...‘Industrialization saved the Welsh language.’ Discuss. By the mid-18th century, industrialisation closely followed by its unavoidable companion, urbanization had collided with Britain and continued to expand into the 19th and 20th centuries. The scale of the industrial revolution led to an amount of migration and indeed, immigration that had never occurred in Britain before. Pouring its way into the heart of Wales itself, the industrial development transported the English language into the Welsh valleys and forever left its impressions within the lands of the idyllic principality. Historians and researchers have encouraged many debates about whether the industrial revolution had a positive or negative effect on the Welsh language and these debates will undoubtedly last as long as the Welsh language itself. In order to fully comprehend the effects that industrialisation had on the Welsh language, one must first go back and understand what the Welsh language was before industrialisation. In 1801, the majority of Welsh people spoke Welsh, 90%, and 70% of these Welsh speakers were ‘monoglot’ Welsh who spoke only in the common tongue and knew no English. During the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, these figures were radically altered due a massive, 135% population increase from 1545 to 1801. However, depleting almost as quickly as they grew, these figures began their notable inclination as industrialisation began to perpetually inhibit the Welsh land. Welsh industrialisation arose...
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...increased participation from the electorate. This encourages direct democracy and therefore strengthens the basic principle of a democratic governing body. However, participation is a key part of the strengthening of democracy. In recent years we have seen a growth in the number of referendums held in the UK. Referendums are usually held to conclude on an important issue, such as devolution and issues regarding the changing of a constitutional law. It has become increasingly problematic that there has been a decline in the turn-out for referendums, a clear example of this is the Welsh national; assembly referendum held in 2011. The turnout for the Welsh national assembly referendum was 33%, with a 65% voting in favour of further devolved powers for the assembly. Although the vote was a majority decision 67% of the electorate did not vote, which undermines the result and therefore democracy is weakened without active participation by the electorate. As mentioned, the Welsh assembly referendum resulted in 67% of the electorate not voting, which means that these individuals will still get a devolved set of powers. Therefore unless you have a 100% turnout a referendum will forever be undemocratic. This can be described as tyranny of minority, the labour government of 1997-2010 avoided this issue by placing a threshold on the 1979 Scottish referendum. This strengthens democracy as it allows MPs to understand the views of the electorate and vote accordingly. This exemplifies the premise...
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...folklore and literary invention, and his historical existence is debated and disputed by modern historians.[2] The sparse historical background of Arthur is gleaned from various histories, including those of Gildas, Nennius and the Annales Cambriae. Arthur's name also occurs in early poetic sources such as Y Gododdin.[3] The legendary Arthur developed as a figure of international interest largely through the popularity of Geoffrey of Monmouth's fanciful and imaginative 12th-century Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain).[4] However, some Welsh and Breton tales and poems relating the story of Arthur date earlier than this work; these are usually termed "pre-Galfridian" texts (from the Latin form of Geoffrey, Galfridus). In these works, Arthur appears either as a great warrior defending Britain from human and supernatural enemies, or as a magical figure of folklore, sometimes associated with the Welsh Otherworld, Annwn.[5] How much of Geoffrey's Historia (completed in 1138) was adapted from such earlier sources, rather than invented by Geoffrey himself, is unknown. Although the themes, events and characters of the Arthurian legend varied widely from text to text, and there was no one canonical version until Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur was published in 1485, Geoffrey's version of events often served as the starting point for later stories. Geoffrey depicted Arthur as a king of Britain who defeated...
