...I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is the 1969 autobiography about the early years of African-American writer and poet Maya Angelou. The first in a seven-volume series, it is a coming-of-age story that illustrates how strength of character and a love of literature can help overcome racism and trauma. The book begins when three-year-old Maya and her older brother are sent to Stamps, Arkansas, to live with their grandmother and ends when Maya becomes a mother at the age of 16. In the course of Caged Bird, Maya transforms from a victim of racism with an inferiority complex into a self-possessed, dignified young woman capable of responding to prejudice. Angelou was challenged by her friend, author James Baldwin, and her editor, Robert Loomis, to write an autobiography that was also a piece of literature. Reviewers often categorize Caged Bird as autobiographical fiction because Angelou uses thematic development and other techniques common to fiction, but the prevailing critical view characterizes it as an autobiography, a genre she attempts to critique, change, and expand. The book covers topics common to autobiographies written by Black American women in the years following the civil rights movement: a celebration of Black motherhood; a critique of racism; the importance of family; and the quest for independence, personal dignity, and self-definition. Angelou uses her autobiography to explore subjects such as identity, rape, racism, and literacy. She also writes in new ways about...
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...Natural Effects on a Boy Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Confessions has the entire life of its author’s experiences, virtues, and detailed imperfections. Rousseau’s Confessions is one of the first notable autobiographies and has influenced many forms of narratives. It inaugurated modern day autobiography and inspired a narrative technic used in many great novels. Rousseau wrote this autobiography in order to tell the world about himself and express the nature of man. He did not want to be known by how people thought of him, but rather be able to tell people exactly what happened in his life and let them be the judge. Rousseau begins Confessions by stating, “this is the only portrait of a man, painted exactly according to nature and in all of its truth, that exists and will probably ever exist” (57). He included embarrassing experiences and personal thoughts from throughout his life to show every possible virtue of his life. He portrays what every boy encounters from mischievous trickery to entering sexual adulthood. The events that change his life and himself become a consistent theme while he describes his childhood, sexual cravings, and natural thoughts of a boy’s life. One of the most common subjects in Rousseau autobiography is the story of his childhood and the nature of a boy. Rousseau’s mother passed away during his birth, which strained the relation between him and his father. When they tried to speak of her the conversation would end with tears because his father saw Rousseau’s...
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...HOW TO ANALYSE SOURCES ANALYSING OF SOURCES Historical criticism.-> Original document? How, when, and why did it come into being? Where does it come from? Who is the author or the cartoonist or the cameraman? 2 critical questions: Could the witness possibly have known the truth? Did the witness wish to tell the truth? EVALUATING OF SOURCES Authenticity? (are there factual errors in the source?) Reliability? (how long after the event was the source produced?) Bias/Prejudice? Subjectivity VS objectivity? Historians have an issue, the source is problematic (biased, emotions, etc) and the historian is a human writer. To guard oneself from being manipulated by bias sources, one must cross-reference. This means one must analyse a few sources and then synthesise their own conclusion. QUESTIONS WHICH ASK YOU TO COMPARE IN THE TEST OR EXAM Generally sources can have two characteristics with each other. They are either similar or they are contradictory/different with each other. One should consider the following aspects when answering these types of exam questions: What are the similarities(1) and the differences(2) between the sources? How do these sources complement each other(3)? Which of these sources provides a more accurate viewpoint on the topic(4)? QUESTIONS WHICH ASK YOU TO USE ALL THE SOURCES This is an eight mark question which comes prior to the essay. One is required to write approximately 10-15 lines;...
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...López de Córdoba, a Spanish noblewoman, wrote her Memorias, which may be the first autobiography in Castillian. Zāhir ud-Dīn Mohammad Bābur,who founded the Mughal dynasty of South Asia kept a journal Bāburnāma (Chagatai/Persian: بابر نامہ; literally: "Book of Babur" or "Letters of Babur") which was written between 1493 and 1529. One of the first great autobiographies of the Renaissance is that of the sculptor and goldsmith Benvenuto Cellini (1500–1571), written between 1556 and 1558, and entitled by him simply Vita (Italian: Life). He declares at the start: "No matter what sort he is, everyone who has to his credit what are or really seem great achievements, if he cares for truth and goodness, ought to write the story of his own life in his own hand; but no one should venture on such a splendid undertaking before he is over forty."[2] These criteria for autobiography generally persisted until recent times, and most serious autobiographies of the next three hundred years conformed to them. Another autobiography of the period is De vita propria, by the Italian mathematician, physician and astrologer Gerolamo Cardano (1574). The earliest known autobiography in English is the early 15th-century Booke of Margery Kempe, describing among other things her pilgrimage to the Holy Land and visit to Rome. The book remained in manuscript and was not published until 1936. Notable English autobiographies of the 17th century include those of Lord Herbert of Cherbury (1643, published 1764)...
