...K – 2 (up); C/U – 2 (up); C/S – 3 (down); Syn – 3 (down); Q – 3 = 22 marks January 2012 To what extent can preparedness and planning mitigate the effects of volcanic hazards? Preparedness and planning can mitigate the effects of volcanic hazards. However there are many other factors that can influence the effects, such as volcano type, severity of eruption, length of eruption, third party influences of which no country can prepare totally for. However these are methods which will reduce the impact. In this essay I will discuss the impacts of a Chilean volcanic eruption which devastated the town of Chaiten and how its poor preparation influenced this. Also I will discuss the 1991 eruption of Mount Etna in Sicily and how its preparedness and planning has on it as one of the world’s best monitored and controlled volcanoes. On the 2nd May 1991 a Chilean volcano that had laid dormant for nearly 9000 years exploded into eruption. Due east winds carried the huge ash column east. However due to the size of the column (20-30 km in height) the town of Chaiten, 10km south west of the volcano, was largely affected. Due to its 9000 years of dormancy, the Chilean volcanic society had not deemed it dangerous enough to be actively monitored prior to the eruption as limited research and funding was available to their one volcanic acquisition centre even though there was documented history of dome column building and collapse. The rhyolitic nature of the volcano (commonly found on destructive...
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...A volcanic hazard was defined by Whittow in 1980 as a “perceived natural event which has the potential to threaten both life and property, and a disaster is the realisation of this hazard.” To reduce the effects of these hazards planning and preparation can take place. This involves the government educating their population, putting in place plans for evacuation for example and putting in place laws and building codes to build safe homes and communities to allow for easy escape and access. Volcanic hazards can be more easily planned for than earthquakes, as there are visible signs recorded by observations and various instruments. An example is the tiltmeters which were successfully used in the prediction of six eruptions of Mt St Helens between June 1981 and August 1982. This allows volcanologists to predict when a volcano may erupt and thus set into action any evacuation plans. Mt St Helens also used gas and steam monitors by measuring carbon dioxide levels which gives evidence of magma rising to the surface; this can help to predict the material produced during an eruption and the direction of lava flows. Italy is an MEDC and has a large GDP per capita of $36,000, this means they can put in place a large number of measures to protect areas such as building artificial channels to divert lava flows away from villages and towns such as Zafferana. This reduced the damage to infrastructure caused by the 2001 eruption and prevented loss of lives. Monitoring of the volcano by the...
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...Volcanic eruptions are one of Earth's most dramatic and violent forces of change. Not only can powerful explosive eruptions drastically alter land and water for tens of kilometres around a volcano, but tiny liquid droplets of sulphuric acid erupted into the stratosphere can change the planet's climate temporarily. Eruptions often force people living near volcanoes to abandon their land and homes. Those living farther away are likely to avoid complete destruction, but their cities and towns, crops, industrial plants, transportation systems, and electrical grids can still be damaged by tephra, ash, lahars, and flooding. Studies of the geologic history of a volcano are generally necessary to make an assessment of the types of hazards posed by the volcano and the frequency at which these types of hazards have occurred in the past. The best way to determine the future behaviour of a volcano is by studying its past behaviour as revealed in the deposits produced by previous eruptions. This is very helpful when trying to predict an eruption for dormant volcanoes as they are most complex volcanoes to foresee an eruption for. Once this information has been collected, geologists can then make forecasts concerning what areas surrounding a volcano would be subject to the various kinds of activity should a future eruption occur. This information is then used, with knowledge about the present aspects of the volcano, to make volcanic hazards maps which can aid other scientists, government,...
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...taken place | Describe how seismic waves and earthquakes can be measured | With reference to two seismic events you have studied from contrasting areas of the world, compare the ways in which earthquakes and their impacts have been managed | | “The hazards presented by volcanic and seismic events have the greatest impact on the world’s poorest people” To what extent do you agree with this view? | Jan 2011 | Study fig 1, a map showing tectonic features in the Philippines. Comment on the degree to which the area of the Philippines might be subject to tectonic hazards | Outline the formation of hot spots and explain their relationship to plate movement | With reference to 2 volcanic events that you have studied from contrasting areas of the world, compare the nature of the volcanic hazard and its impact | | “Volcanic and seismic events are major pieces of evidence towards proving that plate tectonics theory is valid”. Discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement. | June 2011 | Study fig 1 which is an image of the sea bed of the N Atlantic Ocean … Comment on the extent to which the features shown support the theory of plate tectonics. | Describe the characteristics of, and explain the formation of, minor forms of extrusive volcanic activity. | In what ways does volcanic activity vary in relation to the type of plate margin along which it occurs. | | Discuss the view that the impact of earthquake hazards depends primarily on human factors. | Jan 2012 | Study...