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...Reduce Crime in Neighborhoods Submitted to the Coordinating Group of: _X Crime and Justice __ Education __ Social Welfare __ Other Plans to co-register: _X No __ Yes __ Cochrane __ Other __ Maybe TITLE OF THE REVIEW Broken Windows Policing to Reduce Crime in Neighborhoods BACKGROUND Briefly describe and define the problem Crime policy scholars, primarily James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling, and practitioners, such as Los Angeles Police Chief William J. Bratton, have argued for years that when police pay attention to minor offenses—such as aggressive panhandling, prostitution, and graffiti—they can reduce fear, strengthen communities, and prevent serious crime (Bratton & Kelling, 2006; Wilson & Kelling, 1982). Spurred by claims of large declines in serious crime after the approach was adopted in New York City, dealing with physical and social disorder, or “fixing broken windows,” has become a central element of crime prevention strategies adopted by many American police departments (Kelling & Coles, 1996; Sousa & Kelling, 2006). In their seminal “broken windows” article, Wilson and Kelling (1982) argue that social incivilities (e.g., loitering, public drinking, and prostitution) and physical incivilities (e.g., vacant lots, trash, and abandoned buildings) cause residents and workers in a neighborhood to be fearful. Fear causes many stable families to move out of the neighborhood and the remaining residents isolate themselves and avoid others. Anonymity increases and the level of...
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...year, which makes the possibility of teenagers entering the juvenile justice system even higher (Siegel & Welsh, 2009). It is also believed that we as a society, does not provide the adequate support to those youth that are using controlled substances; which could in turn result in a more positive outcome, versus a decline in their behavior from initial arrest (Alcholism.about.com, 2010). This is a very true statement because in 2009, the SAMSHA reported that 374,000 citizens were treated for substance abuse between the ages of eighteen to twenty-four; that does not include the amount of individuals who did not seek help and those that were even younger. It also does not tell the story about how many of those individuals started using controlled substances at an earlier age as a juvenile (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, n.d.). According to Joseph Califano, Jr., we are writing of the younger Americans by releasing them back into society without attending to their substance abuse needs (Alcholism.about.com, 2010). As an American, it is notable that social status plays a vital role in why juveniles embark into the realm of substance abuse. When children aren’t accepted by their peers, they tend to lash out and try things to make their peers accept them, or hide in a corner and not seek any help because they want to be left alone (Siegel & Welsh, 2009). Social...
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...Question 1: * Brexit meaning ? Cách 1: Brexit stands for an act of leaving by Britain from the European Union (short for "British exit") Cách 2: Brexit means the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, short for “British exit” * British should stay in The EU Union. Here are some main reasons: 1. Jobs Around 3.5 million British jobs are directly linked to British membership of the European Union’s single market – 1 in 10 British jobs. 2. Exports & investment The EU buys over 50 percent of UK exports (54 per cent of goods, 40 per cent of services). Over 300,000 British companies and 74 per cent of British exporters operate in other EU markets. American and Asian EU firms build factories in Britain because it is in the single market. 3. Trade The EU negotiates trade agreements with the rest of the world. Outside the EU Britain would have to renegotiate trade deals alone. While the EU is the world’s largest market, a UK outside the EU would not be a high priority for other counties to negotiate a trade deal. 4. Freedom to work and study abroad – and easy travel 1.4 million British people live abroad in the EU. More than 14,500 UK students took part in the European Union’s Erasmus student exchange scheme in 2012-13. Driving licences issued in the UK are valid throughout the EU. 5. Fighting crime The European Arrest Warrant replaced long extradition procedures and enables the UK to extradite criminals wanted in other EU countries, and bring...
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...exporting coal and iron in 18th century. Cardiff Bay owes much of it's history to the Industrial Revolution of the 1780's and played a major part.Cardiff docks was one of the most important ports of the world. Coal export played a major part in the development of the docks during the 19th century Cardiff's economy was founded on its docks Coal from the nearby vallies of South East Wales came to cardiff to be exported all over the world. 80 years ago Cardiff was a major international port. People from all over the world came to work here. The dockside community of Butetown had a multiracial mix, unique in South Wales. TIger bay The locals called it. The docks declined with the decline of the Welsh coal industry, bringing unemployment and poverty to the area. Unfortunately, during the decline of coal exports in the late 1930s, Butetown began to suffer from the effects of mass unemployment. It became dirty, noisy and crime levels were rising. As a result, the wealthier of it's inhabitants moved to the more reputable suburbs in Cardiff, and in their place arose a multi-ethnic community formed by people from all over the world. The 1960 brought a first attempt at redevelopment. The old houses of Tiger bay were knocked down Isolated geographicly from the rest of the Cardiff, TIger Bay had a reputation for crime and violence The future for the area seemed...