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...The page before Donald M. Murray’s “All Writing is Autobiography” warns readers that Murray’s opinion on writing is different from most other opinions. Prior to reading Murray’s article, I agreed with those opinions which included the rule: never use the word “I” in a formal paper. While writing this paper, I feel a strong urge to erase the words “I agreed” and rewrite the entire page in a more formal manner. Murray’s article changed my idea of the writing process by making me realize that every piece of writing is autobiographical whether or not an author is writing objectively through word choice, sentence structure, metaphors, and even punctuation. A reader can learn much about an author through his or her word choice. An author’s diction may seem more colloquial or more obscure and academic depending on his or her personality. Murray demonstrates how an author can use creativity by creating words when he uses the words “squenched and “companioned” in his poem “At 64, Talking Without Words.” Though these are not words one would find in a dictionary, they are understood by readers and aid in defining the author. Sentence structure is an important piece of writing. An author may utilize a run-on sentence or a one-worded sentence in order to create a point or emphasize one, however grammatically incorrect the sentence may be. Charlotte Brontë, for example, frequently uses run-one sentences in order to complete a thought without the interruption of a period. Authors may...
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...continue to require replacement of some or all of their teeth. Surgical improvement of the denture-bearing area and surrounding tissue (preprosthetic surgery) offers an exciting and demanding challenge to the dental practice. Many minor modifications of the alveolar ridge and vestibular areas can greatly improve denture stability and retention. In some cases, patients have severe bone changes or soft tissue abnormalities that require extensive surgical preparation before the prosthetic appliance can be properly constructed and worn. Procedures that improve prosthesis retention and stability are discussed and illustrated in Chapter 13. One of the most exciting frontiers in dentistry is implantology. Proper bony and soft tissue reconstruction followed by placement of implants and subsequent prosthetic reconstruction can provide patients with a more natural and efficient substitution for their lost dentition. Depending on the circumstances, several types of implant systems may be used. Chapter 14 discusses the various types of implant systems currently in use and their advantages, disadvantages, and indications for use. 247 Preprosthetic Surgery Mark W. Ochs and Myron R. Tucker CHAPTER OUTLINE OBJECTIVES OF PREPROSTHETIC SURGERY OF PATIENT EVALUATION AND TREATMENT PLANNING Evaluation of Supporting Bony Tissue Evaluation of Supporting Soft Tissue Treatment Planning RECONTOURING OF ALVEOLAR RIDGES Simple Alveoloplasty Associated with Removal of Multiple Teeth Intraseptal...
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...Tempo Tissue use emotional view in the advertisement. Tempo is supported by Procter & Gamble (P&G), which has been established for more than 18 years, brand is come from Germany. The color used on packaging, which have not changed since the tissues have been launched in the market. This time Tempo cross over with the local younger iconographer-“ Carrie Chau”, using her famous “Blind fly magic paradise design” limited edition package substitute classic blue and transparent formal Tempo packaging. Carrie Chau has creates special blind fly iconography design for Tempo. The blind fly cartoon character is taking Tempo tissue paper in the outlook package. Moreover special blind fly printing in each tissue paper attractive to the consumer to buy. The outstanding and sharp blind fly packaging would attract customer’s attention in the advertisement. Tempo provides petit packs and box package tissue. The advertisement layout color in soft blue, easy for everyone acceptable, and the cartoon full of colorful and fairy tale feeling. Bring a lot of dreaming and fantasy impressiveness to the consumer. In addition, Tempo emphasized to support the local designed, this advertisement arouses the reader’s sympathy. Kleenex use cognitive view to represent their product. Kleenex is one of famous tissue brand in the worldwide, they produce by Kimberly-Clark, in the early 1924, was beginning exploration of tissues product substitute handkerchief, spirit for over 80 years. In the advertisement...
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...1.1. Explain the structure and composition of bone tissue Articular cartilage, also known as Hyaline cartilage, lays on the surface of a bone. The articular cartilage is typically depicted in four zones; the superficial zone, the transitional zone, the radial zone, and the calcified zone (James and Uhl, 2001, pp.414). Each zone, within the articular cartilage, has an important role in supporting movement and reducing friction. Supporting this, Barber (2007, pp.742) states that damage to any of these zones would result in progressive deterioration, and alterations to the normal biomechanical properties within the articular cartilage. This suggests that any damage to the articular cartilage will result in deterioration of bone and reduction...
