...Description: Chapter 1: MEASUREMENT Chapter 2: MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE Chapter 3: VECTORS Chapter 4: MOTION IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS Chapter 5: FORCE AND MOTION – I Chapter 6: FORCE AND MOTION – II Chapter 7: KINETIC ENERGY AND WORK Chapter 8: POTENTIAL ENERGY AND CONSERVATION OF ENERGY Chapter 9: CENTER OF MASS AND LINEAR MOMENTUM Chapter 10: ROTATION Chapter 11: ROLLING, TORQUE, AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM Chapter 12: EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITY Chapter 13: GRAVITATION Chapter 14: FLUIDS Chapter 15: OSCILLATIONS Chapter 16: WAVES – I Chapter 17: WAVES – II Chapter 18: TEMPERATURE, HEAT, AND THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Chapter 19: THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES Chapter 20: ENTROPY AND THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Chapter 21: ELECTRIC CHARGE Chapter 22: ELECTRIC FIELDS Chapter 23: GAUSS’ LAW Chapter 24: ELECTRIC POTENTIAL Chapter 25: CAPACITANCE Chapter 26: CURRENT AND RESISTANCE Chapter 27: CIRCUITS Chapter 28: MAGNETIC FIELDS Chapter 29: MAGNETIC FIELDS DUE TO CURRENTS Chapter 30: INDUCTION AND INDUCTANCE Chapter 31: ELECTROMAGNETIC OSCILLATIONS AND ALTERNATING CURRENT Chapter 32: MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS; MAGNETISM AND MATTER Chapter 33: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Chapter 34: IMAGES Chapter 35: INTERFERENCE Chapter 36: DIFFRACTION Chapter 37: SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY Chapter 38: PHOTONS AND MATTER WAVES Chapter 39: MORE ABOUT MATTER WAVES Chapter 40: ALL ABOUT ATOMS Chapter 41: CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICITY IN SOLIDS Chapter 42: NUCLEAR PHYSICS ...
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...CHAPTER 1a: BASIC CONCEPTS OF THERMODYNAMICS 1 CONTENTS Thermodynamics and Energy Dimensions and Units Systems and Properties State, Processes and Cycles Temperature Pressure and Measuring Devices Problem Solving Technique 2 LESSON OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: Identify application of thermodynamics Define & differentiate between closed system and control volume (open system) Differentiate between intensive and extensive properties 3 What Is Thermodynamics? Greek Words Therme (heat) Dynamis (Power) It is a science of energy. Early description: Convert heat into power. Current Definition: The study of energy and energy transformations, including power generation, refrigeration and relationship among the properties of matter. Thermodynamics involve the conservation of energy principle. 4 APPLICATION House-hold utensils: Air-conditioner, heater, refrigerator Humidifier, pressure cooker, water heater, shower, iron Computer & TV Engines: Automotive, aircraft, rocket Plant/ Factory Refinery, power plants, nuclear power plant 5 DIMENSIONS & UNITS 6 SYSTEMS & CONTROL VOLUMES Thermodynamic system (system) quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study. Surroundings the mass or region outside the system (external) 7 SYSTEMS & CONTROL VOLUMES (cont’d) Boundary the real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surrounding...
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...ME 3322, Thermodynamics I Chapter 1. Getting Started: Introductory Concepts and Definitions Learning Outcome ► Demonstrate understanding of several fundamental concepts, including closed system, control volume, boundary and surroundings, property, state, process, the distinction between extensive and intensive properties, and equilibrium. ► Apply SI and English Engineering units, including units for specific volume, pressure, and temperature. ► Work with the Kelvin, Rankine, Celsius, and Fahrenheit temperature scales. ► Apply the problem-solving methodology used in this book. Defining Systems ► System: whatever we want to study. ► Surroundings: everything external to the system. ► Boundary: distinguishes system from its surroundings. Closed System ► A system that always contains the same matter. ► No transfer of mass across its boundary can occur. ► Isolated system: special type of closed system that does not interact in any way with its surroundings. Control Volume ► A given region of space through which mass flows. ► Mass may cross the boundary of a control volume. Macroscopic and Microscopic Views ► Systems can be described from the macroscopic and microscopic points of view. ► The microscopic approach aims to characterize by statistical means the average behavior of the particles making up a system and use this information to describe the overall behavior of the system. ► The macroscopic approach describes system behavior in terms of the gross...
