...Appendix 5.1 Wind power plants with a power output range of 1.5 kW to 25 kW Technical regulation for grid connection TF 3.2.5 Appendix 5.1 Table of contents 1. Terminology and definitions 4 2. Commissioning requirements 5 3. Verification of tolerance of frequency and voltage deviations 6 4. Verification of electricity quality requirements 9 5. Verification of control and monitoring requirements 10 6. Verification of protection requirements 14 7. Verification of data communication requirements 15 To the reader This commissioning report template contains guidelines for implementing a commissioning test to verify that a wind power plant complies with the technical, functional and documentation requirements which wind power plants with a rated output over 1.5 MW and up to 25 MW must comply with when they are connected to the Danish power grid. The report template is published by Energinet.dk and can be downloaded from www.energinet.dk. 1. Terminology and definitions The terminology and definitions used must be specified in this chapter. 2. Commissioning requirements 2.1 Introduction In the following a brief introduction must be given to the commissioning test. The scope of testing (technical tasks and time required) must also be described. Technically, the following must be verified: - Tolerance of frequency and voltage deviations - Electricity quality - Control and monitoring - Protection - Data communication and exchange...
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...the wind resource Q1 - Weather and climate [8 marks] a In less than 100 words, explain the difference between how climate and weather influence thewind regime of a given location.[4 marks] Climate is the long-term description of variations of temperature and wind while weather is the short-term description. Climate is classified as the average and typical range of different variables, while weather is the state of atmosphere for day to day. Climate is what you expect, weather is what your get. A designer use climate data to design the capacity of wind farm, actually weather determines the actual power output in a given period. b Consider Fig. 1. This figure is produced by taking a long timeseries of wind speed data fora given location and analysing it to determine what timescales (or frequencies) areassociatedwith the most prominent variations in wind speed. The x-axis measures period (or frequency)and the y-axis measures \Spectral Density", which in this context just means how prominenta given timescale/frequency is in producing variations in wind speed. In 100 words or less explain the shape of the graph. In 50 words or less, explain theimplicationsfor a wind farm operator.[4 marks] The spectrum – frequency diagram measures the variations of wind speed. The peak of the wave indicates a significant change in wind speed over the corresponding time period. The four peaks mean: seasonal wind speed change in a year, wind speed change in few days (4), day and night wind speed...
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...are discussing the topic of wind energy. The reading starts out by mentioning the wind is good and it is a renewable resource. The wind is available everywhere. In United States, 20 percent of the electricity could be provided by wind power. However, the speaker argues by mentioning the amount of energy produced by wind power, it is unpredictable because it can spread out. Wind power does not generate if wind is not strong enough. Moreover, not everywhere that turbine for generator can be installed. The reading continues by bringing up the point of the cost of wind energy. Wind energy is affordable compare to coal, oil, and gas because the wind is free. Alternatively, the speaker once again resists this idea by the initial investment for produce wind energy is expensive. A generator for produce wind energy needs location and land that big enough for a machine. Land is very expensive and hard to find. Furthermore, a generator will be built in a farm far from the city. It needs to build a transmission line to transfer the energy from farm to city. These can cost a large amount of money. The final point made by the reading is wind power is safe and environmentally friendly. The wind energy does not cause greenhouse gases or other pollutants. Comparing to other source of fuel such as coal, oil, and gases, wind is cleaner. So, it helps reduce causes of global warming and it will lead to better health of populations. Whereas, the speaker says that wind energy has a negative impact...
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...Winds of Change Sonya Marquis BUS440-801 Introduction Wind energy is a renewable resource, which means that future supply will not be affected by current use. The rising concerns about global warming, pollution, and depletion of natural resources makes wind a viable and logical source of energy for the near and distant future. There are many advantages to wind energy; it is a sustainable energy source that is non-polluting. With a 30 percent annual increase, wind is the world’s fastest-growing bulk power electricity source. Montana has a bright future in wind energy. The American Wind Energy Association ranked Montana’s wind-energy potential in the top five in the nation. Currently, the state has several utility-scale wind farms in operation. History of Wind Energy Wind energy has been used by civilizations throughout time. As early as 5000 B.C., wind energy propelled boats up and down rivers. Simple windmills pumped water in China in 200 B.C. Wind energy technology and its applications continued to grow and diversify throughout the ages. By the late 19th century, settlers of the New World were using windmills to pump water, and eventually, to generate electricity. Small windmills were used until the late 1920s to bring electricity to rural Americans. Farm and ranch communities in Montana used wind generators that produced direct current (DC) electricity that was often stored in batteries. However, these systems were short-lived due to the Rural Electrification...
