...: Nyaradzo Mudzana Edgar Muzulu W150766 Fiso Ncube Cherubin Mahova PROGRAMME : Master of Science in Development Studies - INTAKE 10 : Weekend COURSE : Disaster and Livelihoods Management LECTURER : Dr S.Mombeshora QUESTION Discuss the application of the Sustainable application of the Livelihood Approach to disaster management in drought prone areas of one African country DUE DATE : 10 October 2015 Introduction There are several approaches to disaster risk reduction. These include the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach, the Ecosystem Approach, the Community Participation Approach and the Integrated Approach.This essay seeks to discuss the relevance of the application of the Sustainable Livelihood Approach to disaster management in drought prone areas of Zimbabwe as a strategy of improving communities’ resilience to drought. In doing so, the essay will also seek to analyse if there are no inherent weaknesses that may call for improvements in policy processes and governance structures. Definition of Terms Disaster: This is a severe alteration in the normal functioning of a community or a society due to hazardous physical events interacting with vulnerable social conditions, leading to widespread adverse...
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...Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation’s four pillars and how it is linked wage rate determination. The government of Zimbabwe in an attempt to accelerate economic growth and wealth creation postulated the Zim-Asset. Our country experienced a deteriorating economic and social social environment since 2000 which was caused by economic sanctions imposed by the western countries. These sanctions lead to a deep economic and social crisis which was characterized by high levels of inflation and low industrial capacity utilization that lead to an overall decline of the gross domestic product by a percentage of 50%in 2008. Zim-Asset was developed through consultative process which involve political leaders in the ruling ZANU PF, government, and private sector and other stakeholders. The main focus of it is on the full exploitation and value addition to the country’s own abundant resources with the vision “Towards an empowered society and a growing economy” and the mission “To provide an enabling environment for sustainable economic empowerment and social transformation to the people of Zimbabwe”. The government focuses on promoting equitable development and prosperity for all Zimbabweans whilst leveraging own resources and also ensure sustainable growth and development of the economy by, among other things engendering unity of purpose among the different stakeholders. The four pillars of the policy include the following: * Food security This will aid through creating...
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...November and April; the cool dry season, this is between May and July and the hot dry season, which is between August and October. There is only one raining season and the agriculture sector in the country is dependent on rain. Hence there is only one planting season in Zambia. Zambia has three (3) agro-ecological zones that are based on the physical and climatic conditions. Zone I accounts for about twelve percent of the country and has low altitude .It receives about 600-800mm rainfall annually. It comprises of subsistence farming of crops like sorghum and millet cultivated using mainly family labour using simple farm tools. Zone II covers forty-eight percent of the country. ‘Zone II receives about 800-1000mm rainfall annually. The farmers usually grow maize. This zone is most mechanised and consequently is the most commercialised in crop production. Crops mainly grown are cotton, wheat and soybeans. The country’s cash crops such as spices, flowers and fruits products are grown in this zone. Zone III makes up forty-two percent of the total land area. This has the highest rainfall in the country with an annual average of 12000 mm. This zone is similar to Zone I where subsistence farming is practised. Some of the crops grown include cassava, rice, soybeans and millet .Ministry of Agriculture (2004:1and 2) Agriculture is the main economic activity in the rural areas. remains largely traditional and concentrated in the hands of smallholders and pastoralists,...
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...‘GM food advances the goal of sustainable development.’ To what extent do you think this is true? The Earth is facing severe environmental degradation. Years of resource exploitation and pollution have caused environmental problems and their effects are being felt globally. It has been estimated that if the world’s population reaches between10-11 billion then 5 more Planet Earths would be needed to maintain the present level of ecological decline. The environmental use in some countries is already unsustainable. Technology has allowed the world to cope with agriculture and an increasing population, however the FAO expects a long term decrease in food production in rich countries (Alexandratos 1988). 800 million people are affected today by hunger and malnutrition(Food Future 2000). The FAO claims that 650 million of these people will still be in the same situation by 2010. The world produces enough food, often it is the distribution process that causes problems. However this food may be produced in a non sustainable way. Pesticides, use of non farming land and the demand for cash crops over self sufficiency are not necessarily in the environments best interest. Factors such as poverty, wealth and inequality place burdens on the environment and possible sustainability. Genetically modified foods could be a key factor in advancing the goal of sustainable development. Biotechnology is the use of biological science to alter living organisms for the benefit of mankind. Every...
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...6 3.2 Sustainable humanitarian supply chain 6 3.2.1 Social aspect 6 3.2.2 Economical aspect 7 3.2.3 environmental aspect 8 4. Conclusion 9 Executive summary This report, at first draws a map to show the Food and Agriculture Organization’s(FAO) supply chain. Then, through utilizing the evidences generated by scientific research, the report analysis that how the Food and Agriculture Organization apply the humanitarian supply chain management and sustainable supply chain management principles. 1. introduction This report create a map of the Food and Agriculture Organization’s(FAO) supply chain. The FAO is an intergovernmental organization, it has 194 member states, 2 associate member and one member organization-the European Union. Its staff’s capacity allows it to support improved governance, generate, develop and adapt existing tools and guidelines and provide targeted governance support to poor countries and regional FAO offices. As a non-profitable organization, the major goals of the FAO is to eliminate hunger, food insecurity, poverty; driving economy and society forward and to ensure sustainability of management and utilization of natural resources. In literature review. Based on the specificities of humanitarian relief activities, the humanitarian supply chain is usually characterized by the following 4 themes: In terms of timing, type, location and size, the demand of humanitarian aid activities...
