that relays information to the computer. The NIC card figures out the speed at which information is sent from the computer to the internet. The network can potentially use a hub. Although a hub is rarely used, it divides the connection of a signal between multiple computers. A switch divides multiple computers into separate groupings based on logical or security requirements. The switch usually divide or regroup the computers in the same subnet or local area network (LAN). The router is normally used to transfer data between physical networks. The router transfer the signal to the appropriate place. All this information is transferred around to these different places using a specific language called protocols. Protocols are a format that transmits data between devices. Standards are agreed upon beforehand. For instance, internet protocol version four (IPV4) allows computers to communicate over the internet. (McQuerry, 2008). WAN, LANs, MANs LAN, wide area network (WAN), and metropolitan area network (MAN) are typical types of networks used. LAN is a network that connects computers in small building, offices, and single family homes with network media. LAN can transmit...
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...Network: * Each network should have a Cisco 2811, which will be the CPE of the network. * Each network should have a high speed fiber connection (type of connection will be determined on bandwidth consumption, along with need for VoIP). * Each network should have a failover line (T1/T3 or ISDN). Best practice is that both lines should be the same as the primary line. * MPLS should be used to connect all networks together, hence a third T1/T3 connection. If MPLS is not an option due to budgeting, site2site should then be used to unify file sharing between the networks. Internal network (at each location): * Cisco Catalyst switch should be used as the core switch. * There should be a gigabite uplink from the core switch to the core router (fiber) * VLANS should be used in each department to properly divide them. Each department will...
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...Protein Spy Researchers at Rice University have a method to rapidly trigger the universal tagging of proteins being produced by a cell. The tagging method they use is like a switch. They tag proteins with a controllable enzyme switch. This allows researchers to get a snapshot of proteins being produced by a cell at any time. This is a divide and conquer kind of strategy. What hypothesis was tested? The hypothesis that was tested was attach bio-orthogonal that is non-interfering an amino acids to transfer RNA. This gives a snapshot of total protein synthesis. How was it tested? They tested this hypothesis by using an azidonorleucine amino to tag proteins in Escherichia coli bacteria cells. The switch is controlled like a computer program. The switch only charges transfer RNA cells with azidonorleucine efficiently when the switch is synthesized and a chemical is present in the cell to flip the switch. Instead of physically separating a cell from a mixture to find the proteins being made, they can use this engineered switch to put what amounts to a fishhook on every proteins synthesized in a given cell....
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...or geographical basis” (Regan, (2004)). Using VLAN’s are excellent for organizations with multiple departments since VLAN can be created for the specific needs of each department even ignoring the need of a central physical location. “A VLAN can be thought of as a broadcast domain that exists within a defined set of switches” (Regan, (2004)). Switches are nowadays more economical in price so organizations are replacing older hubed networks with switched networks designed for using VLAN’s. VLAN’s are able to divide and isolate a network into different broadcast domains. According to Regan, (2004) VLAN’s are basically a bridge domain that has all broadcast traffic isolated and contained within the VLAN. VLAN’s also provides complete and total isolation from other VLAN’s. Security is also improved by using VLAN’s since they are able to isolate groups. Users are not able to physically connect to a VLAN so access can’t be gained from just plugging into the switch (Regan, (2004)). Servers also can be assigned to multiple VLAN’s so a user can connect to all resources needed. Since a single server can run multiple VLAN’s the task of backing up the data used in a VLAN quick and easy. When deciding to use a VLAN you must consider the type of membership to use to implement, how you want to separate your network, and know the general amount of traffic your network needs to handle. The networks traffic needs to...
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...Unit10 Assignment 1: Video summary 8 Add or Remove programs- Never delete a program, use the add or remove tool. Task manager- Ctrl+alt+Delete MS Config: * Normal startup- load all device drivers and services * Diagnostic Startup- load basic devices and services only * Selective startup- Process System.ini file, process Win.ini file, load system services, load startup items, use original Boot.ini, use modified Boot.ini Services-Located in administrative tools, used to stop and start individual services while troubleshooting your computer. Services utility ca be accessed through the computer management utility and MS Config utility. Event Viewer: Located in Admin Tools * Application-information, warning, error * Security- failure, success * System- information, warning, error Types of Networks: * LAN(Local Area Network) * WAN(Wide Area Network) Administering a LAN: Peer to Peer: * 10 or fewer computers * All computers are equal * Local administration * Local security * Local control of resources Client Server: * Scalable network * Central administration * Centralized security * Centralize control of resources Networking Models: Workgroup: * Peer-to-peer network * All computers are equal Domain: * Client server network * At least one server promoted to role of domain controller * Servers manage domain administration Network Topologies: Four Topologies: * Bus * Ring ...
