...Εισαγωγή στην Επιστήμη των Υπολογιστών 4ο εξάμηνο ΣHMΜY Ενόηηηα 0: Δηζαγωγή Διδάζκονηες: Σηάζεο Εάρνο, Άξεο Παγνπξηδήο, Κωζηήο Σαγώλαο, Γεκήηξεο Σνύληξεο Επιμέλεια διαθανειών: Σηάζεο Εάρνο, Άξεο Παγνπξηδήο http://www.corelab.ece.ntua.gr/courses/introcs http://courses.microlab.ntua.gr/ 1 Επιστήμη των Υπολογιστών Ο επηζηεκνληθόο θαη ηερλνινγηθόο θιάδνο πνπ: κειεηάεη ηελ αλαπαξάζηαζε, απνζήθεπζε, επεμεξγαζία θαη κεηάδνζε πιεξνθνξηώλ κέζω ππνινγηζηώλ θαη δηθηύωλ αλαδεηά θαη εμεηάδεη ηξόπνπο (αιγόξηζκνπο, δνκέο δεδνκέλωλ, γιώζζεο πξνγξακκαηηζκνύ, αξρηηεθηνληθέο) γηα ηελ απνδνηηθή πινπνίεζε ηωλ παξαπάλω εξγαζηώλ 2 Άλλα ονόματα Informatics (Πιεξνθνξηθή) Computing Science (Δπηζηήκε Υπνινγηζκώλ) Dijkstra: «Ζ επηζηήκε ηωλ ππνινγηζηώλ έρεη ωο αληηθείκελν ηνπο ππνινγηζηέο όζν θαη ε αζηξνλνκία ηα ηειεζθόπηα» 3 Κεντρικό ερώτημα της επιστήμης υπολογιστών Τη κπνξεί λα κεραλνπνηεζεί θαη κάιηζηα απνδνηηθά; Πνηα πξνβιήκαηα κπνξνύκε λα ιύζνπκε κε ππνινγηζηή θαη πόζν θαιά; 4 Όψεις επιστήμης υπολογιστών Θεωξεηηθέο ζεκειηώζεηο: ππνινγηζηκόηεηα, ινγηθή, απηόκαηα, γξάθνη Αιγόξηζκνη θαη πνιππινθόηεηα Γιώζζεο θαη κνληέια πξνγξακκαηηζκνύ: πξνζηαθηηθέο, αληηθεηκελνζηξεθείο, ζπλαξηεζηαθέο, ινγηθνύ πξνγξακκαηηζκνύ, γιώζζεο ζελαξίωλ Μεηαγιωηηηζηέο Αξρηηεθηνληθή ππνινγηζηή, assembly Χεθηαθή ζρεδίαζε, VLSI 5 Άλλες όψεις της επιστήμης των υπολογιστών Γίθηπα θαη δηαδίθηπν Δκπνξηθέο εθαξκνγέο (online ζπλαιιαγέο...
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...Brent C. Dugan IT101-AT6 Ethical issues in Information Technology Information Technology And Resource Use As of Autumn 2003, leadership of the Network for E (N4E) is being taken over by Professor Scott Matthews of Carnegie Mellon, one of its founding members. Jon Koomey began a leave of absence from LBNL beginning in August 2003 (his LBL email and phone will still reach him while he's on leave). Koomey et al., "Sorry, wrong number: The use and misuse of numerical facts in analysis and media reporting of energy issues.", which contains the most complete summary of the controversy over electricity used by office equipment, was published in the 2002 issue of Annual Review of Energy and Environment (also LBNL-50499). vol. 27,. pp. 119-158. Email JGKoomey@lbl.gov for a copy. Baer et al. "Electricity requirements for a digital society" was published at the end of 2002 RAND Corporation, MR-1617-DOE, ISBN 0-8330-3279-8. They concluded that projections of information technology totalling 50% of electricity use in twenty years are completely implausible. Instead, their scenarios project something under five percent for office and communications equipment in all cases by 2020. Ethics In Information Technology Are the ethical decisions that a technology user must make fundamentally different than those facing the ordinary person? No, because it is difficult to resolve competing interests no matter what the nature of action or behavior is contemplated. Is the existence...
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...vA Very Brief History of Computer Science Written by Jeffrey Shallit for CS 134 at the University of Waterloo in the summer of 1995. This little web page was hastily stitched together in a few days. Perhaps eventually I will get around to doing a really good job. Suggestions are always welcome. A translation of this web page into French has been prepared by Anne Dicky at the University of Bordeaux. Before 1900 People have been using mechanical devices to aid calculation for thousands of years. For example, the abacus probably existed in Babylonia (present-day Iraq) about 3000 B.C.E. The ancient Greeks developed some very sophisticated analog computers. In 1901, an ancient Greek shipwreck was discovered off the island of Antikythera. Inside was a salt-encrusted device (now called the Antikythera mechanism) that consisted of rusted metal gears and pointers. When this c. 80 B.C.E. device was reconstructed, it produced a mechanism for predicting the motions of the stars and planets. (More Antikythera info here.) John Napier (1550-1617), the Scottish inventor of logarithms, invented Napier's rods (sometimes called "Napier's bones") c. 1610 to simplify the task of multiplication. In 1641 the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) built a mechanical adding machine. Similar work was done by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716). Leibniz also advocated use of the binary system for doing calculations. Recently it was discovered that Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635)...
