...Running Head: Title IX Court Case Research on Title IX Court Case FIRST M. SURNAME INSTITUTIONAL AFFLIATION TITLE IX Court Case Introduction Title IX is a part of the Education Amendments of 1972. The amendment protects the citizens from discrimination from academic programs on the basis of their gender(Carpenter & Acosta, 2005). It provides that persons of either gender can be granted an opportunity in any education program within taking into consideration their gender. Title IX protects all the students enrolled in government sponsored institutions from discrimination. As much as the code of Civil Rights caters for the protection against such there are still areas where discrimination can arise (Boland, 2002).. For instance, enrollment in some degree programs or some sporting activities might be based on discriminating nature. The Amendments also guard the student against sexual harassment. This paper will look at the process of filing a Title IX lawsuit. It will analyze based on a sample case study on how to overcome the case based on the current provision of the Education Amendments as well as other relevant laws that pertain to that case. It will observe the consequences of the outcome of the case to the participants of the case. The evaluation will consider all the other external factors that are involved in the process of the filing process and representation in the court of law. Statement of the Court Case The case to be analyzed for the purposes of...
Words: 1536 - Pages: 7
...Abstract The major legal issues, case law, and arguments, are investigated as a parent of a special needs student fosters a complaint that her daughter is subjected to harassment on the school bus by fellow students. This case study questions whether the lack of concern from the bus driver and negligence from the school district was the essential catalyst of her daughters’ harassment, torment, and sexual abuse. After several incidents of unsupervised abuse, the mother criticized the school bus driver the harassment rendered; however, there was little to none action taken against the other students that ultimately elevated her blouse and exposed her bare breasts. The legal issues relevant to this case study are student harassment, negligence, abuse, tort liability; breach of duty, injury, and causation, and a distinct lack of concern from the school district. Special Need Student Case Summary/Evaluation You are the principal of an elementary school. It’s Monday morning and a parent of a special needs student complains that her daughter is being harassed on the school bus by fellow students because she has Down Syndrome. Students on the bus, including a couple of other special education students, are calling her dumb, slow, slope head, and other degrading names. Her daughter is crying each night and doesn’t want to return to school. The mother has complained to the bus driver before and he has done nothing. The last straw was that these same kids pulled her daughter’s...
Words: 1208 - Pages: 5
...women’s movement was the enactment of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 is the landmark legislation that bans sex discrimination in schools, whether it is in academics or athletics. It states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance" (Storm 320). Before Title IX, few opportunities existed for female athletes. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), which was created in 1906 to format and enforce rules in men’s football but had become the ruling body of college athletics, offered no athletic scholarships for women and held no championships for women’s teams. Furthermore, facilities, supplies and funding were lacking. As a result, in 1972 there were just 30,000 women participating in NCAA sports, as opposed to 170,000 men (Simon 92). Title IX applies to educational institutions that receive any federal funds and prohibits discrimination in all educational programs and activities. Athletic programs are considered educational programs and activities. Title IX gives women athletes the right to equal opportunity in sports in educational institutions that receive federal funds, from elementary schools to colleges and universities (Poertner 92). There are three parts to Title IX as it applies to athletics programs: (1)...
Words: 1703 - Pages: 7
...Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice Volume 7 | Issue 1 Article 2 September 2013 The Legal Implications of Gender Bias in Standardized Testing Katherine Connor Ellen J. Vargyas Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/bglj Recommended Citation Katherine Connor and Ellen J. Vargyas, The Legal Implications of Gender Bias in Standardized Testing, 7 Berkeley Women's L.J. 13 (1992). Available at: http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/bglj/vol7/iss1/2 Link to publisher version (DOI) http://dx.doi.org/ This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals and Related Materials at Berkeley Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice by an authorized administrator of Berkeley Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact jcera@law.berkeley.edu. The Legal Implications of Gender Bias in Standardized Testing Katherine Connort Ellen J. Vargyast TABLE OF CONTENTS I. II. INTRODUCTION ....................................... THE FACTUAL CONTEXT ............................. A. The Scope of the Problem ............................ 1. Post-Secondary Admissions Tests .................. 2. Vocational Aptitude Tests and Interest Inventories. B. Causes of Gender Differences in Test Scores ........... 1. Post-Secondary Admissions Tests .................. 2. Vocational Aptitude Tests and Interest Inventories. C. Validity of the Tests .......................