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...distribution of ocular tissue used for transplant and/or research purposes in the state of Minnesota, western Wisconsin and eastern North Dakota. The primary products the produces are corneas, sclera and whole globes. In North America and Asia there is a large demand for ocular tissue for transplant as well as research and training purposes. In order to maximize financial resources the MLEB must utilize a Market-Product grid to identify markets and the products in most demand in the implementation of direct marketing techniques to targeted consumer populations. The target consumer populations include fellowship-trained ophthalmologist in cornea surgery, ocular researchers and eye bank professionals. Market-Product Analysis: Minnesota Lions Eye Bank The Minnesota Lions Eye Bank (MLEB) is a non-profit organization and one of the most reputable eye banks in the world, (Minnesotalionsvisionfoundation.org, n.d). It is a well-known leader in the United States for providing eye tissues for transplant and research purposes. The MLEB serves the communities of Minnesota, western Wisconsin, and eastern North Dakota by recovering cornea and sclera allografts from consented donors for transplant and research/training, (Minnesotalionsvisionfoundation.org, n.d). Since being founded in 1960 the Minnesota Lions Eye Bank has provided more than 20,000 corneas for transplant, (News Archives, 2008). The Minnesota Lions Eye Bank processes several types of tissue for transplant and research...
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...THE ADVERSE INFLUENCE OF PORK CONSUMPTION ON HEALTH by Professor Hans-Heinrich Reckeweg, M.D. Biological Therapy Vol.1 No. 2 1983 In consideration of wide sections of the population, it appeared strongly advisable to investigate more closely the reasons for the nocuity of pork and to report on the toxic and stress factors contained in pork, i.e. sutoxins. A possibility emerges that everyone can stay healthy by omitting toxic factors (specific pork poisons) from his diet or can regain health by observing a strict ban on pork. The fact that pork causes stress and gives rise to poisoning is known. It is obvious that this does not only apply to preparations of fresh pork such as cold cuts, knuckles, feet, ribs and cutlets, etc., but also to cured meats (ham, bacon, etc.) and to smoked meats prepared for sausages. Consumption of freshly killed pork products causes acute responses, such as inflammations of the appendix and gall bladder, biliary colics, acute intestinal catarrh, gastroenteritis with typhoid and paratyphoid symptoms, as well as acute eczema, carbuncles, sudoriparous abscesses, and others. These symptoms can be observed after consuming sausage meats (including salami which contains pieces of bacon in the form of fat). The consumption of pork is particularly dangerous in the tropical regions. This, for example, is shown in parts of Africa where both the Islamic and Western civilizations live in neighboring territories under the same climatic conditions. The same conditions...
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...Radiation Effects at the Tissue and Organ Level * Response to irradiation- measures the radiosensitivity of tissue or organ * Loss of moderate number of cells- does not affect function of organs * Loss of large number of cells- display clinical result * Severity of change depends on dose and thus amount of cell loss * Repairable damage- moderate dose to localized area * Death from damage to most sensitive system- comparable dose to whole organism Short- Term Effects * Sensitivity of parenchymal cell- determines short term effect of radiation on a tissue * Lost cells in mitosis- linked death- when continuously proliferating tissues (e.g bone marrow, oral mucous membrane) are irradiated with a moderate dose * Extent of cell loss depends on damage to stem cell pools and proliferative rate of cell population * Reduction in number of mature cells- effect of irradiation to such tissues * Little or no radiation-induced hypoplasia- when tissues composed of cells that rarely or never divide (e.g muscle) are irradiated Long- Term Effects * Damage to fine vasculature- determines long-term effect of radiation on tissue or organ * Radio sensitivity of capillaries and connective tissues- differentiating intermiotic cells and reverting postmiotic cells * Irradiation of capillaries- swelling, degeneration, necrosis * Increases capillary permeability and slow progressive fibrosis around vessels * Increased...
