...Effect of FDI on Bilateral Trade Abstract Contemporary literature refers to trade and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) as alternative strategies. The debate is mainly between two notions: (1) that FDI displaces trade, and (2) that FDI and trade complement each other. Literature on FDI talks about the effect of foreign investments on trade. Lipsey (2002) mentions that outward FDI may decrease or increase (or have no effect on) exports of home country. These effects depend largely on the competitiveness of the host country and the motives behind investment by the home country in the host country. This paper is aimed at studying the effect of FDI on bilateral trade as well as effect at the aggregate level especially in the developed-developing nation paradigm. Introduction Literature suggests that there are a number of motives on which FDI takes place across nations. Most of the firms in the developed countries will go for foreign investment once they fulfill their domestic market and they in order to grow will go to foreign market. In this case the main motive of a firm is to tap new markets. This entry of one firm in to a foreign market will create a bandwagon effect thorough which their competitors will also enter that market. Again, when the competition sets in the foreign market, companies will be forced to take cost reduction measures to achieve higher profits will look for other destinations which have lower cost of production and thus the motive will become efficiency...
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...STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP Managers provide leadership to an organisation. Organisational leaders influence the behaviour of subordinates so that they willingly and enthusiastically work towards the achievement of organisational objectives. Strategic leaders manage the strategic management process that is designed to help the organisation achieve its objectives. Strategic leadership is the ability to lead an organisation towards the achievement of its objectives. The tasks involved in exercising strategic leadership are typically to anticipate, envision, maintain flexibility and empower others to create strategic change as and when necessary. Strategic leaders are the lynchpin in the strategic management process. Among the strategic leaders, we have managers operating at different levels of an organisation: corporate-level, business-level, functional-level and operational-level. • Corporate-level managers include the chief executive officer (CEO), senior executives and the corporate staff. The corporate-level managers manage the strategic management process for the whole organisation. These managers may carry designations such as CEO, managing director, executive director or president. • Business-level managers are the strategic leaders at the business, division or SBU levels. These managers manage the strategic management process at the business-level. These may carry designations such as the general manager or vice-president. • Functional-level managers are the strategic leaders...
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...INTRODUCTION TO THE THIRD EDITION Since the second edition of this book published in 2007, the globalization of the economy has seen its momentum challenged by two financial crises. Starting in the USA, the so-called ‘subprime’ crisis has obliged governments around the world to engage in Neo-Keynesian policies in order to consolidate the stumbling global financial system. More recently the ‘Eurozone’ crisis has called into question one of the most ambitious international cooperations and has seen populations asking for more protectionism. In the Middle East, dictatorial regimes have been ousted by the revolutionary ‘Arab Spring’ and the newly formed governments are trying to find a way between global exchange and Islamic tradition. During these difficult times, emerging countries from Asia, Latin America and Africa have increasingly asserted their newly found economic and financial power and demanded a bigger participation in world governance. The tsunami that struck Fukushima in Japan in March 2011 creating a nuclear accident has convinced many nations to reconsider their energy policy. Despite all of this, globalization, even though criticized, is still active. Firms are moving to the new emerging economies in order to capture the consumption appetite of the growing middle classes. It is still relevant and important to put together all aspects of global strategic management. This third edition is still about global firms and global management. Its objective remains to help...
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...IBT Journal of Business Studies (Formerly Journal of Management & Social Sciences) Vol. 10, No. 1, (Spring2014) 83-101 Human Resource Management Practices: A Case Study of South Asian Countries Rafique Ahmed Khan Faculty of Management Science Bahria University Karachi, Pakistan Mohammad Khasro Miah School of Business North South University Dhaka, Bangladesh Amir Manzoor Faculty of Management Science Bahria University Karachi, Pakistan ABSTRACT Purpose: The central point of this study was to demonstrate the similarity and difference of Human Resource Management (HRM) practices amongst the countries in South Asia. Through this paper, an in-depth study was undertaken to evaluate the validity of existing HRM practices in South Asian (SA) countries. An effort was made to examine the influences from the economic emergence in South Asia, force of colonization, historical panorama, cultural similarities and dissimilarities, legal, economic and political factors causing the change.. Methodology/Sampling: The study is based on secondary data collected through extensive research on present and past literature available on the topic. Findings: HRM is in a reforming process towards the development of organizational transformation in South Asia. In addition, contextual and contingency factors are determining the outcome of restructuring HRM practices in South Asia, identified as FDI, foreign MNCs’ influence, and bilateral relations among the SAARC members...