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...Differences in Application Between Power Dividers and Power Splitters Application Note Introduction Power dividers are an RF microwave accessory constructed with equivalent 50Ω resistance at each port. These accessories divide power of a uniform transmission line equally between ports to enable comparison measurements. Power dividers provide a good impedance match at both the output ports when the input is terminated in the system characteristic impedance (50Ω). Once a good source match has been achieved, a power divider is used to divide the output into equal signals for comparison measurements. The power divider also can be used in test systems to measure two different characteristics of a signal, such as frequency and power, for broadband independent signal sampling. Besides dividing power it also can act as power combiners because they are bi-directional. Power splitters are constructed of two resistors. They are used for leveling and ratio measurement applications to improve the effective output match of microwave sources. The two-resistor configuration also provides 50Ω output impedance to minimize measurement uncertainty in source leveling or ratio measurement applications. Characteristics of power dividers and power splitters Power dividers • Divide a signal equally for comparison measurements • All ports have equivalent 16 ²⁄ ³ resistance • Can be used as power combiners • SWR 3:1 16 2/3 ohm 16 2/3 ohm 1 16 2/3 ohm 1 50 ohm Power splitters • Used in ratio measurements...
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...What is the impact of the digital divide? What is the digital divide? The term is used to describe an economic inequality between groups, where some have access to information and communication technologies and others don’t. But it’s also used to describe the knowledge gap between parents and their children. The gaps created by inadequate infrastructure and a lack of basic knowledge about the digital world are two major obstacles to genuine mass connectivity. In Britain, more and more of us have internet access every day. But late adopters don’t always have the knowledge they need to use the internet to its full extent. The impact of the digital divide on British families Research by Nominet reveals that younger parents aged 18-35 tend to be more aware of the online world than older parents. It makes sense; since the mid-1990s the internet has revolutionised almost every aspect of our culture, with near-instant communication, interactive video communications, discussion forums, blogs, social networks and ecommerce. And just like the mobile phone, early adopters tended to be younger, leaving older generations behind. As such, some parents have been left stranded. Their children know a great deal more about how to drive a computer, tablet, laptop or smartphone than they do. Today’s children and teenagers have grown up with digital technologies, and they take to new developments perfectly naturally, accepting them as the norm and often leaving their parents behind. The knowledge...
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...is the easy way out but I fell that after you have tried with no results this is the best thing. Weight lost surgery is a surgery that changes your stomach and digestive system that limit how much food you can eat and how many nutrients you absorbs leading to weight loss. In this essay I will talk about the different types of surgery and how they worked, the requirement in order to have the surgery and also the advantage and the disadvantage of the surgery. After reading the essay you will understand weight loss surgery and why people get it. There are 4 types of weight loss surgery that people can have. They are called Gastric Bypass, Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy, Adjustable Gastric Band and Biliopancreatic Diversion with a Duodenal Switch. In order to have these surgery there are pre-requisite that have to be followed. The first step is the doctor has to check your BMI (Body Mass Index) to see what you rate, if your BMI is 40 and greater then you qualify but if your BMI is 35 and greater and you have a serious health problem linked to obesity then you qualify for the surgery. The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has an approved people whose BMI is 30 and greater and also a health condition linked to obesity. The other reasons are when diet and exercise have been unsuccessful, and also a team of health care professional approved. The team of health care professional including a doctor, dietitian, psychologist and a surgeon. The gastric bypass surgery is considered...
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...CALL ROUTING IN TELEPHONE NETWORKS INTRODUCTION ROUTING is a process of finding a path from a source to every destination in the network. A routing protocol sets up a routing table in routers and switch controllers. A node makes a local choice depending on global topology Telephone calls must be routed across a network of multiple exchanges, potentially owned by different telephone carriers. The exchanges are all connected using trunks. Each exchange has many "neighbours", some of which are also owned by the same telephone operator, and some of which are owned by different operators. When neighbouring exchanges are owned by different operators, they are known as interconnect points. This means that there is really only one virtual network in the world that enables any phone to call any other phone. This virtual network comprises many interconnected operators, each with their own exchange network. Every operator can then route calls directly to their own customers, or pass them on to another operator if the call is not for one of their customers. Call Routing When a call is received by an exchange, there are two treatments that may be applied: • Either the destination terminal is directly connected to that exchange, in which case the call is placed down that connection and the destination terminal rings. • Or the call must be placed to one of the neighboring exchanges through a connecting trunk for onward routing. Each exchange in the chain uses pre-computed routing...
