...matter. When heated, a solid object glows and emits thermal radiation. As the temperature increases, the object becomes red, then yellow, then white. The thermal radiation emitted by glowing solid objects consists of a continuous distribution of frequencies ranging from infrared to ultraviolet. The continuous pattern of the distribution spectrum is in sharp contrast to the radiation emitted by heated gases; the radiation emitted by gases has a discrete distribution spectrum: a few sharp (narrow), colored lines with no light (i.e., darkness) in between. Understanding the continuous character of the radiation emitted by a glowing solid object constituted one of themajor unsolved problems during the second half of the nineteenth century. All attempts to explain this phenomenon by means of the available theories of classical physics (statistical thermodynamics and classical electromagnetic theory) ended up in miserable failure. This problem consisted in essence of specifying the proper theory of thermodynamics that describes how energy gets exchanged between radiation and matter. When radiation falls on an object, some of it might be absorbed and some reflected. An idealized “blackbody” is a material object that absorbs all of the radiation falling on it, and hence appears as black under reflection when illuminated from outside. When an object is heated, it radiates electromagnetic energy as a result of the thermal agitation of the electrons in its surface. The intensity...
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...PHYSIC AL CONSTANTS CONSTANT Speed of light Elementary charge Electron mass Proton mass Gravitational constant Permeability constant Permittivity constant Boltzmann’s constant Universal gas constant Stefan–Boltzmann constant Planck’s constant Avogadro’s number Bohr radius SYMBOL c e me mp G m0 P0 k R s h 15 2p"2 NA a0 THREE-FIGURE VALUE 3.003108 m/s 1.60310219 C 9.11310231 kg 1.67310227 kg 6.67310211 N # m2/kg 2 1.2631026 N/A2 1H/m2 8.85310212 C 2/N # m2 1F/m2 1.38310223 J/K 8.31 J/K # mol 5.6731028 W/m2 # K4 6.63310234 J # s 6.0231023 mol21 5.29310211 m BEST KNOWN VALUE* 299 792 458 m/s (exact) 1.602 176 4871402 310219 C 9.109 382 151452 310231 kg 1.672 621 6371832 310227 kg 6.674 281672 310211 N # m2/kg 2 4p31027 (exact) 1/m0c2 (exact) 1.380 65041242 310223 J/K 8.314 4721152 J/K # mol 5.670 4001402 31028 W/m2 # K4 6.626 068 961332 310234 J # s 6.022 141 791302 31023 mol21 5.291 772 08591362 310211 m *Parentheses indicate uncertainties in last decimal places. Source: U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2007 values SI PREFIXES POWER 1024 1021 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 102 101 100 1021 1022 1023 1026 1029 10212 10215 10218 10221 10224 THE GREEK ALPHABET PREFIX yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deca — deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto SYMBOL Y Z E P T G M k h da — d c m μ n p f a z y Alpha ...
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...and Development Private Limited. HaritaBhargava haritabhargava@ymail.com Abstract-. India gives its greatest contribution toward Intellectual property in form of SANHKYA YOGA. We know very new name of INDIA by BHARAT IT gives us necessary clue. BHA = LIGHT + KNOWLEDGERATA = DEVOTED So BHARAT means DEVOTED to LIGHT & KNOWLEDGE. The model for which modern science search is already available in SANKHYA YOGA. Sankhya yoga like INTELLECTUALPROPERTY is unparallel in the world. Sankhya is a philosophical doctrine which counts the categories which constitute this world. Computer science gives it the name “DIGITAL DECADE”. Cosmology presents it in name of “UNCERTANITY PRINCIPLE” IT is being researched in the form of Quantum (wave & particle) in physics department. In future, it will be known as Medical compiler. [R4] Terms and condition : INNOVATION – RESPECT IT Under the WTO provision of TRIPS I. INTRODUCTION Article 8.1 - That agreement is to be put into effect by member countries through implementing laws. The provision of the agreement is addressed to member countries. It does not directly modify the legal sanction of private parties, who cannot claim rights based on the agreement until they are translated into national law. Article 9.2 - The concept of fair use seeks to balance granting authors sufficient incentives to create new works against the interest of the public and future authors to have access & to to use of the work Article 10 – The agreement introduces multilateral...