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...SAGE www.sagepublications.com DOI: 10.1177/1470593108096540 articles Marketing the hegemony of development: of pulp fictions and green deserts1 Steffen Böhm University of Essex, UK Vinícius Brei Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil Abstract. In this paper we analyze the role of marketing in the construction of what can be called the hegemony of development. Through an investigation of the marketing practices of the pulp and paper industry in South America and the resistances that are articulated by a range of civil society actors against the expansion of this industry, we problematize marketing as a political and contested discourse and practice. By using Laclau and Mouffe’s (1985, 2001) theoretical framework, which is centered on the concept of ‘hegemony’, we highlight the crucial role marketing plays in the social and cultural legitimation of the highly controversial development of the pulp and paper industry – regarded as one of the most polluting industries in the world – in South America. We build on...
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...expatriate workers or as emigrants to pursue job opportunities in other firms. Where much is known about global networks of engineers collaborating on projects, little is known about the mediating role played by individuals that share the same nationality as an international partner on a project. In this paper, we examine two project teams executing complex, reciprocally interdependent design projects in India. One team was comprised of Indians and Americans. The other team was identical, but also contained an Indian national who had studied and worked in the U.S.A. Both teams worked on similar design schedule optimization problems. Over the duration of three days we examined the interactions of the teams assembled to finalize their designs. Through quantitative network analyses and qualitative observations of the cross-cultural interactions, we found the Indian expatriate to play a cultural boundary spanning role resolving cross-cultural knowledge system conflicts and increasing collaboration effectiveness. We induce a propositional theoretical model of cultural boundary spanning in global project networks. KEYWORDS: Boundary spanning, cultural issues, globalization. INTRODUCTION As the engineering workforce globalizes, a growing number of engineers have lived and worked in multiple countries and can speak multiple languages (Haas 2006). As differences between the cultural origin of individuals and that of the country in which they are working emerge, conflicting...
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...Abstract The present paper aims at reviewing the various developments in Corporate Governance in India. Corporate Governance has gained a lot of importance and momentum the world over. The objective of any corporate governance system is to simultaneously improve corporate performance and accountability as a means of attracting financial and human resources on the best possible terms and of preventing corporate failure. In short Corporate Governance is about promoting corporate fairness, transparency and accountability. Keywords: Corporate Governance (CG) Security and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Stakeholders Clause 49 OECD principles Chapter: 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Prelude Corporate governance (CG) has emerged as a very important ideal. The reason is, today companies are substantially contributing to the overall growth and development, particularly in emerging economies such as India and a healthy investment environment is vital. The corporate form of business has succeeded gradually and expanded worldwide. However, not all companies are managed successfully. There has been a spree of corporate frauds worldwide, e.g., Enron in the United States and Satyam Computers in India. The latter had accounting and auditing flaws apart from lack of accountability and oversight by Independent Directors at Board meetings. There was no whistle-blowing in case of Satyam Computers unlike Enron. The Satyam Computers revelation was an outcome of a takeover...
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...University of Catania (Italy) Department: Impresa, Culture e Società Email: antonio.leotta@unict.it ABSTRACT The extant literature on inter-organizational control distinguishes the main control problems as coordination problems and appropriation concerns. The present study focuses on coordination problems and is intended to understand the process leading to the hybrid nature of inter-firm coordination modes and the role of information in this process. In a theoretical part, after discussing the main critical assumptions underlying coordination studies, an integrative framework is proposed to conceptualize the coordination process and describe the role of information in this process. In Particular, the framework assumes inter-firm settings as a-centered and a-static, whence the relevance of an interpretive approach where coordination is viewed as a process characterized by dialectic interactions between coordinating actors. The empirical part of the study is aimed at verifying the explanatory power of the framework studying a case of outsourcing relations in a divisionalized company operating in the semi-conductor industry. The case provided useful data giving new insights that enrich the framework. Keywords: coordination; information; system;: process; inter-organizational relations. Revised version July, 5 2011 1. Introduction Inter-organizational relations have become a widespread and problematic phenomenon which, from the management control perspective, has required...