Words: 43113 - Pages: 173
...THE EFFECTS OF EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN WOMEN SPORTS March, 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page i Table of Contents …..……………………………………………………………………2 Section I. Introduction 3 Section II. Review of Literature 4 Equal Employment Opportunity Laws 4 Affirmative Action 6 Effects of EEO and AA on Women Sports 7 Effects on EEO and AA on women playing sports 7 Effects of EEO and AA on women coaching sports 9 Effects of EEO and AA on women in administration………………...11 Section III. Summary and Conclusions 14 References ............... 17 INTRODUCTION Women in sports have indeed come a long way. Years ago it was socially unacceptable for women to do anything other than cook and clean. Men dominated the work place and the sports industry. But eventually women got fed up with being treated less significant than their male counterparts and began protesting. Not until the mid-1950s and early 1960s did nondiscriminatory employment become a strong social concern (Bohlander & Snell, 2004). While women were just beginning to make a name for themselves, the government began regulating Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) by passing a series of laws, in an attempt to correct social problems of interest to particular groups of workers, including women. EEO laws have made a major impact on women in all industries, but especially on women in sports. While EEO laws focused on non-discrimination, affirmative action went beyond...
Words: 4585 - Pages: 19
...equitable distribution of overall athletic opportunities, benefits, and resources is available to women and men and in which student athletes, coaches, and athletics administrators are not subject to gender-based discrimination. Title IX, passed in 1972 at the pinnacle of the women’s rights movement, banned sex discrimination in any federally financed education program. It threw into quick relief the imbalanced treatment of male and female athletes on college campuses. Ever since Congress passed the federal gender-equity law, universities have opened their gyms and athletic fields to millions of women who previously did not have chances to play. But as women have surged into a greater part on campus in recent years, many institutions have resorted to deception to make it look as if they are offering more sports to women. Throughout this paper I will discuss the issues of gender equity in sports. I will mention what equal opportunities women have to play sports and how they can develop the psychological, physiological and sociological impact from sports participation. Females are playing team sports more now than they were a decade ago and far more women will play team sports in the next decade. In the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association's (SGMA) study, the authors analyzed many team sports and the role that females played in each activity. In 1990-1991, female high school varsity athletic teams numbered 1,892; in 2000-2001, the number increased to 2,746; and in 2005-2006...
Words: 2350 - Pages: 10
...Title IX: Equity or Elimination? Issues of gender equity have confronted American society since its inception. The Declaration of Independence specifically states that all "men" are created equal, leaving out women, just as the Constitution originally denied women the right to vote. Over the past two and a half centuries, however, women have striven to obtain equal rights. In 1848, for instance, leaders of the women's suffrage movement, such as Susan B. Anthony, adopted a Declaration of Sentiments calling for an equal rights amendment including women ("Women's Rights" par. 1). In 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution finally adhered to their wishes, giving women the right to vote. Despite these important steps, women in the United States, a nation founded on the ideals of freedom and equality, continue to battle for equal rights. A key moment in this fight for equality occurred in 1972 with the passage of the Title IX Amendment to the Equal Opportunity in the Education Act. Title IX states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance" (Sadker par. 2). This piece of legislation has had a profound impact upon college athletics. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has interpreted Title IX as requiring an equal opportunity for male and female athletes at our...
Words: 1544 - Pages: 7
...College hoops' black coaching issue Myron Medcalf [ARCHIVE] ESPN.com | July 18, 2013 When a national sportswriter calls to talk about minority hiring in college basketball, folks of all races seem to get nervous. As I sought feedback following last week's release of the "2012 Racial and Gender Report Card: College Sport" by Central Florida's Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport -- the report excludes historically black colleges and universities -- which states that the current pool of Division I African-American head coaches (18.6 percent through the 2011-12 season) is at its lowest mark since the 1995-96 season, people weren't sure what, if anything, they should say. Multiple administrators passed on the opportunity. The NCAA wanted to see my questions, and then it wanted a pre-interview phone conversation before it ultimately emailed its responses. The coaches who talked on the record always ended our chats with the same concern: "I didn't say anything that will make me look bad, right?" Shaka Smart Andy Lyons/Getty Images To reach Shaka Smart's level, black coaches often have to overcome certain labels. I don't blame them. It's an incendiary issue, because we're uncomfortable with race as dialogue. It's still a subject that makes athletic directors -- 89 percent of whom are white at the Division I level, per the report -- squirm. Minority coaches speak cautiously, because they don't want to be labeled as rebels or militants. That hesitancy...