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...Power by the Wind 1 Power by the Wind Power by the Wind covers the topic of wind energy. There is a large sector in our country that believes wind energy is an excellent alternative resource, including myself. There is also a group of people that believe that the wind turbines that are used to generate wind energy is a bad idea because they obstruct the natural view, causes death to birds, and generates noise pollution. They also argue that wind energy is not a dependable source of energy because the wind does not blow continually. I will explain the long history of wind energy and the methods that have been used to harness it. I will also look at wind energy from a positive and negative perspective. A Long History: The human relationship with the wind has been a long one with the use of sailing ships and windmills. For centuries past the wind was used as the main power source for sailing ships. The use of windmills seems to have started with the Persians for grinding grain (between 500 and 900 A.D.). Windmills started appearing in Europe around the time of the Crusades (1096 -1270). The European design is very different from the Persian one Power by the Wind 2 and there is an ongoing debate whether the Europeans developed the windmill themselves or the Crusaders had taken the idea back to Europe. The earliest windmills found in Europe were a post mill construction. The main structure of the windmill sits on top of a post and...
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...1 INTRODUCTION TO WIND ENERGY........................................................................................................1 1.1 What is wind energy..................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Why use wind energy ................................................................................................................................1 Why choose wind over conventional fuel sources .........................................................................1 1.2.2 Why choose wind over other renewable energy technologies............................................................1 1.3 The history and rise of wind energy ..........................................................................................................2 1.3.1 The first windmills were for mechanical power generation ...............................................................2 1.3.2 Electrical power generation ................................................................................................................3 1.4 Wind energy in Australia ..........................................................................................................................6 1.5 Wind energy in the future..........................................................................................................................7 1.5.1 Onshore wind energy ...............................................
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...WIND ENERGY I. Concept: _ Wind is the movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. In fact, wind exists because the sun unevenly heats the surface of the Earth. As hot air rises, cooler air moves in to fill the void. As long as the sun shines, the wind will blow. And as long as the wind blows, people will harness it to power their lives. _ The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe the process by which the wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity. This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity to power homes, businesses, schools, and the like. II. Operating principle: _ Wind power is extracted from air flow using wind turbines or sails to produce mechanical or electrical power. Ancient mariners used sails to capture the wind and explore the world. Farmers once used windmills to grind their grains and pump water. Today, more and more people are using wind turbines to wring electricity from the breeze. Over the past decade, wind turbine use has increased at more than 25 percent a year. _ Most wind energy comes from turbines that can be as tall as a 20-story building and have three 200-foot-long (60-meter-long) blades. These contraptions look like giant airplane propellers on a stick. The wind spins the blades, which turn a shaft connected to a generator that produces electricity. Other turbines work the...
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...Wind Energy 1 Wind Energy Customer Inserts His/Her Name Customer Inserts Grade Course Customer Inserts Tutor’s Name 12, April, 2012 Wind Energy 2 Outline 1. Introduction 2. Advantages 3. Disadvantages 4. Conclusion Wind Energy 3 Introduction In light of concern owing to depletion of fossil based fuels it is emerging that wind energy is receiving considerable thought as a solution to the looming energy crisis. The Australian Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Renewable Energy (ACRE) was established in July 1996 with a goal of undertaking research on issues of power generation, storage and conditioning, energy efficiency, system integration and policy analysis (Smith 2008). The goal of the Australian government to attain a renewable energy target of 2% by the year 2010 caused a dramatic interest in wind energy within the country (Paulson 2001). Advantages With the current focus on global climate issues wind energy has been found to be very advantageous as it is produced naturally (Wagner & Mathur 2009). The process of production involves manipulation of a naturally available resource (wind power) and thus does not pollute the air. It is known that power plant rely on combustion of fossil fuels and thus pollute the environment. Turbines do not produce any pollutants (Wagner & Mathur 2009). Another advantage with wind energy is that unlike fossil fuels which are geographically isolated to specific regions, wind energy is available in almost all regions of the world (Wagner...
