...Impact of high-frequency trading on stock Exchanges Maastricht University | | | | School of Business & Economics | | | | Place & date: | Maastricht, 22 January 2013 | | | | Name, initials: | B.G.M. Lens | | For assessor only | | ID number: | I6048482 | | 1. Content | | Study: | International Business/Economics | | 2. Language structure | | Course code: | EBS1001 | | 3. Language accuracy | | Group number: | C | | 4. Language: Format & citing/referencing | | Tutor name: | Cigdem Akbulut | | Overall: | | Writing tutor name: | / | | Advisory grade | | Writing assignment: | High frequency trading paper | | Assessor’s initials | | Your UM email address: brianlens@gmail.com 1. Introduction On 6 May 2010 the stock market experienced a period of high instability generally known as the Flash Crash. This Flash Crash was the second largest point swing (1,010.14 points) and the biggest one-day point decline (998.5 points) in the history of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (Easley, Lopez de Prado, & O’Hara, 2010). For a few minutes, 1 trillion dollars in market value vanished. Therefore, it raised numerous alerts in the U.S. stock market and world markets. It was mainly attributed to the algorithms that nearly all high frequency traders (HFTs) use to make their stock trades. However, primarily blaming high frequency traders and their complex algorithms would ignore the other conditions that allowed the Flash Crash to occur...
Words: 2027 - Pages: 9
...Open Architectural Design Competition for the Design of DESCO Head Office Building DHAKA ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY LIMITED (DESCO) in Association with Institute of Architects Bangladesh OPEN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPETITION for the Design of DESCO Head Office Building at Plot no 49/A, Dhaka Mymensingh Road, Nikunja (North), Khilkhet, Dhaka. COMPETITION BRIEF Two‐staged, National, Anonymous architectural design competition: Jointly Organized by Institute of Architects Bangladesh (IAB) &Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited (DESCO). ARCHITECTURAL CONTRIBUTION Competitions are a unique way to provide opportunity to the architects for experimentation, brain storming, thought provocation and creativity. It is a motivation for architects to search answers for their questions, build‐up their understanding about society, human being, context, economy etc., and thus reflecting their thoughts in to physical environment through architectural depiction. Entrants are free to explore as far as they are willing to push the bar set out for the competition, but not breaking them, to avoid disqualification. Page. 1 Open Architectural Design Competition for the Design of DESCO Head Office Building ABOUT DHAKA ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY LIMITED (DESCO) HISTORY In the prevailing socio‐economic and political environment it is a great challenge in ...
Words: 4254 - Pages: 18
...1. DEFINITION: FOREIGN EXCHANGE One of the largest businesses carried out by the commercial bank is foreign trading. The trade among various countries falls for close link between the parties dealing in trade. The situation calls for expertise in the field of foreign operations. The bank, which provides such operation, is referred to as rending international banking operation. Mainly transactions with overseas countries are respects of import; export and foreign remittance come under the preview of foreign exchange transactions. International trade demands a flow of goods from seller to buyer and of payment from buyer to seller. In this case the bank plays a vital role to bridge between the buyer and seller. H.E. Evitt defined “Foreign Exchange” as the means and methods by which rights to wealth expressed in terms of the currency of one country are converted into rights to wealth in terms of the currency of another country. Foreign Exchange Department is an international department of the bank. It deals with globally and facilitates international trade through its various modes of services. It bridges between importers and exporters. Bangladesh Bank issues license to scheduled banks to deal with foreign exchange. These banks are known as Authorized Dealers. If the branch is authorized dealer in foreign exchange market, it can remit foreign exchange from local country to foreign country. This department mainly deals with foreign currency. This is why this department is...
Words: 316 - Pages: 2
...CHAPTER-4 CHAPTER - 4 LISTING OF SECURITIES 4. Listing of Securities A company, desirous of listing its securities on the Exchange, shall be required to file an application, in the prescribed form, with the Exchange before issue of Prospectus by the company, where the securities are issued by way of a prospectus or before issue of 'Offer for Sale', where the securities are issued by way of an offer for sale. The company shall be responsible to follow all the requirements specified in the Companies Act, the listing norms issued by SEBI from time to time and such other conditions, requirements and norms that may be in force from time to time and included hereafter in these Bye-laws and Regulations to make the security eligible to be listed and for continuous listing on the Exchange. 4.1 Applications in Respect of New Issues or Offers for Sale or Book-Building 4.1.1 Except when otherwise allowed by the Governing Board or Managing Director or Relevant Authority in any particular case and subject to compliance with such conditions as it or he may impose, tenders or applications for subscription or purchase or book-building in respect of any new issue or offer for sale of any security shall not be submitted unless the issuer or offerer offers to all a fair and equal opportunity for subscription or purchase and on the same terms as to brokerage to all the trading members and unless it is provided that all tenders and applications for subscription or purchase or book-building shall rank...