Words: 8597 - Pages: 35
...influence viewer’s values and attitudes. Networks have become increasingly knowledgeable and schematic in using sport entertainment as a way to promote their ideologies, values, commercialization and interpretations of sport. Studies have found that people turn to sports in the media for entertainment. The different forms of media are evolving and moving in a more prevalent direction than they have been in the past. With the explosive growth of internet users in the past decade, media companies have created a domain where they can input their interpretations of sporting events and coverage. These domains have become dominated by the 18-34-year-old demographic (Kian, Mondello & Vincent 2009) who use websites such as ESPN, the most widely used website for obtaining sports related news (Lefton, 2006 as cited in Battenfield, Redmond & Ridinger 2014), and Sports Illustrated to read about upcoming games, watch live coverage, or get the low down on games that have already happened. These online sport websites are visited more frequently by males (62%) than females (38%) (Loechner, 2005 as cited in Battenfield et al. 2014) but that gap is slowly dwindling. Opportunities for women to participate in sports has increased dramatically since the enactment of Title IX in 1972, with the number of female participants in college sports at...
Words: 4713 - Pages: 19
...Many countries, such as the DRC and Sudan, do not prosecute sex crimes therefore I will focus on the laws and process in the United States and in Spain. I have personal experience in dealing with the legal system and the process of pressing charges against a man who raped me, which I was almost apart of the over 90% of women who do not report sexual assaults in college, but instead I chose to be apart of the 10% of women who do report their sexual assaults. I was provided facts about Title IX from my university, but had no other support, but my case is different because I was raped out of the country in Spain. In Spain, women are highly valued, which is different from places such as Darfur. This past December, even though women are highly valued in Spain, they did not side with my case and found my rapist not guilty of the crime he committed against me over a year and a half ago. Although some people may believe I would have let that get me down, I did the exact opposite of being down after I found out the results of my trial. I have not started advocating about sexual assault and telling my story to others to bring awareness to the topic. What was difficult and what made the process completely different for me was that my rape happened in another country. Where I didn’t speak the same language and...
Words: 1547 - Pages: 7
...The title is important. It sets the tone for the entire dissertation. Everything that follows should agree with and support the title. No more than 15 words. Type THE TITLE IN ALL CAPITAL LETTERS.Insert your full legal name. No credentials to follow your name. Use upper case and lower case.Replacing the line below, type ONE of the following:Doctor of Business AdministrationDoctor of Health AdministrationDoctor of Education in Educational LeadershipDoctor of Management in Organizational LeadershipAnd then DELETE THIS BOX and add 5 spaces below your name (1-2-12-22-09) | NOTE: the copyright page is optional, but you will need to include it in the ProQuest version when it is submitted.The copyright is no longer than a one-page document. In the event that the research study uses a published survey, a questionnaire, figures, or charts from published materials, the copyright notices of approval must accompany these materials. | To ensure the ABSTRACT title does NOT appear in the Table of Contents, use the “Normal Indent” formatting (BOLD Formatting toolbar or heading 5a on the headings toolbar) – note: it is already preformatted.The abstract is to be completed after chapters 4 and 5 are complete. The abstract provides a clear summary of the paper, indicating both content and tone of the paper. Abstracts include the statement of the problem, the research methods used to analyze the problem, a brief description of the research design, a listing of the key results, a brief description...