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...and Development Private Limited. HaritaBhargava haritabhargava@ymail.com Abstract-. India gives its greatest contribution toward Intellectual property in form of SANHKYA YOGA. We know very new name of INDIA by BHARAT IT gives us necessary clue. BHA = LIGHT + KNOWLEDGERATA = DEVOTED So BHARAT means DEVOTED to LIGHT & KNOWLEDGE. The model for which modern science search is already available in SANKHYA YOGA. Sankhya yoga like INTELLECTUALPROPERTY is unparallel in the world. Sankhya is a philosophical doctrine which counts the categories which constitute this world. Computer science gives it the name “DIGITAL DECADE”. Cosmology presents it in name of “UNCERTANITY PRINCIPLE” IT is being researched in the form of Quantum (wave & particle) in physics department. In future, it will be known as Medical compiler. [R4] Terms and condition : INNOVATION – RESPECT IT Under the WTO provision of TRIPS I. INTRODUCTION Article 8.1 - That agreement is to be put into effect by member countries through implementing laws. The provision of the agreement is addressed to member countries. It does not directly modify the legal sanction of private parties, who cannot claim rights based on the agreement until they are translated into national law. Article 9.2 - The concept of fair use seeks to balance granting authors sufficient incentives to create new works against the interest of the public and future authors to have access & to to use of the work Article 10 – The agreement introduces multilateral...
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...Arthur Holmes was born on January 14 1890 in England. He first became interested about Earth science when he started going to his high school, Gateshead High School. He then after started to go to college a few years later at Imperial College in London in 1907. Then when he was in college he then started to read about physics. He then after he was in Imperial college changed his colleges and started to go to Royal College of science and got his first degree ever , it was in geology. One of the main science contributions he made was that he found out how old the earth is. Some he used to find and do his research was a technique called radioactive dating which helped him find out how old certain rocks and minerals were. Arthur Holmes is a geologist...
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...thickness on thermal properties of multilayer thin films produced by PVD Authors: B. Tlili, C. Nouveau, M.J. Walock, M. Nasri, T. Gharib PII: DOI: Reference: To appear in: S0042-207X(11)00353-8 10.1016/j.vacuum.2011.09.008 VAC 5485 Vacuum Received Date: 20 February 2011 Revised Date: 5 September 2011 Accepted Date: 18 September 2011 Please cite this article as: Tlili B, Nouveau C, Walock MJ, Nasri M, Gharib T. Effect of layer thickness on thermal properties of multilayer thin films produced by PVD, Vacuum (2011), doi: 10.1016/ j.vacuum.2011.09.008 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Effect of layer thickness on thermal properties of multilayer thin films produced by PVD B. Tlilia,b, C. Nouveaub, M J Walockc,a, M. Nasria, dT.Gharib. UR. Mécanique Appliquée, Ingénierie et Industrialisation (M.A.2I), ENIT, BP 37, Le Belvédère, 1002 Tunis, Tunisie b Laboratoire Bourguignon des Matériaux et Procédés (LaBoMaP), Centre Arts et Métiers ParisTech de Cluny, Rue Porte de Paris, F-71250 Cluny, France c a Department of Physics, University...
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...Chapter 4: Results and Discussions ..............................................................10 Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations ...........................14 Bibliography..................................................................................................15 Southridge Private High School Antipolo City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Science and Technology IV A Study on the Feasibility of Identifying an Alternative Insulator for Ice Submitted to: Mrs. Marites N. Caslib (Physics Instructor) Submitted by: Jhann Reinner M. Pagayon February 6, 2012 Abstract Thermal insulation is the reduction of heat transfer between objects in thermal contact or in range of radiative influence. Heat transfer is the transfer of thermal energy between objects of different temperature. Heat flow is an inevitable consequence of contact between objects of different temperature. Heat flows by means...
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...Cogon Grass as Thermal Insulator In: Science Cogon Grass as Thermal Insulator COGON GRASS AS THERMAL INSULATING MATERIAL KRISELLE ANNE A. GERPACIO A Thesis Outline Submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Cotabato in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING DECEMBER 2014 INTRODUCTION Significance of the Study Cogon grass known as Imperata cylindrical is considered as the one of the worst weed because it destroys the land where it grows. It deteriorates the nutrients of the soil thus creating problems to farmers. Hence, the researcher would like to study if this grass can be a substitute as thermal insulating material. If it can be an alternative, this research would really give great help to many farmers. Objectives of the Study The main objective of this study is determine whether Cogon grass can be a substitute as thermal insulator as compared to other traditional thermal insulating materials. Specifically, this study aims to: 1. determine the thermal resistance (R) of Cogon grass as thermal insulating material; 2. determine the thermal conductivity (k) of Cogon grass as thermal insulating material; 3. determine how much heat (Q) trasmit to the layer of the Cogon grass per second; and, 4. determine how much is the temperature gradient or temperature difference per unit thickness of...
