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Theory of Poverty

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‫األطار التاريخي الدولي لنشوء نظرية الفقر:‬
‫لقد ارتبط الفقر برباط وثيق م ع ضعف النظام االقتصادي ، و ىذا يعكس اخفاق كل من‬ ‫السوق و الدولة . فالنمو االقتصادي ليس شرطاً كافياً لمتخفيف من الفقر و لكنو البد من‬ ‫اقتصاد موسع ( يخمق فرص عمل جديدة كافية ، و أجور أعمى من حد الفقر ) لنجاح أي‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫عممية تنموية تقمل من الفقر. و لكن ىذا ىو بالتحديد نمط النمو االقتصادي الذي ما ال مفقودا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ً‬

‫في الغالبية العظمى من االقتصاديات العالمية . فقد أفرزت الد اسات و النظريات المتعمقة‬ ‫ر‬

‫بالفقر رؤيتين لظاى ة الفقر ، األولى نظرت لمفقر في دول العالم النامي عمى انو انعكاس لمأزق‬ ‫ر‬ ‫تعامل االقتصاديون مع ظاى ة الفقر من منطمقين : االول ، منطمق أيديولوجي ، يبرر التضحيـة‬ ‫ر‬

‫التنمية ، و الثانية ، ى ان الفقر في العالم المتقدم ناتج عن التفاوت في توزيع الدخل. فقد‬ ‫تر‬ ‫بالعدالـة االجتماعيـة في سبـل النمـو االقتصادي، و الثاني ، اقتصادي يفترض إن تحقيق الزيادة‬

‫في كفاءة نظام اإلنتاج كفيمة بتحسين حال الفئات األضعف في المجتمع ، بوصفيا ثمار الحقة‬ ‫اً‬ ‫إن النظرية الكالسيكية عندما تنظر الى الفقر ، عمى انو أحد التكاليف المرتبطة عمى‬ ‫عممية التنمية فعمى المجتمع ان يتحمميا و ان يكيف نظامو االجتماعي الستيعابيا .‬ ‫ي ان تكون أعداد كبي ة من أف اده شقية و فقي ة ايضا)). ولكن ى ان ( آدم سميث )‬ ‫نر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫الضرور‬ ‫ففي عام 1792 كتب أحد فالسفة األخالق يقول (( لكي نجعل المجتمع سعيداً فمن‬

‫تتساقط عمى الجميع .‬

‫كان عمى النقيض من ذلك حين قال (( ال يمكن بالتأكيد ألي مجتمع ان يكون مزدىر و سعيداً‬ ‫اً‬ ‫إذا كان القسم األكبر من أف اده فقير و بائساً )). و لقد فات ( آدم سميث ) ان مولد نظام‬ ‫ر‬ ‫اً‬ ‫السوق بمقوماتو األساسية ( األرض ، العمل ، و أس المال ) كان مصحوبا باأللم فقد بدأ في‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ً‬ ‫القرن الثامن عشر و لم ينتو لحد اآلن ، و كان في كل خطوة يتم تحويل العمل الى سمعة‬ ‫تجارية ، شأنو في ذلك تحويل أس المال .وفي ميالد ىذا النظام لم يعد ممكناً، ان تحل مشكمة‬ ‫ر‬

‫البقاء عن طريق العادات و األوامر ( بين السادة و العبيد ) و إنما اصبح يحميا العمل الحر ،‬

‫يقوم بو قوم يسعون و اء الربح ، و ال ابط بينيم سوى السوق وحدىا ، و كانت ال أسمالية ىي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬

‫االسم الذي سوف يطمق عمى ىذا النظام . من ىنا ى انو ليس من الصعوبة ان نفيم السبب‬ ‫نر‬ ‫الذي من اجمو تصور ( مالثوس و ريكاردو ) العالم بيذه المعاني القاتمة ، فقد وضح ان نظام‬
‫ثم يقول ماركس (( إن كل مجتمع يبنى عمى قاعدة اقتصادية و يؤكد في النياية حقيقة البشر‬

‫المصنع اآلخذ في النمو يخمق مجموعة من الشرور االجتماعية.‬

‫الصمدة ، الذين نظموا نواحي نشاطيم بقصد توفير الممبس والمأكل و المسكن )). و مع ان ماركس‬ ‫عندما وضع كتابو ( بؤس الفمسفة ) أعاد م ة ى مناقشة األسئمة الكالسيكية الشائعة ، و خاصة‬ ‫ر أخر‬ ‫تمك التي تبحث في القوانين التي تحكم توزيع الدخل و كيف تؤثر في النمو االقتصادي في الزمن‬ ‫السكان التي كانت تظير ان بؤس الطبقات العمالية الفقي ة يعود باألساس عمى تصرفات تمك الطبقات‬ ‫ر‬ ‫تفوق الزيـادة بالدخل ، و قد انتقد ماركس ىذه النظرية باعتماده عمى أدلة تاريخية و تحميل اقتصادي‬

‫الطويل ، إال انو أعطى ليذا التحميل بعداً اجتماعياً اكبر فقد ىاجم ماركس النظرية المالثوسية في‬ ‫فيم يزيدون من أعدادىم بمجرد ان ترتفع دخوليـم فوق حد الكفاف ، و ىذه الزيادة تكون بمتواليـات‬ ‫عندما قال ، ان السكان العاممين ينتجون من الدخل ما يكفييم و يزيد عن حاجاتيم و لكن يؤخذون‬ ‫لصالح القمة من ال أسماليين ، و بالتالي يؤول حال ى الء العمال الى البؤس و الشقاء. من ىنا ى‬ ‫ير‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ر‬

‫ءاً صغير جداً من ىذا الدخل ، بينما تذىب النسبة الكبي ة منو الى عمميات الت اكم ال أسمالي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫جز‬ ‫اً‬ ‫ماركس بأن ال أسمالية تواجو إشكالية في بنائيا و فمسفتيا و ال تقبل الحل ، و إن النظام ال أسمالي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫سوف يقضي عم ى نفسو ، لذلك لم يسبق إن وجو اتيام أخالقي اعمق من ذلك الذي يقول ، إن ثمن‬ ‫بقاء نظام ىو موت الذين يعيشون في داخمو . فالمكاسب االجتماعية التي تحققت في المجتمعات‬ ‫ال أسمالية خالل المنظور التاريخي ليا من( ضمان اجتماعي ، الحد األدنى من األجور، اتفاقات‬ ‫ر‬ ‫نتاج الص اع االجتماعي و انعكاساتيا االجتماعية والعقائدية في مواجية التحول الكبير لممجتمعات‬ ‫ر‬

‫العمل الجماعيـة،..الخ ) لم تكن عمى اإلطالق تقدماً عفوياً من جانب النظـام ال أسمالي ، و إنما ىي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫نحو االشت اكية ، والتي يتعين اآلن لمفق اء بعد اخفاق النموذج االشت اكي بانتياء االتحاد السوفيتي (‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫الجديد لمسياسات االقتصادية ، و كانت نتيجة ذلك ان االقتصاد المحكوم قد حد من الحرية السياسية‬

‫السابق ) والمنظومة المنطوية تحتو ان ينظموا أنفسيم سياسياً لكي يضمنوا مصالحيم في األصل‬ ‫و االقتصادية لمناس ، و حالة عدم الكفاءة دون تمكينو من توليد الموارد االقتصادية الكافية لتمبية‬ ‫احتياجاتيم.‬

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