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...To what extent can preparedness and planning mitigate the effects of earthquakes? Whittow in 1980 defines a hazard as a “perceived natural event which has the potential to threaten both life and property, and a disaster is the realisation of this hazard.” Earth hazards can therefore include all natural events including earthquakes, volcanoes, flooding and mass movement. Due to the very nature of these events “mitigating” (measures taken to reduce the impacts of a hazard beforehand) can be more successful for hazards such as volcanoes which are arguably more predicable than earthquakes and flash flooding. Despite the advances over the past few decades there is no “magic bullet” (Dr Charles Connor) in earth hazard prediction, and therefore mitigation – and the success remains very much dependent upon a number of factors including money available, and the number of vulnerable individuals. Firstly, earthquakes, which are caused by sudden movements of the earth’s crust which result in violent shaking, liquefaction, and in extreme cases tsunamis, can to an extent be prepared for and mitigated for, and this is where money is being channelled into. Preparation and planning involves the retrofitting of buildings to create “earthquake-resistant” societies, aseismic design features (including concrete and steel frames to provide stability), as well as planning exclusion zones and evacuation routes in the case of an earthquake. Earthquake prediction is very closely linked to preparedness as...
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...To what extent can preparedness and planning mitigate the effects of tropical revolving storms? [40] Tropical revolving storms are also known as hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones. They occur in the tropics and sub-tropics and form over the oceans where sea surface temperatures are above 27 degrees C. The impact of tropical revolving storms can be devastating. Examples of major natural disasters caused by these storms are Hurricane Katrina in 2005, and Tropical Cyclone Nargis in 2008. The main hazards associated with tropical revolving storms are hurricane force winds, torrential rainfall (leading to river flooding), and storm surges flooding low-lying coasts. The impacts however can vary in severity due to a range of human and physical factors. The human factors include how urbanised the area affected is, as built up cities tend to have impermeable surfaces which increases run-off and worsens the floods that occur. These impermeable surfaces replace trees and vegetation via deforestation which would intercept the rain and store it in the soil, allowing it to be released over a period of time and avoid severe flooding. Other human factors include warning systems put in place to predict incoming storms and inform the public about them. This can be linked in with the effectiveness of the government, as governments in developed and stable countries often deal with disasters more effectively than governments in less developed countries. However, regardless of the human factors...
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...UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI PROJECT ON “ .” SUBMITTED BY AMARKUMAR SURYAWANSHI ROLL NO.: 38 ADVANCED ACCOUNTANCY PART 1 STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF COMMERCE 2015-16 UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF PROF. VINOD CHANDWANI VIDYA PRASARAK MANDAL, THANE K.G.JOSHI COLLEGE OF ARTS & N.G. BEDEKAR COLLEGE OF COMMERECE CHENDANI BUNDER ROAD, THANE-400601 Declaration I, student of M.Com. (Part - I) Roll No. : 38 hereby declare that the project title “disaster management ” for the subject strategic management submitted by me for semester - I of the academic year 2015-16, is based on actual work carried out by me under the guidance and supervision of PROF.vinodchadwani. I further state that this work is original and not submitted anywhere else for any examination. PLACEAmarkumarSuryawanshi ROLL NO: 38 DATE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is indeed a great pleasure and proud privilege to present this project work. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude and acknowledge to all the individuals involved both directly and indirectly for their valuable help and guidance. This project has been an attempt to give information about the “disaster management”. I expressed my deep since of gratitude to founder and president of VidyaPrasarakMandal. I express my heartful thanks to our honorable Principal for her constant support and motivation. I express special thanks to my guide Prof. Vinodchandwaniunder whose guidence the project conceived...