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...Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Applied Thermal Engineering 29 (2009) 75–90 www.elsevier.com/locate/apthermeng An axiomatic design approach in development of nanofluid coolants In Cheol Bang a,*, Gyunyoung Heo b b a Energy Sciences, Global Edge Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S6-13 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1 Seocheon-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyunggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea Received 4 September 2007; accepted 4 February 2008 Available online 12 February 2008 Abstract The experimental data for nanofluids in thermal-fluid systems have shown that the new fluids promise to become advanced heat transfer fluids in terms of thermal performance. While enhancing thermal characteristics, the solid–liquid mixtures present an unavoidable disadvantage in terms of pumping cost for economic operation of thermal-fluid systems. In addition, there is a lack of agreement between experimental data provided in the literature. The present work found that there would be no comprehensible design strategy in developing nanofluids. In this work, the Axiomatic Design (AD) theory is applied to systemize the design of nanofluids in order to bring its practical use forward. According to the Independence Axiom of the AD theory, the excessive couplings between the functional requirements and the parameters of a nanofluid system prevent from meeting the functional goals of the entire...
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...Statics of Rigid Bodies STATICS OF RIGID BODIES Chapter 1: Introduction Department of Engineering Sciences enter 〉〉 Statics of Rigid Bodies DEFINITION Mechanics • the study of the relationship among forces and their effects on bodies. • the science which describes and predicts the conditions for rest and motion of bodies under the action of forces. • a physical science (for it deals with physical phenomena) Prev Department of Engineering Sciences Jump to… Stop Show Next Statics of Rigid Bodies MECHANICS MECHANICS RIGID BODIES STATICS bodies at rest DYNAMICS bodies in motion DEFORMABLE BODIES INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS COMPRESSIBLE Prev Department of Engineering Sciences Jump to… Stop Show Next Statics of Rigid Bodies What is a FORCE? represents the action of one body on another that tends to change the state or state of motion of a body. may be exerted by actual contact or at a distance (e.g. gravitational and magnetic forces). characterized by its point of application, magnitude and direction. represented by a vector. Prev Department of Engineering Sciences Jump to… Stop Show Next Statics of Rigid Bodies Effects of a FORCE • development of other forces (reactions or internal forces) • deformation of the body • acceleration of the body Applied Force Prev Department of Engineering Sciences Jump to… Stop Show Next Statics of Rigid Bodies Development of other forces ...
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... GE 253 Physics Albert Einstein’s Contribution to Quantum Mechanics Albert Einstein was one of the greatest minds in world history. Einstein is known as a brilliant physicist who contributed more to the scientific world than any other person. His theories on relativity paved the way for how science currently views time, space, energy, and gravity. Einstein was so advanced in his thinking that his studies and work set the standards for the control of scientific energy and space explorations currently being studied in the field of astrophysics. Albert Einstein's most noted contribution to the world is his theory of relativity. By 1902, Einstein was working on combining time and space, matter and energy. In 1905 when he was only 26 years old, he published a paper on relativity. This paper showed mathematically that the speed of light is constant and not relative to its source or to the viewer. Einstein had actually written an essay when he was only 16 years old on relativity, which became the basis for his published paper. The greatest result of relativistic physics was Einstein's famous relation, E=mc2. In this, he was able to prove that any increase in the energy, E, of a body must lead to a corresponding increase in its mass, m, these increases being related by a factor c2 , where c represents the velocity of light squared. In conclusion, Albert Einstein ranks as one of the greatest people for his contributions towards physics and his part...