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...BRIEF REPORTS Greater Risk of Dementia When Spouse Has Dementia? The Cache County Study [See editorial comments by Dr. Peter P. Vitaliano, pp 976–978] Maria C. Norton, PhD,abc Ken R. Smith, PhD,de Truls Østbye, MD, PhD,fgh JoAnn T. Tschanz, PhD,bc Chris Corcoran, ScD,ci Sarah Schwartz, MS,ci Kathleen W. Piercy, PhD,ac Peter V. Rabins, MD, MPH,j David C. Steffens, MD,k Ingmar Skoog, MD, PhD,l John C. S. Breitner, MD, MPH,mn Kathleen A. Welsh-Bohmer, PhD,g for the Cache County Investigators OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of caring for a spouse with dementia on the caregiver’s risk for incident dementia. DESIGN: Population-based study of incident dementia in spouses of persons with dementia. SETTING: Rural county in northern Utah. PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand four hundred forty-two subjects (1,221 married couples) aged 65 and older. MEASUREMENTS: Incident dementia was diagnosed in 255 subjects, with onset defined as age when subject met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised, criteria for dementia. Cox proportional hazards regression tested the effect of time-dependent exposure to dementia in one’s spouse, adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: A subject whose spouse experienced incident dementia onset had a six times greater risk for incident dementia as subjects whose spouses were dementia free (hazard rate ratio (HRR) 5 6.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5 2.2–16.2, Po.001). In sex-specific analyses, husbands had higher risks ...
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...explore in what way does domestic life effects juvenile crime. There is a possibility that juveniles will become delinquent when is a lack of a structural foundation is furnished within the home they reside. Children who experience rejection, conflict or inadequate supervisor, may become more of a delinquent than children who do not experience similar encounters. Some writings have focused on the connection between child abuse and juvenile delinquency; which pointed out that juvenile delinquents are frequently created within families that were knowingly or insentiently neglecting their child’s needs (National Institute of Justice, (14 Mar 2011)). Kids can learn deviant values from their parents, relatives or peers (Siegel, Larry J. & Welsh, Brandon C. (2008)). In the United States, 14.4% of male inmates and 36.7% female inmates were mistreated during adolescent. Today, the problem as it relates to juvenile crime has become an increasing crisis in the United States. Although society is swift in finger pointing or rendering quick conclusions as to why this problem is so prevalent, a scarce number of individuals are competent or even responsive in handling the situation. Fronting the problem head-on will be an intimidating...
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...The Effects of Family Structure and Values on Juvenile Delinquency Christina M. Bracey 201240 Fall 2012 CJUS 230-B02 LUO Professor DeBoer Liberty University Online October 12, 2012 Abstract The changes in family values and structure in the United States has helped contribute to juvenile delinquency today. Society needs to recognize problems within the home before trying to find solutions to problems for todays at risk youth in America. Major structural changes inside of the home could adversely affect the raising of juveniles leading to delinquency. Some of the issues I will discuss in my paper are divorce, child abuse, mothers working outside of the home, and single-parent homes. Ineffectively raising a child can cause low self-control and low self-esteem while increasing the risks of delinquency as well. I will argue that with proper supervision, counseling, and monitoring of the behavior of the juvenile, it is possible that society can help eliminate some of the crimes committed by juvenile delinquents. Thesis The changes in family values and structure in the United States has helped contribute to juvenile delinquency today Introduction Family Structure has changed noticeably in the United States over the past several decades. It refers to various family characteristics that affect relationships and how families function. These characteristics include family size, family disruption, and birth order. High rates of divorce, single-parent housing, the...