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...and Guides 52 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission TSUNAMI RISK ASSESSMENT ANDMITIGATION FOR THE INDIAN OCEAN KNOWING YOUR TSUNAMI RISK – AND WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT June 2009 UNESCO 1 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Manuals and Guides 52 knowing your tsunami risk – and what to do about it Tsunami risk assessment and mitigation for the Indian Ocean; The designation employed and the presentation of material throughout the publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO in particular concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or the delineation of its frontiers or boundaries. The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this manual and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Designer: Eric Loddé For bibliographic purposes, this document should be cited as follows: Tsunami risk assessment and mitigation for the Indian Ocean; knowing your tsunami risk – and what to do about it IOC Manual and Guides No. 52, Paris: UNESCO, 2007 (English). Printed by UNESCO (IOC/2009/MG/52) © UNESCO IOC 2009 Tsunami risk assessment and mitigation for the Indian Ocean; knowing your tsunami risk – and what to do about it 3 Table of contents Acknowledgement ...............................................................................................
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...Emergency Preparedness Planning Guidelines Version 3, October 2006 Table of Content Foreword 4 Part 1 - Introduction to Emergency Preparedness Planning 5 CARE Approach to Emergency Preparedness 5 Measurement of Preparedness 6 Emergency Preparedness and Contingency Planning 6 Emergency Preparedness Planning Steps 8 Writing and Distributing the Plan 8 Monitoring and Updating the Plan 8 Part II – The Written Plan 10 Executive Summary 10 1. Formation of Emergency Response Team 10 2. Information Collection 11 3. Country Office Capacity Inventory 12 3.1. Country Office Organization Chart 13 3.2. Country Office Human Resources 13 3.3. Country Office Physical Resources 13 3.4. Country Office Key Staff Contact Information 13 3.5. RMU, CARE Lead Member, and CARE International Key Contacts 13 3.6. In Country Coordination Mechanisms and Contacts 13 4. Risk Analysis 13 5. Scenario Development 15 5.1. Scenario 1 16 5.1.1. Scenario Description 16 5.1.2. Impact Analysis 16 5.1.3. Identification of Risk Reduction Measures 17 5.1.4. CARE Prevention and Mitigation Measures 19 5.1.5. CARE Response Strategy 19 5.1.5.1. Criteria for Engagement 20 5.1.5.2. Partnership Analysis 20 5.1.5.3. Geographical Focus 21 5.1.5.4. Objectives of CARE Interventions 21 5.1.5.5. Trigger Indicators 21 5.1.5.6. Key Interventions/Actions 22 5.1.5.7. Entry and Exit/Transition Strategy 24 5.1.6. Local Considerations 24 ...
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...Chapter 7: Statutory Authority Chapter Outline 1. Introduction of topics and concepts to be discussed in the chapter. a. Legal basis of modern emergency management in the United States. b. Budget authority. c. Program eligibility. d. Roles and responsibilities. 2. Case Studies a. The National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP): Legislation to Address a Particular Hazard b. The Homeland Security Act of 2002: A New Emergency Management c. The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000: A Shift to Pre-Disaster Mitigation 3. Additional Sources of Information 4. Glossary of Terms 5. Acronyms 6. Discussion Questions a. General b. NEHRP c. Homeland Security Act of 2002 d. DMA 2000 7. Suggested Out of Class Exercises Introduction No emergency management system anywhere in the world can properly function without statutory authority and consistent budget appropriations. Statutory authority defines disasters programs, determines who is eligible for these programs, provides the legal support needed to implement disaster programs and establishes the legal foundation for funding the programs and activities of the disaster agency. Without such authority, a government agency is powerless. Legal Basis of Modern Emergency Management in the United States The first recorded emergency management legislation in the United States occurred in 1803 when a Congressional Act was passed to provide financial...
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...provided by InterWorks. Design consultation and desktop publishing have been provided by Artifax. Cover Photo: Destruction of a bridge by flood waters. VIZDOK photo The first edition of this module was printed in 1991. Utilization and duplication of the material in this module is permissible, however, source attribution to the Disaster Management Training Programme (DMTP) is required. 4 CONTENTS Introduction .................................................................................................... 7 The relationship between disasters and development ............................. 9 Definition of terms ....................................................................................... 11 How disaster effects can vary from one type of hazard to another .............. 13 How vulnerability varies between and within countries .............................. 16 CASE...