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...Physics is all around us. It is what causes the lights to buzz with electricity, the car on the streets to go from point A to point B, and our televisions to run so we can watch our favorite shows. According to Webster dictionary, physics is the science of matter and energy and of interactions between the two. In all physics consists of energy, kinetic energy, potential energy, velocity, acceleration, mass, force, and gravity. Without physics many things would not be possible. In fact, when a person is driving their car they are suing momentum (the quantity of motion of a moving object) and acceleration. Over time our general understanding of physics has helped us develop greater technology than society thought possible. For example, many years ago society believed that flight was impossible until two brothers, the Wright brothers, invented the aircraft. Now of course that was with many trial and errors. According to Bernoulli principle an increase of a flow results in a decrease of pressure. When air hits the leading edge the airflow above the wing travels faster than the flow below the wing. So therefore, the pressure below the wing will be higher than the air pressure above the wing. Because of this difference in pressure, lift is created, and pushes the wings upward. Be that as it may, this is not the only physics principle at work One must also apply Newton’s 1st (every body remains in a state of rest or uniform motion unless it is acted upon by an external unbalanced...
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...CWV-101 March 29th 2014 Joe Stanley Role Model Review Outline Directions: * Identify the worldview of the role model you chose. Their worldview will be one (or a combination of two for some of the role models) of the worldviews that we have discussed in this course. * Write an Introduction of 3-5 sentences to set up the purpose of the outline. Include the identification of the worldview of the person you chose in the introduction. * Write a Thesis Statement. This should appear at the end of your introduction in the final draft of the paper. A sample thesis would look something like: Martin Luther King Jr.’s worldview can be seen in the way that he viewed family, the nature of God, and social issues. His view of these three topics will be compared with my own. * Address each question with a topic sentence (the first sentence in the paragraph) and 1-2 additional sentences (“a” = 1 sentence / “b” = 1 sentence). In the topic sentence you should clearly identify the topic being discussed. A sample topic sentence would look something like: Martin Luther King Jr.’s worldview can be seen in how he views the issue of family. * Write a Conclusion of 3-5 sentences to wrap up the purpose of the outline. In this paragraph you should explicitly state why you do or do not consider the individual you wrote about to be a role model. * Write your References in GCU style: These should be three academic references that you will use and cite throughout your...
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...Name Professor Course Date Isaac Newton the Last Magician Biography This is a one hour movie documentary narrated by Helen McCrory trying to give an insight to the life of Isaac newton and how he changed our understanding about how the universe works. The documentary asks question to experts of the history surrounding Isaac newton. In the documentary Isaac newton is brought out as a pessimist as he would enjoy his own company, his life revolved around research and a lot of studying in the laboratory in religious activities like heretical, alchemy and also the study if the hidden. Newton did not believe anything that he read, this was evident when he was the age of twenty one by declining to agree with scientific research which was more than two millennia old and decided to come up with his own through conclusion and to do this he had to perform a number of experiments. We get the notion that he was a skeptic and anything could be questioned of its legitimacy. Newton had a secretive life that came to light two hundred years after his death, this was his passion for cultic behavior where he considered himself a scientific Christ who was sent to save the world from scientific fiction, this is ironic as he was also born on Christmas morning just like Jesus the messiah in the bible. He is called the last magician because after his death there has not been any other iconic person like he was that has made a fraction of the changes in science that he did. His discoveries...
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...Kruyper (trained mathematician). While attending his last years of High School in Rotterdam Netherland Edsger Dijkstra knew what he wanted to do in life. He wanted to represent his country at the United Nations. Even though he was still in high school, he formulated a plan to achieve this goal of representing the Netherlands in the United Nations. He decided to get a law degree. After receiving the maximum highest points possible in the following areas: mathematics, chemistry, biology and physics on his final examine. Everyone starting with his loving and supportive parents to his very motivational teachers convinced Edsger that a career in the field of science would be an outstanding career move for him. So, Edsger Dijkstra headed on to the University of Leyden. There at the University of Leyden Edsger Dijkstra decided that he would major in Theoretical Physics. To develop a good, strong and firm foundation in Theoretical Physics Dijkstra began his studies in mathematics and physics. Douwe Wybe Dijkstra being the loving and supportive father that Edsger needed him to be, was always searching for great opportunities to encourage his son in the field of study that he had chosen. Well, as the story has it, Douwe, (Edsger father) was reading a paper and just happened to come a cross an advertisement for a computer programming course that would be held at Cambridge University in England. The computer programming course was three weeks long. The three week course was to start...
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