...Gregory Cayo Time value of money & inventing Davenport University/ Finc 510 Time Value of money plays a major role in our lives. Whether you are an investor or a worker, somehow you still have to deal with it. As an investor, when starting an investment with a present value, the future value would eventually make profit in the next year or so. In other words, compounding is the name given to a starting investment that generates interest. Additionally, many jobs have 401(k), which allow workers to save and invest their money after their retirement. Some companies are already stockholders. Therefore, workers can be asked to work beyond their retirement deadline when there is a crash in the market. As a result, workers might no longer benefit from their 401 (k) saving. However, they would rather be part of the government retirement plan, which offer a lot lower than the 401(k) retirement plan (Ehrhard & Brigham, 2011). Financial problems are being solved easier when using spreadsheets on excel. The use of spreadsheets provides a visual concept of time value of money including all the transactions that are made by a company. By using spreadsheets, all the calculations are being made using a specific formula respectively. It is also helpful to use a time line when solving finance problems. Whether the problem involves excel or not, a time line is usually required to set up all the formula needed. A Time line tends to simplify the amount of work in a much simpler manner...
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...at a rate of 2%? How much would you have at the end of four years if interest is compounded semiannually? If you used a lower rate of 2% and compounded annually you would have $ 5,412.16. If you compounded the interest semiannually with the same rate you would have $ 5,414.28. 4. You have $10,000 in credit card debt, at a 14% interest rate. When is it beneficial to pay off the debt vs. putting money in a savings account? Explain the pros and cons of either option. A benefit of paying off the debt is that you will not have to keep paying finance charges. For example a $ 10,000 debt with a 14% interest rate will cost you $ 6,889.60 in interest over the course of a four year term. One benefit to paying these charges if you pay them on time it will help your credit score stay higher. One benefit to putting your money in a savings account is that it is safer there in the account. I would have to say that one of the cons of...
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...Time Value of Money Exercises 1. What is the balance in an investment account at the end of 10 years if $5,000 is invested today and the account earns 8% interest compounded annually? What would the value be after 50 years? After 100 years? 2. What is the present value of the following future amounts: Future Value Discount rate Number of periods $15,000 6% 5 $37,000 9% 10 $596,000 11% 4 $1,178,000 9.5% 12 3. Calculate the present value of the following cash inflows assuming an 11% discount rate. Year Cash flow 1 17,000 2 17,000 3 17,000 4 17,000 5 17,000 6 100,000 4. Consider the following two mutually exclusive projects Year Cash Flow Project 1 Cash Flow Project 2 0 -150,000 -150,000 1 $40,000 $100,000 2 $90,000 $80,000 3 $120,000 $60,000 a) Calculate the net present value (NPV) of each project assuming an 8% discount rate. b) Calculate the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for each project. 5. Anne Jones checked her lottery ticket once again. The numbers matched; she had won the $10,000,000 grand prize. The lottery provided two options for payment of the grand prize. First, the winner could take $1,000,000 immediately, with the remainder payable in $1,000,000 instalments over nine years, starting one year from now. The alternative payment option was an immediate lump sum payment of $7,000,000. ...
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...balance after the third payment? PV = 125,000 N = 5 I = 10% Pmt =$32,974.68 The balance after the third payment will be $57,228.79 FV = - 3. Suppose you have borrowed $170,000 to buy a new home. You plan to make monthly payments over a 30-year period. The bank has offered you an APR of 4.05%. a. What is the monthly payment of this loan? PV = 170,000 N = 30 x 12 = 360 I = 4.05/12 = .3375% Pmt = $816.51 FV = - b. What is the total amount of interest you will pay the bank over the life of the loan? $123,945.04 4. What is the effective rate of interest on a CD that has a nominal rate of 7.25 percent with interest compounded monthly? EAR = (1+.0725/12)^12 – 1 = 7.5% 5. What is the future value of $4,950 placed in a saving account for six years if the account pays 3%, compounded quarterly? PV = 4,950 N = 6 x 4 = 24 I =3/4 = .75% Pmt = - FV = $5,922.24 6. Your firm, Vandelay Industries, has just leased a $32,000 BMW for you. The lease requires seven beginning of the year payments that will fully amortize the cost of the car. How much are the payments if the applied interest rate is 6.5%? PV = 32,000 N = 7 I = 6.5% Pmt = $5,478.50 FV = - 7. You want to purchase a boat that costs $36,500. You want to finance as much of the purchase as possible with a 6-year bank loan at 8.5%...