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...SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT ON Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Pvt. Ltd. Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Business Management of Christ University, Bangalore-560029 By Mr. ARUN KUMAR MAURYA 0911306 Under the guidance of Mrs. PHINU JOSE Department of Management Studies Christ University, Bangalore-560029 2011-2012 DECLARATION I hereby declare that, this report titled, “Summer Internship Report”, project work carried out by me under the supervision of Mrs.Phinu Jose of Department of Management Studies, Christ University, Bangalore. This work previously has not formed part of any basis for the award of any degree or diploma offered by any institution or university. This is a record of bona fide and original work submitted by me in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of Business Management. Place: Bangalore Date: _____________ ARUN KUMAR MAURYA 0911306 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my profound gratitude to all those who have been instrumental in the preparation of this “Summer Internship Report”. I wish...
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...CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY Retailing in India is receiving global recognition and attention and this emerging market is witnessing a significant change in its growth and investment pattern. It is not just the global players like Wal-Mart, Tesco and Metro group are eying to capture a pie of this market but also the domestic corporate behemoths like Reliance, K K Modi , Aditya Birla group, and Bharti group too are at some stage of retail development. Reliance, announced that it will invest $3.4 billion to become the country's largest modern retailer by establishing a chain of 1,575 stores by March 2007. The last couple of years have been rosy for real estate developers and the retailers are finding suitable retail space in prominent locations. The industry is buoyant about growth and the early starters are in expansion mood. There is increased sophistication in the shopping pattern of consumers, which has resulted in big retail chains coming up in most metros; mini metros and towns being the next target. Consumer taste and preferences are changing leading to radical alteration in lifestyles and spending patterns which in turn is giving rise to new business opportunities. Companies need to be dynamic and proactive while responding to the ever-changing trends in consumer lifestyle and behavior. Retailing consists of the sale of goods or merchandise from a fixed location, such as a department store, or by post, in small or individual lots for...
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...1 Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Development: An Overview Adam Szirmai, Wim Naudé, and Micheline Goedhuys 1.1 Purpose of the book Economic development requires sustainable and shared increases in per capita income accompanied by changes in the structural composition of an economy towards higher value added goods and more efficient production methods. Entrepreneurs can contribute to economic development by facilitating the reallocation of resources from less to more productive uses (Acs and Storey 2004), by performing ‘cost-discovery’, ‘gap-filling’, and ‘input-completing’ functions in the economy (Leibenstein 1968; Hausmann and Rodrik 2003) and by supporting structural change (Lewis 1954; Gries and Naudé 2010). These roles have recently been the subject of a growing literature (see e.g. Minniti and Naudé 2010; Naudé 2010a, 2010b, 2010c). A neglected function in this literature is the potential role of entrepreneurs as innovators in developing countries. Joseph Schumpeter pointed out a century ago that entrepreneurs are often innovators, bringing new goods and technologies to markets, opening up new markets, processes, and ideas, and commercializing new knowledge. But, it is often mistakenly suggested that innovation by entrepreneurs is less important for growth in low-income developing countries than in more advanced economies.1 A substantial literature has been devoted to understanding the conditions under which entrepreneurs innovate, and the nature and evolution...