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...Интернет сообраќајот. Се ова се само некои од примените на графовите. Графовите се корисни за претставување на многу проблеми од компјутерските науки и во реалниот свет. Апликациите за претставување на графови се движат од прилично едноставни, да дознаеме дали еден јазол е достапен од друг јазол, до екстремно сложени, како наоѓање на патека која поминува низ јазлите и минимизирање на вкупното време. Заеднички, но решлив проблем е наоѓање на едноставна патека. Општо земено, задачата е утврдување на најкратката можна патека од еден почетен јазол, до било кој друг јазол во графот. Еден од најчестите алгоритми за решавање на овој проблем е алгоритмот на Дијкстра. Осмислен е од страна на познатиот германски математичар и информатичар Edsger W. Dijkstra, кој инаку е познат по многуте алгоритми од областа на математиката и информатиката. Овој алгоритам го решава проблемот за наоѓање на најкратката патека од одреден почетен јазол до било кој друг јазол, каде што нема рабови со негативна тежина и работи на принципот дека најкраткиот можен пат од изворот мора да дојде од една од најкратките можни патеки кои веќе се откриени. Иако негативните тежини некогаш може да бидат и потребни, за многу апликации тие се невозможни, и можноста за негативни тежини може да се игнорира. 1. Опис на алгоритмот Алгоритмот на Дијкстра работи под претпоставка дека за даден тежински ориентиран граф G =...
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...UNIT 1 NOTES Digital Computer A digital computer is an electronic computing machine that uses the binary digits (bits) 0 and 1 to represent all forms of information internally in digital form. Every computer has a set of instructions that define the basic functions it can perform. Sequences of these instructions. Component of Digital Computer: (1)CPU: The Central Processing Unit (CPU) or the processor is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a Computer, and is the primary element carrying out the computer's functions. This term has been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s . The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed dramatically since the earliest examples, but their fundamental operation remains much the same. (2)ALU: an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a Digital computer that performs arthimatic and logical operations. The ALU is a fundamental building block of the central processing unit(CPU) of a computer, and even the simplest microprocessor contain one for purposes such as maintaining timers. The processors found inside modern CPUs and graphics processing units(CPU) accommodate very powerful and very complex ALUs; a single component may contain a number of ALUs. Mathematician proposed the ALU concept in 1945, when he wrote a report on the foundations for a new computer called the EDVAC. (3)Memory: memory is an organism's ability to store, retain, and recall information. Traditional studies of memory...
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...The Fluidity of Computer Science. Gender Norms & Racial Bias in the Study of the Modern "Computer Science" Computer science or computing science designates the scientific and mathematical approach in computing. A computer scientist is a scientist who specialises in the theory of computation and the design of computers. Its subfields can be divided into practical techniques for its implementation and application in computer systems and purely theoretical areas. Some, such as computational complexity theory, which studies fundamental properties of computational problems, are highly abstract, while others, such as computer graphics, emphasize real-world applications. Still others focus on the challenges in implementing computations. For example, programming language theory studies approaches to description of computations, while the study of computer programming itself investigates various aspects of the use of programming languages and complex systems, and human-computer interaction focuses on the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable, and universally accessible to humans. Computer science deals with the theoretical foundations of information, computation, and with practical techniques for their implementation and application. History The earliest foundations of what would become computer science predate the invention of the modern digital computer. Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks such as the abacus have existed since antiquity...