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...A router can also be used as a network switch. 6) Gateway A gateway is a device used to connect networks using different protocols. This device operate at the network layer of the OSI model. A mail gateway receives Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and translate into standard x.400 format and deliver them to its destination. 7) Repeater Repeater operates in the physical layer of the OSI model and it doesn’t have capability of interpreting the data they retransmit. 8) Modem According to (Dean, 2013, p.840) A modem is a device that modifies analog signal into digital signals at the transmitting end for transmission over a telephone lines, and changes digital signals onto analog signals at the receiving end. 9) Firewall A firewall is a network security device used to filter or...
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...CE3.15 I was in-charge of assuring the security for the network. I selected the network switch as the main device for configuring security as it acts as the heart of the network. I proposed the use of Cisco Network switches for the design. Although there are top selling network switches brands like Linksys, D-link, Netgear, Juniper networks available, I chose Cisco Catalyst 2960 series network switch. I decided that the routers were physically secured by providing a locker room facility and a video surveillance. I configured each access point and network switches will authenticate only through login names and passwords. I configured the switch port with port security to restrict the use of unauthorized devices. CE3.16 The main reason for choosing...
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...Filter out broadcast transmission to alleviate network congestion. The router will be let different network data can be "translation", let they can mutually "read" to understand each other's data, this allows different network interworking. Usually Campus network is use router Connect to the Internet. The mode of operation of the router and switch is different. Switch using the physical address (MAC address) to forward data, and the router is using a network address (IP address) to forward data. Further router has data processing, firewall and network management functions. In addition, the switch occurs at the second layer of the OSI reference model (data link layer), and routing occurs in the third layer, i.e. network layer. This difference determines the routing and switch of information in the process of moving the need to use different control information, so that their own way both functions are...
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...Below I have listed the basic troubleshooting techniques. 1. The technician should first ask the PC user to demonstrate or recreate the problem. 2. The technician should than establish a theory of problem of cause. Check for burning smells, look for lights listen for beeps. The technician should also check the boot process to ensure it boots correctly and no issues are detected during the POST stage. 3. The technician should then test the theory to determine the cause, the technician should be practical in checking for the easy stuff first. The technician should also divide the problem into logical arras and continue subdividing the problem until it is isolated. 4. The technician should than establish a plan of action and implement a solution....
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...introduced to carry a single digitized voice call. For a typical phone call, the audio sound is digitized at an 8 kHz sample rate using 8-bit pulse-code modulation for each of the 8000 samples per second. This resulted in a data rate of 64 kbit/s. To limit the number of wires required between two involved in exchanging voice calls, a system was built in which multiple DS0s are multiplexed together on higher capacity circuits. -DS1 Digital Signal 1 (DS1) High-capacity DS1 Service is known as a fundamental building block of many networks. It is a digital, point-to-point, private line service that provides high-speed bulk transport for voice, data or video traffic. Use the entire circuit for single, high-speed bandwidth applications, or divide or multiplex, your DS1 into multiple channels. -DS3 Digital Signal 3( DS3) Service offers a reliable, all-purpose digital connection for extremely high volume requirements that can easily connect your DS1 circuits. DS3 Service transmits video, data, and voice at speeds of 44.736 Mbps in most cases over a fiber optic network. DS3 is provided between two customer premises or between a customer premises and a Telephone Company central office. DS3 Service is offered with DS3 to DS1 multiplexing as an optional feature at selected Telephone Company hub offices. This feature allows the conversion of one DS3 (44.736 Mbps) channel to 28 DS1 (1.544 Mbps) channels using...
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...and application contained in single file • Applications are isolated from one another • Hardware independence & flexibility Typical Consolidation: 15:1 Key Properties of Virtual Machines •Partitioning Run multiple operating systems on one physical machine system resources between virtual machines Divide Key Properties of Virtual Machines •Partitioning Run multiple operating systems on one physical machine Divide system resources between virtual machines •Isolation Fault and security isolation at the hardware level resource controls preserve performance Advanced Key Properties of Virtual Machines •Partitioning Run multiple operating systems on one physical machine Divide system resources between virtual machines •Isolation Fault and security isolation at the hardware level Advanced resource controls preserve performance •Encapsulation Entire state of the virtual machine can be saved to files and copy virtual machines as easily as moving and copying files Move Key Properties of Virtual Machines •Partitioning Run multiple operating systems on one physical machine Divide system resources between virtual machines •Isolation Fault and security isolation at the hardware level Advanced resource controls preserve...
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