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...1.Corporate Social Responsibility is an initiative of a company, to take the responsibility of an environmental and social wellbeing in a place of their operation. Companies show their commitment by introducing ecological processes and eco-friendly technologies. It basically means maximizing the good and minimizing the bad effects your company on the environment. For example, by reducing the waste and air pollution by using modern filters. Other than that, they commit to social development in a way that they organise educational events, programs or even workshops for people outside corporate society. 2.Key areas: Community Relations — Actions by HR team should include implementing reward programs, charitable contributions and encouraging community involvement and practices. Examples of these programs include sending emails and company newsletters to staff members that highlight employees and managers involved in community relations or creating monthly reward programs to recognise efforts by individuals within the company. Training and Development — programs that explain the connection between the company’s core products or services and the society at large, their value to the local community and ways in which employees can get involved in appropriate CSR projects would sustain and direct these initiatives. Legal — corporations must ensure that their business practices are legal. Obeying regulations helps protect consumers, who rely on a business to be truthful about the...
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...organic agriculture. According to Best, (2007) “the question as to why humans behave toward the environment is an environmentally friendly or degrading manner has been discussed in the sociological literature for more than 30 years.” (p. 451). Farmers are unable to produce their product and their land has been standing uncultivated in order to reduce the surplus of production. The long-standing concern about the social and environmental sustainability of industrial agriculture has been added to the rising question from dependency on cheap energy derived from fossil fuel. The United States is currently dependent on Industrial Agriculture, switching to Organic Agriculture will benefit the economy and help the environment. Industrial Agriculture Although the United States is currently dependent on industrial agriculture it was somewhat prosperous in accomplishing the goals of maximizing market based production and furnishing brief economic returns, it overlooked many of the unintended negative consequences. The most important recant consequence was the soil and water degradation and the loss of the farmer and the robust rural communities (Kirschenmann, 2009). It compromises the land with abundant use of fertilizers and contaminates the water. This was based on assumptions specifically the trade, technology, and aid could triumphantly address global food shortages and inequities. Woodhouse states (2010) “that the aggregate production achieved by modern agriculture will...
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...ultimate goal of a sustainable organic agricultural farming. The practice of vermicomposting supports Republic Act No. 10068 otherwise known as the Philippine Organic Agriculture Act of 2010, a landmark legislation to promote, propagate, develop further and implement the practice of organic agriculture in the Philippines that will cumulatively condition and enrich the fertility of the soil, increase farm productivity, reduce pollution and destruction of the environment, prevent the depletion of natural resources, further protect the health of farmers, consumers, and the general public, and save on imported farm inputs.1 It likewise supports the National Organic Agriculture Program (NOAP) of the government which envisions the organic agriculture sector contributing to the country s over-all agriculture growth and development, in terms of sustainability, competitiveness and food security, where at least five (5) percent of Philippine agricultural farm areas practice organic farming; and where consumers both national and international increasingly support Philippine organic food products by 2016. The NOAP aims to promote organic agriculture in the Philippines towards a competitive and sustainable organic industry that contributes to better farm incomes and sustainable livelihood; improved health; environmental protection; disaster risk reduction and resilience to climate change and social justice.2 1 2 Republic Act No. 10068 The National Organic Agriculture Program...
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...A look into the projected future use, sustainability and availability of produce and food. Introduction In this case study I will be discussing the projected future use of general food and also talking about how food can be revolutionised by today’s technologies. Food can be defined as an object which provides nutrients to sustain human life. Besides our physical need for food and the energy it provides, we also have a mental and cultural craving for tastes and cuisines. On the other end of that spectrum are people from underdeveloped countries, where they struggle to eat on a daily basis which leads to starvation and malnutrition. In an attempt to aid these ‘hungry' countries, food relief is provided by more developed nations in an attempt to provide some relief to famine. This is done in the hope that this temporary relief of hunger can, in the long run, help these impoverished communities to get back onto their feet and have a more constant source of food. These relief missions are restricted by the amount of food and the transport of food to these nations. In this case study I will discuss alternatives to traditional agricultural food which will hope to find a new and better way of ending world hunger in underdeveloped countries, while reducing the risk of obesity and the convenience of nutrition in developed nations. An introduction to the history of agricultural food Food has always been naturally made, through farming and cultivation, but it has been altered...
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...components of this transformation. Accordingly, in the first place, the transformation processes have disrupted the overall production base and interlinkages of land-based activities, which evolved through adaptations to specific conditions of mountain habitats (tables 4.7-4.10). Ineffectiveness or infeasibility of several traditional production and resource-management practices due to the above changes may be treated as manifestations of socioeconomic vulnerabilities. The changed status and productivity of environmental resources are important factors behind such vulnerabilities. As a consequence of the marginalization of age-old and well-tested components of traditional farming systems, the mountain communities (most of which depend on agriculture) are...