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...Algorithmic BFS, DFS, Kruskal, Prim’s, Adjacency matrix, Adjacency List Table of Contents Analysis of the Problem 4 Graph Searching 4 BFS: 4 DFS 4 Comparison of Algorithms 5 Features of BFS and DFS Algorithms 5 Minimum Spanning Tree 6 Prim’s Algorithm: 6 Kruskal’s Algorithm: 6 Feature of Prim’s and Kruskal’s Algorithm 7 Application 7 Shortest Path Problem 7 Shortest Path Algorithms 7 Adjacency Matrix:- 8 Adjacency List:- 9 Unweighted and Undirected Breadth First Search (BFS) 10 Pseudo Code for Breadth First Search (BFS) 21 Analysis Complexity of BFS 21 Depth First Search (DFS) 22 Algorithm for DFS 31 Analysis Complexity of DFS 31 DIKSTRA’S SINGLE SOURCE SHORTEST PATH 32 Algorithm for Dijkstra 39 Analysis 39 How Dijkstra’s Efficiency could be improved? 40 Kruskal’s Algorithm 41 Algorithm for Krushkal Algorithm 51 Analysis Complexity of Kruskal’s Algorithm 51 Prim’s Algorithm 52 Pseudo Code for Prims Algorithm 61 Analysis 61 Comparison of Time complexities with their analysis 62 Adjacency List and Adjacency Matrix 62 Description and Justification of chosen class 62 Definition of classes 63 Assumptions 64 Assumption of BFS: 64 Assumption of Prim’s 64 Assumption of Kruskal’s 64 References and Citations 65 Books: 65 Websites 65 Analysis of the Problem There are various data structures are used to represent graphs in computer memory such as adjacency list, incidence list, adjacency matrix, incidence matrix. Different algorithms are...
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...Componentes vs. Serviços Marcelo Sávio Senior IT Architect IBM 1 O problema • A mudança: Uma constante no mundo dos negócios; Fusões, aquisições, regulamentações de mercado, globalização, outsourcing, novas tecnologias, etc.; No longo prazo, quase todos os aspectos de um negócio são suscetíveis a mudanças. 2 IBM Global CEO Study 2008 O conhecimento coletivo dos CEOs apontou para os principais desafios da “Empresa do Futuro” Sumário do resultado das 1.130 entrevistas: As organizações são bombardeadas por mudanças, e muitas delas estão lutando para sobreviver; Os CEOs vêem os clientes cada vez mais exigentes não como ameaças, mas como uma oportunidade para se diferenciarem; Quase todos os CEOs estão adaptando seus modelos de negócio. E dois terços estão implementando grandes inovações; Os CEOs estão mudando agressivamente para projetos globais de negócio, alterando profundamente as capacidades e criando parcerias mais amplas. 1 Ávida por mudanças 2 Mais inovadora que a imaginação dos clientes 3 Globalmente integrada 4 Desbravadora por natureza 5 Genuína, não apenas generosa 3 A necessidade de mudança nos processos de negócio Ex: Processo de pedido de compra Depto. 4 A necessidade de mudança nos processos de negócio Ex: Processo de pedido de compra Cliente Depto. Mudança: Entrada de pedido de cliente via Web 5 A necessidade de mudança nos processos de negócio Ex: Processo de pedido...
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...Enterprise Systems Development: Impact of Various Software Development Methodologies By NAVEEN KARKONDA Id#110-00-4907 Abstract: Software Development Methodologies have always been the main focus in the software development life cycle of any project. Each evolutionary shift introduced new ways of thinking and viewing problems as well as introducing strengths and weaknesses in software development. However, identifying one stop solution in terms of a software development methodology for enterprise wide application development whose various sub-components or sub-stages can be best used to describe a software development scenario is still an evolving domain. This, coupled with the reality that computer science and its allied areas like information systems and information technology domains are moving forward rapidly with regards to available technologies, making it extremely difficult task for practitioners to maintain pace with the available information technologies and their application in various domains. It is to address these scenarios and probabilities that this research paper examines various software development methodologies or process models and their impact on the overall software development life cycle. 1. Introduction: Software Development Methodologies have always been the main focus during the software development life cycle of any project. Over the past 40 years, there have been significant paradigm shifts in software development, such as...
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...Computer science From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Computer science or computing science (abbreviated CS) is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems.[1][2] Computer scientists invent algorithmic processes that create, describe, and transform information and formulate suitable abstractions to model complex systems. Computer science has many sub-fields; some, such as computational complexity theory, study the fundamental properties of computational problems, while others, such as computer graphics, emphasize the computation of specific results. Still others focus on the challenges in implementing computations. For example, programming language theory studies approaches to describe computations, while computer programming applies specific programming languages to solve specific computational problems, and human-computer interaction focuses on the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable, and universally accessible to humans. The general public sometimes confuses computer science with careers that deal with computers (such as information technology), or think that it relates to their own experience of computers, which typically involves activities such as gaming, web-browsing, and word-processing. However, the focus of computer science is more on understanding the properties of the programs used to implement...
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...Term Paper On Role of the Pythagoras in the field of mathematics Business Mathematics code Submitted By Team Harmony 1. Faisal Enayet (B1506003) 2. HafijulHasan (B1506007) 3. Plato Khisa (B1506035) 4. FarhanajAnchal (B1506075) 5. K.HusFariha (B1506120) 6. SumaiyaMeher(B1506155) Submitted To Lecturer AKTER KAMAL Business Mathematics Bangladesh University of Professionals Submission on Date: 02/05/2016 BBA 2015; SEC- C LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 02 may 2016 Akter Kamal Lecturer Faculty of Business Studies Bangladesh University of Professionals Subject: Submission of term paper on “The role of Pythagoras in the field of mathematics” Respected Sir, We the students of BBA, section C, we are very glad to submit you the term paper on the topic of “The role of Pythagoras in the field of mathematics” that you asked us to submit, which is a part of our course requirement. For the purpose of completing the term paper we did a simple research on the provided topic. We have completed our research and assessment on our term paper topic according to your specification and regulation. We have tried our best to gather information according to the requirements and our ability. There may be a few mistakes, because we are still beginner in this line of work but we hope that in future this term paper will remind us not to make the same mistakes again and so this will become a great learning in experience. At last, we would like to thank to you...