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...1. The four basic variables of the time value of money (TVM) equation are: FV = future value PV = present value r = interest rate, yield, discount rate or growth rate n = the time period between the present value and the future value These variables can be arranged in several ways to solve many questions about money. The most basic form of the equation is FV = PV x (1+r)^n Example: if I have $1,000.00 in my bank account today earning 5% interest for a period of 10 years, what is the future value? FV = 1000 x (1+.05)^10 = $1,628.89 When the interest (growth) rate increases, future value increases as well. Example: if I have $1,000.00 in my bank account today earning 10% interest for a period of 10 years, what is the future value? FV = 1000 x (1+.10)^10 = $2,593.74 Discount rate is the opposite of growth rate. When the discount rate increases, present value decreases. 2. A series of payments can be described as making payments at regular intervals in varying amounts. In other words, if I make payments to a creditor on the 5th day of every month for 1 year, with each amount being different depending on my purchases that month, I am making a series of payments. An annuity, on the other hand, is a series of equal payments at regular intervals. If I make all my payments for $100.00 to a creditor on the 5th day of every month, this is considered an annuity. These are typically found in contractual obligations or other similar legally binding agreements...
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...Time Value of Money Managerial Finance II/FIN476 October 21, 2007 Time Value of Money The Time Value of Money (TVM) serves as a foundation for all other notions in finance. It influences business finance, consumer finance and government finance. Time Value of Money (TVM) results from the concept of interest. Time Value of Money (TVM) is an important concept within the financial management. It compares investment alternatives and then to solve problems, which involving loans, mortgages, leases, savings, and annuities. “In determining the future value, we measure the value of an amount that is allowed to grow at a given interest rate over a period of time” (Block & Hirt 2005). “Why would any rational person defer payment into the future when he or she could have the same amount of money now? For most of us, taking the money in the present is just plain instinctual. So at the most basic level, the time value of money demonstrates that, all things being equal, it is better to have money now rather than later” (Croome 2003). The concept of Time Value of Money (TVM) is that the dollar that company has today is worth more than the promise or expectation that the company will receive a dollar in the future. Money, which a company holds today, is worth more because the company can then invest it and earn interest. Therefore, a company should receive some compensation for foregoing spending. For instance, a company can invest their dollar for one year at...
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...Time value of money is the concept that shows the value of money which decreases day by day. There are so many factors which contribute to the time value of money such as inflation and increasing interest rates. The time value of money is sued to solve the problems which are related to the loans, mortgage, leases, saving and annuities. In the investment, time value of money is used to compare the alternatives of investment (Weil, 1990). The time value of money is based on the concept that money that anyone has today is worth more than the expectation which one will receive in the future. The money which is hold in the present is worth more because it can be invested and can earn the interest. For example, one can invest the dollar for one year at a 6% annual interest rate and accrue &1.06 at the end of the year. Then it can be said that the future value of the dollar is $1.06 given an interest rate and the present value of the $1.06 it is expected to receive in one year is only $1 (Drake, & Fabozzi, 2009). Interest rates and series of payments are included in the transactions. If the time value money is not used in past then there may be risk in the transaction. This helps in reaching at the comparable value of the money. that anyone has today is worth more than the expectation which one will receive in the future. The money which is hold in the present is worth more because it can be invested and can earn the interest. For example, one can invest the dollar for...
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...Time Value of Money: Name: Professor’s Name: Institution: Course Title: Date: Introduction Time Value of Money is the concept that a certain amount of money has a different value today than it would in the future. It is explained as the idea that money at hand at the present time is worth much more than the equal amount would in future (Crosson, 2008). If you lend your friend money today, most likely he will refund the same amount you lend him in future. That money will have added no value to itself. Lending it to your friend is not an investment. The sooner you get the money back, the better because you can invest it elsewhere. Therefore, if one was not to use a given amount of money today, with intentions of using it in the future, he should put that money in a saving account. That way, the money will accrue interest and it will not be of the same amount as initially saved. The amount of interest accrued on saved money depends on three things: the initial amount saved, the bank interest rate and the span of time the money will be saved. Inflation is another factor to be considered when calculating the interest to be accrued. If the inflation is high, the interest reduces since the ‘value’ of money reduces (Carr, 2006). This paper will discuss this concept of time value of money with the help of a question problem. Assuming I am 30 years old plans and I plan to accumulate $1 million by my retirement date, which is 30 years from now...
