...to study crime and criminal behavior , and why do people engage in this area of study ? There are a variety of answers of these questions, built around many kinds of concerns , like the anxiety, anger , and fear that are common responses to crime of the future crimes . former victims of crimes may contribute of showing the importance of studying criminology by, transferring them experience and feeling of anxiety, anger, and fear which Generated from crimes to other persons . Then the need to study criminology become at the forefront of priorities , to predict and control crime; the hope of preventing crime through individual and social reform the wish to understand and explain crime and societal reactions to it; and the simple desire to learn more about crime and what it can tell us about our society . Criminologists disagree, sometimes violently, about which of these kinds of concerns are most legitimate and important . So Criminology was the composite result of the thinking and endeavors of many people, and them desire to the understanding the individual behavior and deviation and the structuring of the social order . The study of crime has engaged the interest of many academic disciplines. Building on centuries of philosophical debate, systematic attempts to explain crime emerged from the developing biological and social sciences in the late nineteenth century. Anthropologists, statisticians, and economists have contributed to the analysis of crime, but the...
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...paid to study crime and criminal behavior , and why do people engage in this area of study ? There are a variety of answers of these questions, built around many kinds of concerns , like the anxiety, anger , and fear that are common responses to crime of the future crimes . former victims of crimes may contribute of showing the importance of studying criminology by, transferring them experience and feeling of anxiety, anger, and fear which Generated from crimes to other persons . Then the need to study criminology become at the forefront of priorities , to predict and control crime; the hope of preventing crime through individual and social reform the wish to understand and explain crime and societal reactions to it; and the simple desire to learn more about crime and what it can tell us about our society . Criminologists disagree, sometimes violently, about which of these kinds of concerns are most legitimate and important . So Criminology was the composite result of the thinking and endeavors of many people, and them desire to the understanding the individual behavior and deviation and the structuring of the social order . The study of crime has engaged the interest of many academic disciplines. Building on centuries of philosophical debate, systematic attempts to explain crime emerged from the developing biological and social sciences in the late nineteenth century. Anthropologists, statisticians, and economists have contributed to the analysis of crime, but the major...
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...should. Juvenile Justice System main focus is rehabilitation as a replacement for punishment in which the adult court system focuses on punishment. The juvenile system methods are based on causation theories throughout history. However, with new trends comes new theories and with new theories comes a new wave of both rehabilitation techniques and designing those techniques to fit each juvenile personal needs; proving that change is in need throughout the different areas of the juvenile justice system. Community Community helps juveniles in different ways. Juvenile law will place them accountable for their actions. The community can help to hold the youths accountable for each of their delinquent actions. The community could help intervene by providing an effective intervention for the offender and to have the child protection protect the neglect or abused juveniles (The future of children). Each community should help develop different programs that will help with juveniles. Detention centers should become more productive to help the juvenile and prevention centers should develop more resources. The community could focus on fighting for more prevention programs like D.A.R.E, boys and girls club, youth leaderships, leadership programs, community centers, mentoring programs, different type of after-school programs, big brother big sister programs,...
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...out questionnaires in a shopping center. This may sound obvious, but this distinction stems back to the time of the Ancient Greek Philosophers. Cutting a long story short, Plato believed that all knowledge could be reasoned; Aristotle that knowledge relied upon empirical observation and measurement. This does bring up one interesting anomaly. Strictly speaking, the great physicists, such as Einstein and Stephen Hawking, are not scientists. They generate sweeping and elegant theories and mathematical models to describe the universe and the very nature of time, but measure nothing. In reality, they are mathematicians, occupying their own particular niche, and they should properly be referred to as theoreticians. Still, they are still commonly referred to as scientists and do touch upon the scientific method in that any theory they have can be destroyed by a single scrap of empirical evidence. The Scientific Method Relies Upon Data The scientific method uses some type of measurement to analyze results, feeding these findings back into theories of what we know about the world. There are two major ways of obtaining data, through measurement and...