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...Chemistry 105 Spring, 2013 Unit 2 Summary 4/25 Outcomes: 1. To review air quality issues related to fossil fuel consumption and the limitations of this resource. 2. To define energy, work, heat, and temperature in scientific (thermodynamic) terms, and how the terms calorie, nutritional Calorie, joule, and kilojoule are related. 3. To describe the First Law of Thermodynamics as the conservation of energy, and the interplay of kinetic, potential, heat and work energy. To describe and apply the Second Law of Thermodynamics from several points of view: randomness, chaos, probability, distribution of matter and energy, energy efficiency. 4. To know that we measure energy only through change, such as with a calorimeter. 5. To use potential energy diagrams to represent changes that take place in reactions 6. To use the terms endothermic and exothermic to describe the entry or exit of heat from chemical systems (and that the opposite change must take place in the surroundings). 7. To know that energy changes in reactions come from changes in chemical bonds, and how they can be estimated from differences in bond energies of bonds broken vs. formed. 8. To express and interpret these changes in potential energy diagrams and apply these skills to the combustion of fuels. 9. To view and describe recent trends in energy source utilization. 10. To give specific details on the composition of coal and its impacts on environmental quality. Assignments: Read §4.1 – 4...
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...Learning Team Textbook Exercises Amy Romero and Janet Rodriguez PHY101CA January 8, 2014 Michael Erickson Learning Team Textbook Exercises CHAPTER 15 2. Which is greater—an increase in temperature of 1 Celsius degree or an increase of 1 Fahrenheit degree? Although Celsius and Fahrenheit scales use “degrees” to indicate temperature, the measurements are different. The degrees in Celsius are greater versus an equal quantity to the degrees in Fahrenheit. In comparison, 1 Celsius° is equal to 1.8 Fahrenheit°, therefore, Celsius of 100° (0° to 100°) is equal to temperature conversion to 180 Fahrenheit° (32° to 212°F). See Chart below for other examples (Diffen, n.d.). COMPARISON CHART | |CELSIUS |FAHRENHEIT | | | | | |Absolute Zero |-273.15 |-459.67 | | | | | |Average Human Body Temperature |99.9839 |211.97102 | | | ...
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...another form. Most technological devices that we use are recognized as energy converters. Energy cannot be created, nor destroyed. This is the reason why it exists in many forms. For example, a light bulb converts electrical energy to radiant energy. It can come in various forms, mechanical, chemical, radiant, electrical, and nuclear. Thermodynamics is the study of energy being converted from one form to another. There are three laws of thermodynamics. The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another. The second law states that heat energy can be transferred only from body at high temperature to the body at lower temperature. Heat can only be moved from high to low without external work being performed. If you want to move the heat energy from low temperature reservoir to high temperature reservoir, then something external must intercept in order for that to work. (Definition of Thermodynamics, 2012) For instance, an air conditioner or a refrigerator heat moved to low temperature to high temperature, needing electricity to work or perform properly. Finally, the last law of thermodynamics states that all molecular movement stops at the temperature of absolute zero or 0 Kelvin. Fossil fuels contain stored radiant energy from organisms that lived millions of years...
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...|Name of the Book |Comments |Availability | | | | |Analytical Chemistry | | |Bassett, J, et al.: | |ICET, PU. | | |Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis including| |545 | | |Elementary Instrumental Analysis, 4th ed., Longman Group | |VOG-4 | | |Ltd., 1978. | | | | |Mann, F. G. and Saunders, B. C.: | |ICET, PU. | | |Practical Organic Chemistry, 4th ed., Longmans, Green and | |547 | | |Co., Ltd., 1960. | |MAN-4 | | | |Biochemical Engineering ...