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...Wind Turbines: As the demand for energy is constantly increasing, due to an ever increasing congested population, mankind finds itself in a predicament, where do we continue to source the needed power to run our world. The old 20th century industrial age response is no longer applicable to modern day society, whereby; coal, gas and other non renewable limited resources are depleting. The 21st century has been presented with this detrimental world altering issue. Thankfully we now live in what is known as the technological era. This new century brought about with it new ideas and new developments- accordingly it is these developments in thinking and resources that will pave the way for alternate sources of power. New responses to this ever-present issue include hyrdo-electricity, a legitimate and controllable sources of power, solar power; another renewable resource whose presence is ever increasing in today’s developing world. Arguably the most efficient form of renewable and environmentally friendly energy is wind power. The ability to harness the power generated by the winds. The concept of harnessing the power of wind is no new invention, not even relatively new, in fact the idea has been around since 5000B.C whereby it was first utilized by the early Egyptians to propel their boats down the Nile river. Over the centuries, advancements to the concept continued and by 200B.C simple windmills in china were being developed to pump water for irrigation whilst the middle...
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...The Big Wind MGT-541 Advanced Marketing Management March 16, 2012 The Big Wind 1. What type of research should Urs do? Urs has many different issues that she is facing in making this windmill decision. Urs must first conduct market research. Market research has a variety of purposes and a variety of data collection methods that can be utilized for each purpose. What Urs needs to understand is that no small business can succeed without understanding who the potential customers might be, how those products and services affect the customers, and the market in general. Competition is often fierce, and operating without conducting research may give competitors an advantage. There are two ways to do market research, primary and secondary research. ("Market Research," 2010) As a general rule, a thorough research of the secondary data should be undertaken prior to conducting primary research. Using information gleaned from secondary sources, the owner can uncover all kinds of demographic information, including detailed income data and spending patterns. The secondary information will provide a useful background and will identify key questions and issues that will need to be addressed by the primary research. Performing secondary market research means obtaining information from sources such as trade journals and magazines where published papers, directories and even market statistics can be found. Useful qualitative...
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...carbon dioxide which is a destructive greenhouse gas, it has historically dragged its feet when it comes to alternative energy. Wind energy is arguably the most important alternative energy source currently available. It is relativity inexpensive, abundant, and climate-benign, and most importantly, inexhaustible. By 2020, wind energy is expected to provide for half of Europe’s energy needs. The world’s wind-generating capacity is currently growing by 29 percent a year. Figueroa 2 According to a study conducted by the Department of Energy, the states of North Dakota, Kansas, and Texas alone receive enough wind to provide electricity for the entire nation. By the same token, offshore wind farms could provide enough energy to power the entire nation. Wind energy systems require very little maintenance, and could potentially produce electricity for as little as $0.02 per kilowatt-hour. The average US household consumes about 10,000 KWh of electricity each year. Fact, a 250-kw turbine installed at the elementary school in Spiril Lace, Iowa, provides an average of 350,000 KWh of electricity per year, more than is necessary for the 53,000-square-foot school. We have the potential to generate enough energy to meet our needs in such a way that is beneficial to both humanity and the environment. So why are we not developing wind power concept sooner rather than later? Figueroa 3 Authors: Morley, David C., and Rich, Alex K....