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...the dominant norms of society. There are many different theories on what causes a person to perform deviant behavior, including biological explanations, psychological explanations, and sociological explanations. Numerous theories have been established to explain criminal behavior. While some theories are not as common, others have evolved and are used in many criminal studies today. Up-to-date criminologists combine the most relevant characteristics of sociology, psychology, biological, and social-psychological to advance their understanding of criminal behavior. Professionals in this field study factors that contribute to criminal activities, make relevant policy recommendations and draw conclusions based on those assessments. (Varying Theories on Crime, 2015) Several theories attempt to explain criminal behavior. Most theories assume: * Crime is part of human nature. * Crime is based on biological, psychological, and/or economic aspects. One of the earliest approaches to explaining the causes of crime was the classical theory, which is defined as a product of the Enlightenment, based on the assumption that people exercise free will and are consequently completely responsible for their actions. In the classical theory, human behavior, including criminal behavior, is motivated by a self-indulgent wisdom, in which actors with the potential pleasure of an action against the possible pain associated with it. (Explaining Crime, 2015) In 1764, criminologist Cesare Beccaria...
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...Unit 5 IP: Theories of Crime Causation American InterContinental University Virgen Ramos Abstract This essay will cover four main theories: the social control theory, the neutralization theory, the labeling theory, and the routine activities theory. These four theories will then be compared to the following four programs: the Midnight Basketball League programs, the Weed and Seed programs, the Graffiti Reduction program, and the Prison Rehabilitation program. They will each be discussed and described thoroughly with the use of examples. Overall, this essay will cover how the public is trying to decrease crime rates. Unit 5 IP: Theories of Crime Causation In this large world, we have large amounts of crime rates. These high crime rates lead to the creations of specific theories. These theories lead to the makings of specific programs. These specific programs all have to do with a theory. This theory is what gives the public the idea to form a program to try to see if it will help. Discussed in this essay will be many different theories and which programs go along with them. The first theory to be introduced in this essay is Hirschi’s social control theory. “Hirschi’s social control theory proposes that delinquents fail to form or maintain a bond to society consisting of attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief” (Wiatrowski, 1981, p. 525). In other words, his theory is that if people are not involved in something they enjoy doing, something they look forward...
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...Media and Crime Candis M. Cardenas Introduction to Crime and CausesPSY303 Argosy University Media and Crime Crime has always existed, but in the last few decades it has become the focus of many media outlets and “has made a dramatic entrance into North American popular culture” (Dowler, Fleming, & Muzzatti, 2006, p. 840). Notes that some of the fascination culminates from “the need of various groups to see others as active participants in criminal cultures, as different” (2006, p. 840) in addition to the “highly skewed presentation of crime stories [by the media] on select forms of violent crime and crime victims” (p. 840). News is intended to inform the public of events that affect citizens or are of human interest by providing facts. Before the technological era, news came in the print medium of newspapers, which was the only instrument for communities to communicate generally. Now there are mass instruments in use that include radio, television, magazines, internet, digital media, outdoor media, recordings and reproductions, cinema, cellular phones, video games, broadcasts, etc. Crime in the news can be perceived as an ornate due to the manner in which the many stories are presented as if to blur the line between providing information versus a Realty-TV form of entertainment. This report is analyzes two crime stories that focus on different crimes, the articles purpose, the portrayal of the criminal justice system, the authors reactions, and theoretical explanations...
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...Assignment 2--- White Collar Crime Theories, Law, and Processes Lucas McPherson Professor Dr. Matthew Miko LEG 200 – White Collar Crime in Government, Business, and Labor December 21, 2011. 1. Explain white collar crime in terms of various theories related to criminology and crime. There are several basic theories in which white collar crime can be explained relating to criminology and crime. We must look at several concepts and behaviors and take certain metaphysical, ontological, and epistemological assumption about the ultimate nature of reality and being into consideration. Example, is reality subjective or objective? Is causation simply a human construct, or is it something that can be definitively and objectively established? The latter were two questions to approach some explanation of the theories of white collar crime and the criminological concept of the offenders in this sector. There are the sociological, biogenetic, psychological, and sociogenic explanation to white collar criminology and crime. The most basic theory of criminality states that criminals are different in some fundamental way from non-criminals. Then the nature of the difference must be identified. On a Sociological level the propensity to commit crimes, is shown to vary among various segments of the population or among different organization. The biogenetic explanation of criminality became especially influential in the nineteenth century. This states that criminals...