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...Time Value of Money: Simple Interest versus Compound Interest Outline I. Applications of Time Value of Money 1.1 Example One 1.2 Example Two 2. Interest 2.1 What is Interest? 2.2 Three Variables of Interest 1. Principal 2. Interest Rate 3. Time 2.3 Why is Interest Charged? 3. Simple Interest 3.1 What is Simple Interest? 3.2 Simple Interest Formula 4. Compound Interest 4.1 What is Compound Interest? 4.2 Compound Interest Formula 5. Compound Interest Tables 1. Future Value of $1 2. Present Value of $1 3. Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity of $1 4. Present Value of an Annuity due 5. Present Value of a Deferred Annuity 6. Conclusion 7. References Abstract The time value of money (TVM) is based on the principle that "a dollar today is worth more than a dollar in the future, (Mott, 2010, pp.31). Waiting for future dollars involves a cost -the cost is foregoing the opportunity to earn a rate of return on money while you are waiting" (pp.31). TVM was developed by Leonard Fibonnacci in 1202 and is one of the basic concepts of finance. One hundred dollars today has a different buying power than it will have in the future. For example, $100 invested in a savings account at your local bank yielding 6% annually will grow to $106 in one year. The difference between the $100 invested now-the present value of the investment-and its $106 future value represents the time value of money, (Spiceland...
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...or, even in the cookie jar that eventually one day they would be rich. Well not to spoil the surprise but the years it would take to make one rich by those means are far off and nothing in between. This is where Time Value of Money comes in. Time Value of Money is the idea that a dollar today is worth more than a dollar in the future, even after the adjustments of inflation, interest rates, and appreciation until the time come for the dollar in the future to be received. Simply stated invest. There are a variety of financial applications of the time value of money. This paper will identify different financial application, and components of a discount and interest rate. The goal is to list various financial applications, and explain the components of discount and interest rates. Financial Applications The time value of money can be applied to many everyday financial decisions. Suppose a parent wants to set aside present funds for their child’s educational future. Several factors will impact the ability to yield a return, such as the number of periods involved and the applied interest rate. For this reason, the concept of the time value of money can be calculated by several financial applications. The financial applications consist of future values and present values, annuity, and yield of an investment, which will be...
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..."Time Value of Money and Annuity" Please respond to the following: • From the e-Activity, create a personal scenario that exemplifies the time value of money that includes the opportunity cost involved. According to Investopedia, the time value of money is the concept that money available today is worth more than the same amount of money in the future based on its earning potential up until the time the future amount is received. It is the potential of money to grow in value over time. The basic understanding is that a bird in hand is worth two in the bush. Money is worth more to the user when it is available immediately because money can be invested or earn interest. It applies to many contracts where delayed payment requires compensation for the time value of money. Suppose you were to receive $100 today or the same amount in one year. If you were to invest the $100 at an annual interest rate of 8%, it would increase by a factor of 1.08 to $108 in a year. If you were to divide the $100 by the same factor, the $100 received in a year would be worth $92.59 today. The time value of money, also referred to as the present discounted value, is clearly illustrated. The sooner you have money, the more worthy it is because you can put it to use. • Describe one (1) real-life example that shows the manner in which a person can use an annuity for retirement planning. An annuity is an insurance product that pays out income. You make an investment in the annuity, and it then makes...