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...Current Event 09-07-12 Wind Turbines I First Willacy County Turbine Farm Opens, More to Follow: A little over a year ago, a Chicago-based renewable energy company E.ON held a ribbon-cutting ceremony at the new site and began construction in October of 2011. The Magic Valley Wind Farm is what they decided to call it and it is located roughly 5 miles east of Raymondville. It is Willacy County's first wind farm. Within the last year, they put up 112 Danish-produced Vestas 1.8 megawatt turbines that generate more than 200 megawatts together, which is enough to power 60,000 houses. There was over 200 people hired for the construction phase of this wind farm and a staff of around 20 people on site. The project was approximately a 200 million dollar investment for E.ON and is the company’s 16th operational wind farm in North America upping the company’s generating power to 2,000 megawatts in Texas. The location of this wind farm is supposed to have minimal impact on wildlife and the environment due to environmental studies. During construction of this wind farm, more than 24 miles of public roads where constructed. Why do you think that is? I’m assuming they were constructed to cart in the enormous shafts and blades. There were more than 60,000 cubic yards of concrete poured and more than 50 miles of underground cable laid. Now if you head South of the Magic Valley project you will run into two more wind farms owned by Duke Energy that are supposed to operational at the end of the...
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...Wind Turbine San Jose State University, Charles W. Davidson College of Engineering E10 Introduction to Engineering By Justin DeCastro, Cari Geldreich, Hugo Quiroz, and Ashley Mishra March 24, 2011 Professor Athanasiou Section 6 Project Summary The project that was assigned in lab was the wind turbine lab. The objective of this lab was to develop and construct a wind turbine that would create enough energy to conduct electricity. The goal of the assignment was to construct the most creative and stable structure so that it would withstand high winds. After constructing the turbine, which was 17 inches high and weight 255 grams, the next task was to test its stiffness using various amounts of weights and to look for the displacement. The maximum amount of displacement by the turbine was 4.81 mm. After finding out how stiff the turbine was, the next task was to measure the amount of power the turbine generated. The turbine worked quite well except for the fact that the blade broke within the first few minutes. The blade speed started out with 9703 RPM and went down to as low as 6000RPM when it had 6 light bulbs on. The turbine successfully completed all the objectives with ease. The only thing that it could’ve done better in was the stiffness test because it displaced more weight than it needed to. Table of Contents Introduction pg. 4 Turbine Structure Design Structure & Blade Design pg. 5 Structure & Blade Construction pg. 6 ...
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...that we can use. Wind, water, sun and geothermal heat are a few that are readily available for use. However, we have to think of the pros and cons and the human interaction that comes with all four of these. Some of the pros and cons are the same with these, although from here-in there will only be talk of wind power and the good and bad sides to using it. Wind power is a totally renewable resource. Since, there is wind all over the world turbines could go up anywhere, on land and in the sea. The pros to putting wind turbines are that they are green. They do not produce any radiation or other type of pollution that can affect the local area. Efficiency always comes in to play when planning something that big and they are very efficient, both with space and what they provide. Some of the largest turbines offer power to generate enough watts for 600 homes; they also can protect against power outages, whereas telephone poles cannot since they can get knocked down more easy, for example in an ice storm. Wind power has been around since the early 1800’s when it was used to power water pumps to get water out of wells to go to farming. And, besides, once the structure is up and running and paid for the power is, for the most part, free. With the pros stated, now it is time for the cons to be gone over. Since the biggest part of a wind turbine is the wind, it can be hard to say where and for how long a certain place it going to be windy for. There could be a lot if wind one day and none...
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...Case 6 - The Big Wind Urs Siani, an engineer, had been employed by a large housing construction corporation for nine years and had recently been promoted from project supervisor to company vice-president. Over the past year in her spare time, and because of her passion for energy conservation, she developed a radically new windmill in her garage that she hoped would reduce energy costs for farmers in regions where high winds were common. Based upon her estimates, two of these windmills, together with a storage battery system, would be capable of supplying the normal electrical energy requirements for an average farm. To date, Urs had received a patent for her "Big Wind" windmill system and had sought some advice of professional colleagues as to the best way to market, make, distribute, and service the windmills for potential customers. Urs calculated that at a selling price of $16,000, she could net $4,000 per sale after paying for materials and labour for two windmills, a storage battery system, transportation and installation that would be required for each windmill system sale. An average farmer could expect to save enough on his electricity charges to recover the cost of the equipment within eight years, according to Urs estimates. Based upon feedback she received attending a wind-energy conference, Urs believed her windmill could have long-term potential and be made even more efficient with further research and through the use of improved battery systems currently...
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