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...Running head: PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACHED TO ETHICAL DECISION 1 Philosophical Approaches to Ethical Decision-Making Donald McCoy Strayer University PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACHED TO ETHICAL DECISION 2 Philosophical Approaches to Ethical Decision-Making The problem of freedom can be understood in two distinct meanings; however we will take a more philosophical approach (N.A Berdyaev, 2011). We will define the problem of freedom as choice of good and evil, which conquers and which they conquer not. Also in order to understand the problem of freedom we have to add Free will. Free will has as much to do with making choices and participating in actions as morality fitting into the equation (N.A Berdyaev, 2011). Morality dictates that we have freedoms to be moral and make moral decisions. The chances are if we were to remove free will form the equation then we could not be held responsible for our moral decisions. Another factor of the problem of freedom is responsibility, which is the direct path to freedom. This analogy puts it in to perspective the more freedom we have; the more responsible we are for it. When freedom is involved the words choice and free are synonymous of each other. You can’t have one without the other (Williams & Arrigo, 2008). One would state that we couldn’t choose if we are not free to do so. We would not do the word freedom justice unless we look at ethical decision-making. Freedom when discussed...
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...CASE STUDY PAPER 1 Kid Killers: Delinquency Theories Arache Lotfalian UMUC CCJS 350 Professor Donovan 11/29/2012 CASE STUDY PAPER 2 In the middle class suburban town of Littleton, near Denver Colorado, a 17 year old murderous fantasy is beginning to take shape. Eric Harris and a friend known as “Vulcan” or “V” intend to commit an act so violent that it will secure their place in history. The following is an expert from Harris’s Journal, mastermind behind the Columbine Shooting: “Sometime in April next year, me and “V” will get revenge, kick natural selection up a few notches. If we’ve learned anything about the art of making pipe bombs, we’ll set hundreds of them around roads, bridges, buildings, and gas stations; anything that will cause damage and chaos. It will be like the L.A. riots, Oklahoma City bombings, WWII, Vietnam, Duke and Doom all mixed together. I want to leave a lasting impression on the world.” One year later on April the 20th 1999, Eric Harris and another Columbine student, Dylan Klebold, committed the worst High School massacre in American history. They killed twelve students and one teacher; injured twenty three others and then turned the guns on themselves (Avila, 2000). Immediately following the mass shootings, media, sociologists and criminologists set about the difficult task of discovering the motives of the killers and answering the question of whether or not problems within society allowed this to happen....
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...Criminolgy Fall 2013 3 Major Sources of Crime Data Uniform Crime Report Officially reported crime Counts the # of offences known to police . (Doesn’t count the onest that are not reported (For example, Police Arrests) Crimes Reported Voluntary Participation Self Report UCR Part I Violent Crimes: Homicide, aggravated assault, property crimes, larceny, theft “serious crimes” Sean.007@umb.edu 9/10/13 Risk and Personal Safety Crime isn’t exploding The polls say it’s America’s #1 concern , new prisons, longer sentences. Film: Are we scaring ourselves to Death? What are some of the crime myths identified in the film. Crime Surge Particulary violent crime Old, white, women as victims of crime Stranger homicide Violenct Crime Facts National Commission on the causes and prevention of Violence Primarily an urban phenomenon Offenders are primarily males, youth ages 15-24 years minority, low SES individuals - Victims “...” Perpertartors are most likely to be acquantances Primarily committed by repeat offenders 6% for between 53% and 71% of violent crime. What year was this report published? 1969. Victimolgy Emergence: 1940’s Hans Von Hentig First person to really bring the idea of victim’s role in criminal events Victims precipitaton - idea that the victim brings on the criminal act Who is more likely to be victimized Victim- Offender Link Likelihood of vicitimization ...