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...triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols (cholesterol). Triglycerides are fatty acids. Its functions include energy storage and the cushioning and insulating of the body and nerves. All nerves are wrapped in a myelin sheath; or lipid layer. Phospholipids are similar to triglycerides, but contain a phosphate group. It is a lipid bilayer – membranes in eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of cells. Sterols are made from lipids, but have no fatty acids in their structure. Cholesterol makes up sex hormones and carries lip-proteins. Describe briefly what is occurring at each step in the figure. (3 marks) * Name and briefly describe the cell shapes, arrangements, and functions of cell layers found in epithelial tissues. (3 marks) * In epithelial tissue, there are squamous cells, which are flat with the nucleus located near the upper surface. Cuboidal cells are cube-shaped (or hexagonal) with a central, round nucleus. Cuboidal cells absorb materials (ex: digested food) and produce secretions. Columnar cells have an oval-shaped nucleus near the basement membrane and are tall. They are thick, can absorb materials, and...
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...Describe the following tissue types: Epithelial - Epithelial tissue covers the entire surface of the body. It is made up of cells nearly pressed and extended in one or more layers. This tissue is specific to structure the covering or coating of all inward and outer body surfaces. Epithelial tissue that happens on surfaces on the inside of the body is known as endothelium. Epithelial cells are packed firmly together, with practically no intercellular spaces and just a little measure of intercellular substance. Epithelial tissue is generally divided from the underlying tissue by a meagre sheet of connective tissue; cellar layer. The basement membrane gives structural backing to the epithelium furthermore ties it to neighbouring structures. Epithelial tissue can be divided into two groups depending on the number of layers of which it is creates. Epithelial tissue which is stand out cell thick is known as basic epithelium. On the off chance that it is two or more cells thick, for example, the skin, it is known as stratified epithelium. There are also nerve supplies to the epithelia but they are supplied with oxygen and nutrients from deeper tissues by diffusion. There are three types of epithelial tissue, which include cuboidal, columnar and squamous Simple cuboidal epithelia are a type of epithelium that refers to a single layer of cube-like cells. These cuboidal cells have large, spherical and central nuclei. The cells of this sort of tissue can withstand more trauma than basic...
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...The effects of ultrasound waves on biological tissues are called bioeffects. Ultrasound is a non-ionizing form of radiation, they have an extremely low frequency which is why ultrasound waves are not known to cause harm to human tissue. There are different categories of bioeffects; these categories are known as thermal effects and mechanical effects. Thermal bioeffects depend on the duration of exposure and the frequency. In brightness modulation and in color mode a wider area is scanned so the heat can be distributed over that space. In amplitude modulation, motion mode, and Doppler modes, one line is scanned repeatedly to gather information which in turn makes that line have a concentrated amount of heat, increasing the likelihood of thermal bioeffects occurring. Thermal Index (TI) is the on screen measurement of the amount of energy absorbed by the body over a certain period of time. Thermal bioeffects are used as a form of medical heat therapy sometimes by applying low frequency ultrasound to joint and muscle sprains or tendonitis. Also thermal bioeffects have been used to thermally kill tumors or stop bleeding. Mechanical bioeffects are the effects of the ultrasound wave that are non-thermal, produced by force. The force that is usually produced is something called cavitation. Cavitation can occur if the Mechanical Index (MI) is the measure on screen of the potential for cavitation to begin in the tissue. There are two types of cavitation; stable cavitation that the gas bubbles...
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...Lesson 1: A & P of Skin and Soft Tissue Answers/Rationale 1. F The pH of normal, healthy skin is slightly acid, not alkaline. 2. F Dermis, is the inner most layer of skin that is naturally moist and slightly acid. 3. T Epidermis is the outer layer of skin, composed of stratified squamous epithelial cells,which can reproduce/regenerate to replace lost cells. 4. F Subcutaneous tissue is not a layer of skin. Only the epidermis and dermis comprise the skin. Subcutaneous tissue is fatty tissue/adipose tissue underneath the skin that provides padding and protection. 5. T Tissues need intermittent blood flow. Compression of tissue between a bone and external surface/ cast/splint or device, compresses blood vesslels and can cut off the blood flow to tissue resulting in ischemia that causes tissue damage and if prolonged, ulceration. 6. T Muscle tissue is highly vascular with a higher metabolic rate and therefore is more susceptible than skin to effects of prolonged pressure. Muscle is also not capable of reproduction/regeneration. 7. F Maceration stretches cells in the skin increasing the risk of damage. 8. Rete pegs and rete ridges are epidermal protrusiuons that project down into the dermis to interlock with the dermal papillae to provide strength and stability of the skin layers and prevent skin tears. Without the interlocking of the epidermis to the dermis, or if there is flattening of this junction, the epidermis can easily be torn away from the dermis. The rete pegs and ridges are...
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