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...CONCEPTS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES TENTH EDITION This page intentionally left blank CONCEPTS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES TENTH EDITION R OB E RT W. S EB ES TA University of Colorado at Colorado Springs Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia Horton Editor in Chief: Michael Hirsch Executive Editor: Matt Goldstein Editorial Assistant: Chelsea Kharakozova Vice President Marketing: Patrice Jones Marketing Manager: Yez Alayan Marketing Coordinator: Kathryn Ferranti Marketing Assistant: Emma Snider Vice President and Director of Production: Vince O’Brien Managing Editor: Jeff Holcomb Senior Production Project Manager: Marilyn Lloyd Manufacturing Manager: Nick Sklitsis Operations Specialist: Lisa McDowell Cover Designer: Anthony Gemmellaro Text Designer: Gillian Hall Cover Image: Mountain near Pisac, Peru; Photo by author Media Editor: Dan Sandin Full-Service Vendor: Laserwords Project Management: Gillian Hall Printer/Binder: Courier Westford Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color This book was composed in InDesign. Basal font is Janson Text. Display font is ITC Franklin Gothic. Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008, 2006, 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Manufactured...
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...CONCEPTS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES TENTH EDITION This page intentionally left blank CONCEPTS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES TENTH EDITION R O B E RT W. S EB ES TA University of Colorado at Colorado Springs Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia Horton Editor in Chief: Michael Hirsch Executive Editor: Matt Goldstein Editorial Assistant: Chelsea Kharakozova Vice President Marketing: Patrice Jones Marketing Manager: Yez Alayan Marketing Coordinator: Kathryn Ferranti Marketing Assistant: Emma Snider Vice President and Director of Production: Vince O’Brien Managing Editor: Jeff Holcomb Senior Production Project Manager: Marilyn Lloyd Manufacturing Manager: Nick Sklitsis Operations Specialist: Lisa McDowell Cover Designer: Anthony Gemmellaro Text Designer: Gillian Hall Cover Image: Mountain near Pisac, Peru; Photo by author Media Editor: Dan Sandin Full-Service Vendor: Laserwords Project Management: Gillian Hall Printer/Binder: Courier Westford Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color This book was composed in InDesign. Basal font is Janson Text. Display font is ITC Franklin Gothic. Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008, 2006, 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States...
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...Introduction to Computing Explorations in Language, Logic, and Machines David Evans University of Virginia For the latest version of this book and supplementary materials, visit: http://computingbook.org Version: August 19, 2011 Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License Contents 1 Computing 1.1 Processes, Procedures, and Computers . . 1.2 Measuring Computing Power . . . . . . . 1.2.1 Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2 Representing Data . . . . . . . . . 1.2.3 Growth of Computing Power . . . 1.3 Science, Engineering, and the Liberal Arts 1.4 Summary and Roadmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 3 3 8 12 13 16 Part I: Defining Procedures 2 Language 2.1 Surface Forms and Meanings 2.2 Language Construction . . . . 2.3 Recursive Transition Networks 2.4 Replacement Grammars . . . 2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 19 ...
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...The History of Information Technology March 2010 Draft version to appear in the Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, Vol. 45, 2011 Thomas Haigh thaigh@computer.org University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Thomas Haigh The History of Information Technology – ARIST Draft 2 In many scholarly fields the new entrant must work carefully to discover a gap in the existing literature. When writing a doctoral dissertation on the novels of Nabokov or the plays of Sophocles, clearing intellectual space for new construction can be as difficult as finding space to erect a new building in central London. A search ensues for an untapped archive, an unrecognized nuance, or a theoretical framework able to demolish a sufficiently large body of existing work. The history of information technology is not such a field. From the viewpoint of historians it is more like Chicago in the mid-nineteenth century (Cronon, 1991). Building space is plentiful. Natural resources are plentiful. Capital, infrastructure, and manpower are not. Boosters argue for its “natural advantages” and promise that one day a mighty settlement will rise there. Speculative development is proceeding rapidly and unevenly. But right now the settlers seem a little eccentric and the humble structures they have erected lack the scale and elegance of those in better developed regions. Development is uneven and streets fail to connect. The native inhabitants have their ideas about how things should be done, which sometimes...
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