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...Time Value of Money I recently opened a Roth IRA account in 2014. Being in my 30’s already, I got started a tad bit late but nonetheless I’m planning for my retirement now. My main focus is to maximize contribution each year and allow for it’s steady growth so that I can afford to sustain my lifestyle after I retire. I plan to save at least a million dollar for my retirement. Although there are not any tax deduction provisions for Roth IRA, the earnings are tax-free. So, in the long run it will be beneficial, as I don’t have any plans to withdraw the money until I retire. I opened the Roth IRA account with $3500 at the end of 2014 at the age of 30. I intend to contribute $3500 at end of every year till the age of 65 years, which will be my retirement age. The annual expected return from investment is 7%. Since, I will be making a series of equal payments at fixed intervals for a specified number of time and doing it at the end of every year, the future value will be- PMT= $ 3500 I=7% N=35years FVA=? FVA=PMT [(1+I)^N-1÷I] FVA= 3500[(1+0.07)^35-1÷0.07] = $483829.10 So, if I stick to my current plan, I will only be able to save $483,829 at the age 65. Lets assume if I fulfill the maximum contribution of $5500 each year with same expected annual return of 7%, then my savings will be- PMT= $ 5500 I=7% N=35years FVA=? FVA=PMT [(1+I)^N-1÷I] FVA= 5500[(1+0.07)^35-1÷0.07] = $760302.83 It looks like although I make maximum contribution each year, I won’t...
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...Abstract In this paper, Team C will discuss the concept of the time value of money and the importance of this concept in business. Also, we will provide a demonstration of the use of the formula used to calculate the present and future values of money to get the present value of $100 using different periods of time and interest rates. Time Value of Money In the world of business, it is essential to know what TVM represents and how it helps make better choices in how we spend our money. TVM is also known as Time Value of money which is a given amount of interest earned in a period of time (Wikipedia, 2011). Each member in group “C” will use 100 as our present value and we will choose an interest rate and period. Time value of money concept is used to determine present and future values of money. “The time value of money refers to the relationship between time, money, and the rate of interest.” (Letsche, 2011). The formula consist of four components FV = Future Value, PV = Present Value, i = the interestrate per period and n= the number of compounding periods (TeachMeFinance.com). In business, TVM is used to evaluate expected returns on investments and monitoring the company’s cash flow. “However, understanding the time value of money is also very important for you as an self-employed business person to make sure you are able to realize your spending, purchasing and retirement goals.” (Loughran, 2011). On a personal level, individuals can use TVM to calculate interest...
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...Time Value of Money Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………………3 Time Value of Money………………………………………………………………..4 Future Value and Present Value…………………………………………………......5 Challenges…………………………………………………………………………...6 Summation…………………………………………………………………………..8 References…………………………………………………………………………...9 Abstract Time value of money operations are the backbone of financial decisions in business. The basics of their operation lie in interest calculations that can be used to determine the value of money five years ago, today and even well into the future. These calculations can be tricky and are weighed with outside challenges that can affect them positively and negatively and give a good framework of when, where and how money should be invested and capital allocated. Time Value of Money It is generally stated that money today is worth more than the money of tomorrow. This simple statement of finance is the basis for understanding the time value of money and how it relates to opportunity costs, sunk costs, present and future values and discount rates. (Wilson, 2010). There are many factors which affect money, but predominantly inflation, risk, and opportunity loss are the factors which affect the time value of money and are the influences which directly affect a manager’s ability to understand and use financial information relating to present and future values to make sound decisions. Future Value (Fv) and Present Value (Pv) In economics, the time value...
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...Valuation formulae Let V be the present value of an asset or security that pays cash flows in the future, where the last cash flow is to be received at time T (note that, if cash flows are to be received forever, then T = ∞). Let CFt be the cash flow to be received at time t, and let rt be the appropriate discount rate for the period from now to time t. Then, [pic] Special cases: i) Time periods between cash flow payments are of equal length ii) The discount rate is the same for all periods (rt = r) [pic] iii) The discount rate is the same for all periods (rt = r), cash flows for times from next period until the maturity of the asset are constant (CFt = C), with an additional final payment being made at maturity (when T = M) [pic] iv) There is only one cash flow to be received, at the maturity of the asset (T = M) [pic] v) The discount rate is the same for all periods (rt = r) and cash flows for times from the next period until the maturity of the asset are constant (CFt = C) [pic] vi) The discount rate is the same for all periods (rt = r) and cash flows are constant forever (CFt = C) [pic] 2) TVM keys on a financial calculator How do these valuation formulae translate to the TVM keys on a financial calculator? [pic] 3) Types of cash flow streams Most general case: (i) Equal time periods: (ii) Equal time periods and discount rate: ...
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