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...Chapter 17 9 TF TC 32 5 TC 5 TF 32 9 (17.1) (17.2) TK TC 273.15 (17.3) T2 p2 T1 p1 constant-volume gas thermometer, T L L0 T V V0 T in kelvins (17.4) linear thermal expansion for solids volume thermal expansion for liquids of mass m (17.6) (17.12) (17.13) (17.18) (17.20) Q mc T Q nC T heat required for temperature change T heat required for temperature change of n moles heat transfer in a phase change Σ������ ������������ = 0 for an isolated system. Q mL H T T dQ kA H C dt L heat current in conduction ������ = ������ Σ (������ /������ ) when there are several layers. ������ ������ ������ Δ������ H Ae T 4 heat current in radiation (17.25) H net Ae T 4 Ae Ts 4 Ae T 4 Ts 4 (17.26) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Page 1 of 7 Chapter 18 mtotal nM total mass, number of moles, and molar mass pV nRT (18.2) (18.3) (18.8) ideal-gas equation M NAm molar mass, Avogadro’s number, and mass of a molecule K tr 3 nRT 2 average translational kinetic energy of n moles of ideal gas 3 kT 2 (18.14) 1 m 2 2 av average translational kinetic energy of a gas molecule root-mean-square speed of a gas molecule (18.16) rms 2 av 3kT 3RT m M (18.19) tmean V 4 2r 2 N mean free path of a gas molecule...
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...Magnetotransport in Modulated Graphene by Rubina Nasir Submitted to the Department of Physics on 25 June 2012, in partial ful…llment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Abstract Recent experimental as well as theoretical works have shown that it is possible to create periodic, electric as well as magnetic, potentials in graphene. The e¤ects of these potentials on charge carriers in graphene leads to novel physical e¤ects with important consequences for transport. Whereas a strong periodic potential can lead to new Dirac points in the band structure of graphene, a weak periodic potential along with a perpendicular magnetic …eld B introduces a new length scale, period of modulation, in the system in addition to the cyclotron diameter at the Fermi energy. Commensurability of these two length scales leads to new observable physical e¤ects. These e¤ects were observed earlier in transport studies in conventional 2DEG systems realized in semiconductor heterostructures. Our aim is to study these e¤ects in a graphene monolayer in order to highlight the similarities and di¤erences in the two systems, conventional 2DEG and graphene. Therefore, in this thesis we have carried out a detailed investigation of the electrical magnetotransport properties of a one-dimensional weakly modulated graphene monolayer. It is found that the periodic modulation broadens the sharp Landau Levels into bands and they start oscillating with B. The electronic conduction in this system...
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...Chapter 2 ENERGY CONVERSION AND GENERAL ENERGY ANALYSIS W hether we realize it or not, energy is an important part of most aspects of daily life. The quality of life, and even its sustenance, depends on the availability of energy. Therefore, it is important to have a good understanding of the sources of energy, the conversion of energy from one form to another, and the ramifications of these conversions. Energy exists in numerous forms such as thermal, mechanical, electric, chemical, and nuclear. Even mass can be considered a form of energy. Energy can be transferred to or from a closed system (a fixed mass) in two distinct forms: heat and work. For control volumes, energy can also be transferred by mass flow. An energy transfer to or from a closed system is heat if it is caused by a temperature difference. Otherwise it is work, and it is caused by a force acting through a distance. We start this chapter with a discussion of various forms of energy and energy transfer by heat. We then introduce various forms of work and discuss energy transfer by work. We continue with developing a general intuitive expression for the first law of thermodynamics, also known as the conservation of energy principle, which is one of the most fundamental principles in nature, and we then demonstrate its use. Finally, we discuss the efficiencies of some familiar energy conversion processes, and examine the impact on energy conversion on the environment. Detailed treatments...
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...This page intentionally left blank SEVENTH EDITION Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer THEODORE L. BERGMAN Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Connecticut ADRIENNE S. LAVINE Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department University of California, Los Angeles FRANK P. INCROPERA College of Engineering University of Notre Dame DAVID P. DEWITT School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University JOHN WILEY & SONS VICE PRESIDENT & PUBLISHER EXECUTIVE EDITOR EDITORIAL ASSISTANT MARKETING MANAGER PRODUCTION MANAGER PRODUCTION EDITOR DESIGNER EXECUTIVE MEDIA EDITOR PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT SERVICES Don Fowley Linda Ratts Renata Marchione Christopher Ruel Dorothy Sinclair Sandra Dumas Wendy Lai Thomas Kulesa MPS Ltd. This book was typeset in 10.5/12 Times Roman by MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company and printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley (Jefferson City). The cover was printed by R. R. Donnelley (Jefferson City). Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the issues we are addressing...