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...and savory herb stewing techniques before the practice became common in Europe. The Norman Conquest introduced exotic spices into Great Britain in the Middle Ages. The British Empire facilitated knowledge of India's elaborate food tradition of "strong, penetrating spices and herbs". Food rationing policies, put in place by the British government during wartime periods of the 20th century, are said to have been the stimulus for British cuisine's poor international reputation. British dishes include fish and chips, the Sunday roast, and bangers and mash. British cuisine has several national and regional varieties, including English, Scottish and Welsh cuisine, which each have developed their own regional or local dishes, many of which are geographically indicated foods such as Cheshire cheese, the Yorkshire pudding, Arbroath Smokie, and Welsh cakes. History Romano-British agriculture, highly fertile soils and advanced animal breeding produced a wide variety of very high quality foodstuffs for indigenous Romano-British. Anglo-Saxon England...
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...Work Place Motivation Paper Shemica Miller PSY/320 January 24, 2012 Magdana L. Philossaint, Ph.D. Motivational Strategies Affecting Productivity Many different motivational strategies affect productivity in a work place. This paper will give an explanation of improving performances employees decline to increase productivity, and management’s philosophy of motivation and its practices will be included. The implications of enforcing any motivational theory that is not currently in practice in the work place, and how motivational theory would impact both management and employees will be analyzed. Employee Motivation Theories based upon Byrne & Welsh, 2001 considered that observing employers at work creating system in which the top 10% are rated as an A player, the middle 80% are rated as b players while the bottom 10% are rated as C players. He decided to give an enormous raise and generous stock options to A players, a modest annual salary raises to the B players, and nothing to C players. This is a way of changing employees’ behavior, and to implement a company -wide program in which incentives and rewards are offered. Acquired needs theory would be a motivational theory this is used to shape over time by experiences over time. These theories fall into three general categories of needs. Achievers seek to excel and appreciate frequent recognition of how well they are doing. Certain work places, and organizations and co-workers lacked this theory...
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...Since the founding of America, there has been a hierarchy. A hierarchy is a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority (Webster). At the top of our society, is the white male, below him is every other race and gender. Due to this, there has been many fights for equality, especially from women. We are currently in the 21st century and the need for equality is still there. We are in a society where it is common for a white male to make more than woman. The wage gap is very apparent in today’s society. As a woman growing up in this environment, it is upsetting to know one day I will not make as much as my brother and that is disappointing. Sadly, the wage gap gets wider with...
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...Many political scientists- such as Crewe and Franklin- have argued that since the 1970s there has been a decline in loyalty to political parties, especially the two main parties, meaning party dealignment is taking place. Party dealignment is a decline in loyalty towards a political party, which is more evident in the Labour party and the Conservative party. We can see that support for the two main parties never fell below 87.5% between 1950 and 1970, which shows party alignment. However there has been a decline is support for the two main parties, shown in that the support for both parties combined hasn’t been higher than 74% since 1974. This could be because a lot of voters left the two main parties when parties such as the Liberal Democrats or Scottish and Welsh nationalist parties emerged. Voters are also no longer loyal to a single party and so we’ve seen an increase in the ‘floating vote’ as, according to Bruter, many voters decide who they’re voting for shortly before election day. There are various reasons for the decline in class loyalty, but it can be argued that the main one is a decline in class loyalty- class dealignment. Prior to the 1970’s voters stayed loyal to the Labour party or the Conservative party, as they were mostly class based. In the 1960’s Pulzer wrote that ‘class is the basis of British party politics’ meaning that class was the main factor for political views. It is true that most people voted according to their social class for example between...
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...system similar to that of adults, but for children. While there are similarities between the two, there are also differences. The adult system focuses on public safety and punishment for criminal conduct. The juvenile correctional system places an emphasis on rehabilitation. Even when it is necessary to incarcerate youths, the setting is not punitive but rather is protective and designed to educate youths about discipline, values, and work ethics therefore guiding them towards becoming productive citizens. In the state of Texas, The Dallas County Juvenile Department believes that for certain youth’s, treatment rather than punishment alone is the most effective strategy in avoiding future involvement with the juvenile justice system. The decline in juvenile incarceration is great but, here is what we are doing wrong, most juvenile justice, child welfare, and school resources currently focus on adolescent juvenile offenders and problem children whose behaviors are already persistent or on education and behavior management programs for youth in middle and high schools rather than on children in elementary schools or preschools. Of course, there are diversion...
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