Words: 1073 - Pages: 5
...You are the chief of police in a city of 250,000 residents. Within the last 18 months there have been three well-documented cases of suicide by cop (suicidal persons who engage in life threatening behavior to force officers to shoot them to end their own lives)within your jurisdiction. Would you develop a policy to help police officers deal with this issue, and if so what would you include in that policy? Incidents in which police officers shoot and kill citizens often provoke substantial controversy . And this is even more true where the shooting occurs as a consequence of a person ‘s own provocative behavior and in circumstances that be defined as amounting to a victim provoked shooting or a victim precipitated shooting . Where death occurs it may be victim precipitated homicide , and in other terms as suicide by cop .Despite the fact that such events are surprisingly common , the literature is unexpectedly sparse and is often , lacking in empirical study . Outside the law enforcement community , the existence of the phenomenon is not well known and is certainly too often seriously misunderstood . But understanding suicide itself will help to give some understanding to this type of assisted suicide and how it is seen in the eyes of a criminologist . First I want to examine the criminologist perspective of suicide and this was first introduced by Emile Durkheim with his research on suicide that laid the foundation for anomie or strain theory . Anomic suicide ,he postulated...
Words: 1902 - Pages: 8
...One of the most debated topics across all Division I colleges nationwide is whether or not college athletes should be compensated for their impact on the revenue of the school from sports. Many schools call sports the “front porch” of their campuses, bringing in the bulk of their revenue, creating nearly free advertising, and attracting students that would otherwise not attend their school. A 2009 court case brought this issue to light when a former college player sued the NCAA and EA Games for using his name in a video game and not paying royalties. The case is headed towards an NCAA payout, and many athletes are joining the plaintiff side as allowed by courts, as their names were used as well.1 Although this event may seem like justice for college athletes, it does not satisfy their right to be paid while attending school. There are many suggestions mentioned in an article by Time Magazine, but each includes contradictions and ethical problems that cannot be overlooked. From a philosophical perspective, compensating college athletes would be unethical and I think we can see this by examining the impact and a few theories. The article from Time Magazine is completely supportive of paying the students, and mentions that not every school would participate, only the 60 or so schools in the power conferences. Within those 60, only basketball and football would be paying players with the exception of schools to pay other sports or star players who have a great impact. 1 My fundamental...
Words: 1464 - Pages: 6
...The Emerging of Females in sports In order to fully understand the impact Title nine had on sports, one must examine the life of female’s athletes. First and foremost, female athletes were insignificant; they were over looked and discredited. Male athletes were convinced beyond any doubt that it was them, and them alone, who possessed the ability, talent and charisma needed to succeed in the sports arena. This awe confidence did, however, have its drawbacks as demonstrated by male’s inability to competition from those who disagreed with their enlightened options, views, and decisions. Women's sports include amateur and professional competitions in virtually all sports[->0]. Female participation in sports rose dramatically in the twentieth century, especially in the last quarter, reflecting changes in modern societies that emphasized gender parity. Although the level of participation and performance still varies greatly by country and by sport, women[->1]'s sports have broad acceptance throughout the world, and in a few instances, such as tennis[->2] and figure skating[->3], rival or exceed their male counterparts in popularity. An important aspect about women's sports is that women usually do not compete on equal terms against men. Historically, it has been understood that the "natural order of the universe" consisted of man to the marketplace, woman at home with her family, woman the mistress of domesticity, man the master of all else, man the rational thinker, woman the...
Words: 1132 - Pages: 5
... 1. Title Page 2. Declaration / Supervisor Certificate 3. Acknowledgement 4. Table of Contents 5. List of Tables 6. List of Figures 7. List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Nomenclature 8. Abstract 9. Chapters 10. Appendices 11. References The table and figures shall be introduced in the appropriate places. 2. PAGE DIMENSION AND BINDING SPECIFICATIONS: The dimension of the project report should be in A4 size. The project report should be bound using flexible cover of the thick white art paper. The cover should be printed in black letters and the text for printing should be identical. 3. PREPARATION FORMAT: 3.1 Cover Page & Title Page – A specimen copy of the Cover page & Title page of the project report are given in Appendix 1. 3.2 Declaration / Supervisor Certificate – A specimen copy of the Cover page & Title page of the project report are given in Appendix 2. 3.3 Acknowledgement: 3.4 Abstract – Abstract should be one page synopsis of the project report typed double line spacing, Font Style Times New Roman and Font Size 12. 3.5 Table of Contents – The table of contents should list all material following it as well as any material which precedes it. The title page and Bonafide Certificate will not find a place among the items listed in the Table of Contents but the page numbers of which are in lower case Roman...
Words: 1028 - Pages: 5