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...Introduction. The polemical debate in understanding why crime occurred in society had invited a cornucopia of theoretical ideas based on ideology, pragmatism, and concomitant paradigmatic shifts. This debate, sometimes vitriolic and vexatious in equal measure, had resonated across the centuries mostly via philosophical thought. In the last two hundred years, however, the debate had become increasingly interwoven and complicated by newly-developed and derivative theories (sometimes polar or diametrically opposed) through the complex entanglement of modern societal development and socio-political thought. Insodoing, unpacking and defining the etiology of crime has proved to be a noteworthy adversary. This essay would seek to examine this unfolding drama of etiological proportions by addressing one of these key modern-day ideological polarities: right realism and left realism. It would critically discuss the relational polarity between these two theories by first examining and then comparing their respective etiologies. Second, it would examine and critique the interplay between ideology and British crime policy. Left Realism (LR): Etiology. “Left realism was explicitly, although not exclusively, concerned with the origins, nature, and impact of crime in the working class” (Lilly, Cullen, & Ball, 2007: p.191). It was a radical criminology and a very British development (Newburn, 2007). It was ‘Left’ as crime was envisaged as endemic owing to the class and patriarchical...
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...Theories of criminology Prof. Dr. Ayman Elzeiny Introduction :- What is Theory? Definitions of the theory Vold, Bernard, and Snipes defined it as :- “an explanation … a sensible relating of some particular phenomenon to the whole field of knowledge” On other hand Bohm defined it as “makes statements about the relationship between two classes of phenomena” Williams and McShane defined it as “generalizations of a sort; explains how two or more events are related” . According to Shoemaker the theory is : “a systematic collection of concepts and statements purporting to explain behavior” . And according to Hoover the theory is “a set of related propositions that suggest why events occur”. We can define theory as "Statement of a relationship between two or more propositions and concepts . which explains and/or predicts some behavior ". Introduction to Theories of criminology : There are many "theories" of criminology suggested by many writers. It would not be practical to list them all. a few only that have received some support. The almost prominent schools of criminology Were : The Classical School, "which began about 1755 to 1764" after Beccaria (1738-94) published his famous Essay on Crimes and Punishments; Along with Beccaria, the thinkers of the Classical School were Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Jeremy Bentham, William Blackstone, Samuel Romilly, and others. The Positive School, " which began after the publication of Lombroso's L'uomo...
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...REVIEW 1. The Sociological approach: a. is not scientific b. suggests that relations we have with other people create opportunities for us to think and act c. suggests that relations we have with other people set limits on our thoughts and actions d. leaves the study of personal issues to psychologists e. b and c * EXPLANATION: Although sociology contains both objective and subjective elements it is a science. Sociologists observe reality in a systematic and controlled manner and evaluate the validity of their ideas based on observations. Objectivity plays the role of a reality check while subjectivity makes us set our priorities for research. The sociological approach to improving human welfare is based on the idea that the relations we have with other people create opportunities for us to think and act but also set limits on our thoughts and actions. Accordingly, we can better understand that what we are and what we can become by studying the social relations that help shape us. FOR EXAMPLE: even the most personal issues can be studied using a sociological approach Suicide could have been seen as an anti-social act caused by psychological distress but Durkheim studied it from a sociological perspective correlating it to “social solidarity”, how frequently people interact with others and share their beliefs, values and morals. Social forces then determine the likelihood to commit suicide. Sociologists use the sociological approach to identify: ...
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...Paul McGarrah Stan Ingman AGER 4800 Term Paper 5/4/15 The Life Course Perspective: Understanding The Cummulative Life Experience The life course perspective is an interdisciplinary paradigm approach for the research of individuals lives to identify socioeconomic and ethnocultural factors that influence the individuals behavior and status. This perspective focuses on the network between individuals and the context of their progression. A life course is a sequence of events that define an individual and the effect it has on their socioeconomic status. This chain of events establish a cummulative value of an individuals lifetime experience. The life course perspective is characterized by seven fundamental principles. They are socio-historical,...
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