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...Moran, M.J. “Engineering Thermodynamics” Mechanical Engineering Handbook Ed. Frank Kreith Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 1999 c 1999 by CRC Press LLC Engineering Thermodynamics Michael J. Moran Department of Mechanical Engineering The Ohio State University 2.1 Fundamentals....................................................................2-2 Basic Concepts and Definitions • The First Law of Thermodynamics, Energy • The Second Law of Thermodynamics, Entropy • Entropy and Entropy Generation 2.2 Control Volume Applications.........................................2-14 Conservation of Mass • Control Volume Energy Balance • Control Volume Entropy Balance • Control Volumes at Steady State 2.3 Property Relations and Data ..........................................2-22 Basic Relations for Pure Substances • P-v-T Relations • Evaluating ∆h, ∆u, and ∆s • Fundamental Thermodynamic Functions • Thermodynamic Data Retrieval • Ideal Gas Model • Generalized Charts for Enthalpy, Entropy, and Fugacity • Multicomponent Systems 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Combustion ....................................................................2-58 Reaction Equations • Property Data for Reactive Systems • Reaction Equilibrium Exergy Analysis..............................................................2-69 Defining Exergy • Control Volume Exergy Rate Balance • Exergetic Efficiency • Exergy Costing Vapor and Gas Power Cycles ........................................2-78 Rankine and...
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...Thermodynamics: Chapter 6 * ability to do work * * energy used to take a mass and object with mass to move is called work * energy used ti cause the temp of an object to rise is called heat * energy from a battery * change chemical energy into heat or work * radiant energy comes form the sun and is earths primary energy source * thermal energy is energy associated with random motion of atoms and molecules * chemical energy is the energy stored within the bonds of chemical substances * nuclear energy is energy stored within collection nuetrons and protons * PE= ENERGY OF A OF POSITION * KE- ENERGY of of motion * energy released when bonds forms – bond energy (0-400 kj) * energy absorbed when bond breaks _bond energy (-i400 to -100) * when atoms in right distance 0 0, decrease in pe * completely p\apart and no affinity between the two * most important potential electrostatic energy in molecules is electros- associated with kollumbs law * si unit of energy is joule (J) 1 J- 1 kgm2/s2 * 1 cal in nutrition = 1 kcal in nutrition * 1 cal= 4.184 J * 1 cal = amount energy required to raise 1 g of water 1 C * ---- A food calorie is actually a kcal * the surroundings includes the universe * he system includes the molecules we want to study (here the hydrogen and oxygen molecules) * energy can enter or leave system as heat or as work done on a piston * Thermodynamics is the study of heat...
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...CFLs – Unit 2 Chapter 8 – Introduction to Metabolism 1. Metabolism is the sum of an organism’s chemical reactions. 2. Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds, while anabolic pathways consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones. 3. All laws of energy transformations are conserved. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be converted from one form to another. The second law of thermodynamics is that all systems tend to increase in entropy. 4. Energy flows into an ecosystem in the form of light and exits in the form of heat. 5. The change in free energy (ΔG) determines if a reaction will occur spontaneously. 6. An exergonic reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous (ΔG<0). An endergonic reaction absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous (ΔG>0). 7. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the energy currency of the cell. ATP hydrolysis releases energy which is used to drive reactions forward. 8. Every reaction must overcome an activation energy barrier to occur. Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy barrier. 9. The reactant that an enzyme acts on is called the enzymes substrate. The substrate binds to the enzyme in the enzyme’s active site to form the enzyme –substrate complex. 10. An enzymes environment can affect its activity...
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...1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ@WILEY.COM. To order books or for customer service, call 1 (800)-CALL-WILEY (225-5945). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data: Bard, Allen J. Electrochemical methods : fundamentals and applications / Allen J. Bard, Larry R. Faulkner.— 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-471-04372-9 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Electrochemistry. I. Faulkner, Larry R., 1944- II. Title. QD553.B37 2000 541.3'7_dc21 00-038210 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PREFACE In the twenty...
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