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...Introduction Natural Hazard any natural event which has an adverse socio-economic impact on the human being. Alternatively, an extreme natural event, such as a cyclone, an earthquake or a flood, that is not caused by human beings. These are naturally occurring phenomena that only become hazardous due to the intervention of human infrastructure. The vulnerability of human infrastructure to destruction (risk) by a disaster is also an important factor in understanding natural hazards. The distribution and impact of natural hazards is unequal with greatest loss of life and property in the developing part of the world. This is not because of greater hazard frequency but simply because of greater vulnerability. Therefore, the people in the developing countries are at high risk than those of developed countries. Combining the risk factor the natural hazard can be defined as the probability of a change in the natural environment of a given magnitude occurring within specified time period in a given area while the associated risk is the consequent damage or loss of life, property and services. The frequency of major hazard appears to have increased since 1960 and the number of people killed each year has decreased at a rate of about 6% and the loss or property has also decreased steadily. This has taken place owing to increased awareness and better hazard management. The increase in the frequency of hazard can be assigned to such factors as better global news coverage, increasing population...
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...and Unit Overview FEMA Mission and Purpose Response Authorities History Principles of Emergency Management Recent Changes to Emergency Planning Requirements Why an Integrated Emergency Management System? Emergency Management Concepts and Terms Partners in the Coordination Network Activity: Partners in the Coordination Network Emergency Management in Local Government Activity: Where Is Emergency Management in My Community? Unit 3: Incident Management Actions Introduction and Unit Overview Introduction to the Spectrum of Incident Management Actions Prevention Preparedness Response Activity: Response Operations Recovery Mitigation Unit 4: Roles of Key Participants Introduction and Unit Overview The Role of the Local Emergency Program Manager State Emergency Management Role How the Private Sector and Voluntary Organizations Assist Emergency Managers Federal Emergency Management Role The National Response Framework Activity: Emergency Management Partners Emergency Management Functional Groups Case Study: Emergency Management Coordination Unit 5: The Plan as a Program Centerpiece Introduction and Unit Overview What Is an EOP and What Does It Do? Activity: Where Do I Fit Into the EOP? Case Study: An EOP in Action Importance of the Hazard Analysis to the Planning Process What Is In a Hazard...
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...Ankush Agarwal and Shri Arvind Nagaraju Shri Anup Karanth Dr. Kamla Menon and Ms. A. Venkatachalam Ms. Balaka Dey Shri Hemang Karelia Ms. Malini Narayanan Coordinator: Ms. Sugandh Sharma, Education Officer, CBSE. Price: Published By: The Secretary, Central Board of Secondary Education, ‘Shiksha Kendra’, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110 092 Design, Layout & Illustration By: Spectrum Media, 3721/5, IInd Floor, New Delhi-110 002 Phone : 011-23272562 Printed By: Contents Foreword For Students Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Introduction Tsunami – The killer sea waves Survival Skills Alternative Communication Systems…..during disasters Safe Construction Practices Sharing Responsibilities Planning Ahead 1 7 13 28 33 45 52 (iii) Foreword The recent massive earthquake of magnitude 8.6, which hit Indonesia (off the West Coast of Northern Sumatra) on 26th December at 06:28 hrs, was the biggest in 40 years which has triggered the deadly tsunami waves in Southeast Asia and coastal India. Another...
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...qxd 11/25/08 12:53 AM Page ii ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS TO ASK Northern California.1 Introduction Ⅲ What are northern California’s physiographic provinces? Ⅲ What is the Farallon subduction zone? al Ⅲ What two types of plate boundaries exist in northern California today? th Ⅲ What are terranes, how do they originate, and why are they important in northern California? Northern California.2 The Sierra Nevada: California’s Geologic alifornia’s Ge Backbone Ⅲ What is the Sierra Nevada batholith? rra batholi Ⅲ What kinds of rocks surround the Sierra Nevada batholith? ra Ⅲ When and how was the modern Sierra Nevada uplifted? e Ⅲ What types of gold deposits occur in the Sierra Nevada? e? Ⅲ What is the Mother Lode? Northern California.3 The Klamath M Mountains t ath an Ne evada Ⅲ In what ways are the Klamath Mountains and the Sierra Nevada similar? ds ro o ath M Ⅲ What kinds of rocks comprise the ophiolites in the Klamath Mountains and what tectonic events do they signify? ineral occu th ntai Ⅲ What mineral resources occur in the Klamath Mountains? Northern California.4 The Gr Ca rnia e Great Valley fa s th i he Valle Ⅲ What factors have led to the formation of fertile soils in the Great Valley? at t ime y Grea Seq Ⅲ What was the origin of the sedimentary rocks in the Great Valley Sequence? ori l p duced Gr Ⅲ What is the origin of the natural gas produced in the Great Valley? y Gre chron ooding Ⅲ Why is the Great Valley...
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