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...SAGE India website gets a makeover! Global Products Enhanced Succinct Intuitive THE Improved Interactive Smart Layout User-friendly Easy Eye-catching LEADING WORld’s LEADING Independent Professional Stay tuned in to upcoming Events and Conferences Search Navigation Feature-rich Get to know our Authors and Editors Why Publish with SAGE ? World’s LEADING Publisher and home and editors Societies authors Professional Academic LEADING Publisher Natural World’s Societies THE and LEADING Publisher Natural authors Societies Independent home editors THE Professional Natural Societies Independent authors Societies and Societies editors THE LEADING home editors Natural editors Professional Independent Academic and authors Academic Independent Publisher Academic Societies and authors Academic THE World’s THE editors Academic THE Natural LEADING THE Natural LEADING home Natural authors Natural editors authors home World’s authors THE editors authors LEADING Publisher World’s LEADING authors World’s Natural Academic editors World’s home Natural and Independent authors World’s Publisher authors World’s home Natural home LEADING Academic Academic LEADING editors Natural and Publisher editors World’s authors home Academic Professional authors Independent home LEADING Academic World’s and authors home and Academic Professionalauthors World’s editors THE LEADING Publisher authors Independent home editors Natural...
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...Working Paper No. 213 Determinants of Regional Patterns of Manufacturing Exports: Indian Firms since the Mid-1990s Jaya Prakash Pradhan Keshab Das January 2013 Gujarat Institute of Development Research Ahmedabad Abstracts of all GIDR Working Papers are available on the Institute’s website. Working Paper No. 121 onwards can be downloaded from the site. All rights are reserved. This publication may be used with proper citation and due acknowledgement to the author(s) and the Gujarat Institute of Development Research, Ahmedabad. © Gujarat Institute of Development Research First Published ISBN Price January 2013 81-89023-70-5 Rs. 40.00 Abstract There exists a glaring gap in the literature studying the role of subnational factors in the export performance of enterprises. A preliminary analysis of the spatial determinants of firms’ export activities by Indian states has been undertaken in this study. The size of technological knowledge stock, port facilities and credit availability in a state are observed to be favouring higher export intensity of local firms. All these call for state’s policy attention to improve regional knowledge base, strengthening of port facilities or ensuring better transportation networks to ports and improved credit availability if local firms were to face the least hurdles in their efforts to internationalize. Fiscal incentives continue to promote firms’ export activities. In addition, firms own characteristics...
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...NOKIA’S MARKETING STRATEGIES IN INDIA by Nikunj Daga 2006-2007 A dissertation presented in part consideration for the degree of MA in Marketing No portion of the work referred to in the dissertation has been submitted in support of an application of another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institution of learning. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Writing a dissertation is always the most challenging part of a student’s life. It was definitely the most important academic contribution by me. This however would not have been possible without the encouragement and of a few people. Here I take this opportunity to display my gratitude towards them, First and foremost, I would like to thank my professor, Dr Heidi Winklhofer for being a source of support and encouragement, guidance and persistent help. Thank you ma’am for your time, support and patience. My Sincere thanks to both academic and non-academic staff of the Nottingham University Business School, for all their assistance. I would like to thank my parents for love and support bestowed on me. Thank you for your blessings. Also I would like to thank my friends for staying by me during the difficult parts of life. Thanks for help and love irrespective of the situations. I would also like to thank all my respondents for taking out time from their busy lives to help me with my research. Last...
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...Thessaloniki, October 31 s t , 2012 MA in Politics and Economics of Contemporary Eastern and South Eastern Europe Department of Balkan, Slavic and Oriental Studies University of Macedonia Topic: “Foreign Direct Investment and Country Risk: What kind of Interaction?” Supervisor: Professor D. Kyrkilis Stavroula Samara stav_samara@windowslive.com Foreign Direct Investment and Country Risk Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….4 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4 Foreign Direct Investment…………………………………………………………………………………………6 The Definition……………………………………………………………………………………………………………6 The Types………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….8 The Multinational Corporations………………………………………………………………………………..9 The Effects………………………………………………………………………………………………………………11 The Final Remarks…………………………………………………………………………………………………..13 Country Risk……………………………………………………………………………………………………………14 The Definition………………………………………………………………………………………………………….15 Various approaches of the literature on country risk (table)……………………………………17 The Historical Background………………………………………………………………………………………17 Country Risk Types and Measurements…………………………………………………………………..18 The Factors……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..22 Country Risk Assessment…………………………………………………………………………………………23 Risk Measures (table)………………………………………………………………………………………………25 The Methods…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..27 How does Country Risk matter for FDI?................................
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