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...multinational agricultural biotechnology corporation,the world's leading producer of the Genetically Modified seeds (Monsanto, 2012a) This paper will review the social performance of Monsanto's various products to mankind, and analyze the impact of these performances on two key stakeholders: the communities Monsanto conducting business operations in and shareholders of the company. An on-balance conclusion about the company's performance in society will be provided at last. With regard to its social performance, Monsanto has always been devoted to the sustainable development of human beings. People around the world rely heavily on agriculture and the farmers working hard to satisfy their most basic needs. With the booming of global population in the past few decades,it is necessary that agriculture become more productive and more sustainable in order to keep pace with ever-lasting increasing demands. The contributions that Monsanto made on agriculture are obvious. The company equipes farmers with newly developed technologies and new application methods of grain, fiber and...
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...achieves food security, eradicates poverty, develops the rural economy and protects the environment (FMARD, 2000). The objectives and strategies to achieve them as spelt out in the policy documents emphasize the importance of agricultural extension to the goal attainment of the agricultural sector. To achieve increased production and improved processing in all the sub-sectors of agriculture (crop, livestock, and fisheries), improvement of quality of life and promotion of environment friendly practices and other objectives require extension effort. The new policy thrust expanded the broad objective according to FMARD (2000) to include; Promoting farmer-friendly agricultural policy that achieves food security, eradicates poverty, develops the rural economy and protects the environment through; • Creating the conducive macro-environment to stimulate greater private sector investment in agriculture, • Rationalizing the roles of the three tiers of government in their promotional and supportive activities to stimulate growth; • Reorganizing the institutional framework for government intervention in the sector, • Articulating and implementing integrated rural development as a priority national programme to raise the quality of life of the rural people; • Increasing agricultural production through increased budgetary allocation and promotion of the necessary developmental, supportive and service-oriented activities, opportunities; • Increasing fiscal incentives to agriculture, • Promoting...
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...‘Food insecurity is primarily a product of a country’s level of development’ Discuss Introduction Food insecurity exists whenever the availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or the ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways is limited or uncertain (www.who.int). The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) further defines food security as being built on four pillars; food availability, food access, food utilization and stability. Each of these aspects arguably depends on the development of the country, therefore it can be said that food security is ‘a complex sustainable development issue’ (www.who.int). A country’s level of development takes into consideration factors such as its economic state (GDP etc.), political state, population size, education and technological advances. Each of these factors defining a countries development are crucial is sustaining food security, as a result a correlation can be drawn between food insecurity and development. On the other hand, development levels do not always determine food security of a country. It must be realised that even within developed countries food insecurity is still a problem, especially with widening gaps between the rich and poor. Furthermore external factors, such as war, can hugely disrupt food security in both MEDC’s and LEDC’s. Aid, usually given to food insecure LEDC’s, can also improve a less developed country’s food security, however usually this is not a long term or sustainable...
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...Group Assignment What role does agriculture hold for inclusive growth in Africa? Drawing lessons from the African continent, provide evidence for the emerging consensus on the future role of small-holder farming for Africa’s economic growth. Table of contents 1 Introduction 4 1.1 Definition of inclusive growth 4 1.2 Africa’s economic growth narrative 5 2 The Challenges of Africa’s Agricultural Sector 8 2.1 Issues surrounding Land Tenure and concomitant effects 8 2.2 Low diffusion and absorption of technology 11 3 The Role of Smallholder Farming for Africa’s Economic Growth – Evidence of an Emerging Consensus 13 4 Smallholder Farming Success Narratives 15 4.1 Botswana: Competitiveness of beef smallholder farmers 15 4.2 Ethiopia: Commercialisation of small scale farmers of grain 16 5 Conclusion and Recommendations 17 References 20 Agriculture and its role in inclusive growth in Africa 1. Introduction The purpose of this report is to consider the position of agriculture in Africa, and the potential that it has for improving the lives of the majority of those living on the continent. The report starts off with defining inclusive growth, and highlights how agriculture can contribute towards this phenomena as a consideration. It then talks to agricultural concepts and considerations in the African context, and attempts to identify African specific challenges and provide workable solutions. The paper also reflects on an emerging consensus advocating...
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...three (3) Millennium Development Goals discuss how a country can achieve sustainable development Introduction The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international development goals that were established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. All 189 United Nations member states at the time (there are 193 currently) and at least 23 international organizations committed to help achieve the following Millennium Development Goals by 2015: 1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. To achieve universal primary education 3. To promote gender equality and empower women 4. To reduce child mortality 5. To improve maternal health 6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 7. To ensure environmental sustainability 8. To develop a global partnership for development The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) gives governments a common framework for structuring policies and practices. The MDGs highlight the key priority areas of focus for development and also outlines the roles and responsibilities of key government actors. MDGs provide a framework for government planning, budgeting and monitoring development initiatives. The MGDs can also be used as a tool by the government to measure progress they have achieved in improving the livelihood of its citizens. Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present, without...
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