Words: 2914 - Pages: 12
...for business expansion. Stock market is part & parcel of capital market. Contribution of any stock exchange generally leads to economic growth by increasing the funds to finance industry and other enterprise. Stock Exchange is an autonomous body formed by shareholders/members. It can take various decisions independently. The objective of Stock Exchange is to provide a market place along with facilities for bringing together the buyers and sellers of securities, promote just and equitable principles of trade, protect the interest of the investors. 1.2 Importance of the study Trading system is one of the most important functions of stock market operation. This report tries to find out the trading system of Dhaka stock exchange. Stock market is an essential part of capital market. Trading has now become automated, led by the Dhaka Stock Exchange through the central depository. In the present automated trading environment, bids/offers, depth, and required broker particulars are all recorded and can be retrieved for future reference. 1.3 Objectives of the study: The prime objective of the study is to study and evaluate the trading system of DSE. In this regard the specific relevant objectives of study are as follows: • To examine the trading system of DSE. • To know growth, development, organization and management of DSE. • To examine current issues of DSE. • To evaluate trading order and settlement system of DSE. • To identify the problems and prospects of DSE. 1.4: Methodology...
Words: 16973 - Pages: 68
...FIN 3103 FINANCIAL MARKETS AND INSTITUTIONS– SECTION 1A AN INTRODUCTION TO THE ASIAN EQUITY MARKET & ITS EXCHANGES SAMUEL TOW WEE YAP (A0102724U) LIEW KUANG CHEN JOEL (A0004624U) ANG CHUAN HWEN JEREMY (A0080928X) LIAW YIH HANG (A0091535E) WU GUIYAN (A0100395N) ZHAO CHUANYI (A0105563L) Contents 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Objectives of the Stock Market ................................................................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Capital Formation ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Connecting Traders ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 2.3 Security............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 2.4 Economic Indicator ...................................................................................................
Words: 6311 - Pages: 26
...Acknowledgement 3 Introduction 4 History and Evolution 4 Medieval Europe 5 A Major Step Forward 6 The New World 7 The Computer Age 8 India 8 China 10 Comparative Study 12 Exchanges and Instruments 12 Regulatory Aspects 14 India 14 China Regulatory Framework 19 Conclusion 26 Bibliography 27 Acknowledgement We would like to take this opportunity to thank all those who have helped us in completing this project report. First of all we would like to thank our teacher Dr. Kumar Bijoy for guiding us throughout this project. Then we would like to thank our parents for their immense support. In the end we would like to thank GOD almighty for giving us strength to complete this project. Introduction A derivative is a financial contract which derives its value from the performance of another entity such as an asset, index, or interest rate, called the "underlying". Derivatives are one of the three main categories of financial instruments, the other two being equities (i.e. stocks) and debt (i.e. bonds and mortgages). Derivatives include a variety of financial contracts, including futures, forwards, swaps, options, and variations of these such as caps, floors, collars, and credit default swaps. Most derivatives are traded over-the-counter (off-exchange) or on an exchange while most insurance contracts have developed into a separate industry. Many money managers use derivatives for a variety of purposes, such as hedging--by taking a position in a derivative...
Words: 8457 - Pages: 34
...I. History of London Stock Exchange A. Early days (1693—1801) 1. Coffee House The early history of the London securities market can be traced back to the seventeenth century. A broker called John Castaing began to issue a list of stock and commodity prices called “The Course of the Exchange and other things” at his office in what was known as Jonathan’s Coffee-house. It is the earliest evidence of organized trading in marketable securities in London. 2. Royal exchange This is something similar to the exchange that we see today. The Royal Exchange not only housed brokers but also merchants and merchandise. However, this was the birth of a regulated market and, as such, had its teething problems in the shape of unlicensed brokers. B. Opportunities (1801—1914) 1. Establishment On 3 March, 1801, the first regulated institution of the London Stock Exchange was formed and the modern Stock Exchange was born. 2. First codified rule book In February 1812, the General Purpose Committee confirmed a set of recommendations, which later became the foundation of the first codified rule book for the Exchange. With its new governmental commandments and increasing trading volume in place, the Exchange was progressively becoming an accepted part of the financial life in the City. The government used the Exchange's organized market to raise the enormous amount of money in the wars against Napoleon. C. During the Wars (1914 —1945) 1. The...
Words: 4472 - Pages: 18
...Chapter 8: Institutions and Procedures in Secondary Markets A. Exchanges and Floor Markets The Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 defined an exchange to be: any organization, association, or group of persons, whether incorporated or unincorporated, which constitutes, maintains, or provides a market place or facilities for bringing together purchasers and sellers of securities or for otherwise performing with respect to securities the functions commonly performed by a stock exchange as that term is generally understood, and includes the market place and the market facilities maintained by such exchange. An exchange is typically a physical or virtual meeting place drawing together brokers, dealers and traders to facilitate the buying and selling of securities. Thus, exchanges include the floorbased markets as well as many virtual meeting sites and screen-based systems provided by Electronic Communications Networks (ECNs). In the United States and most other countries, exchange transactions are executed through some type of auction process. Exchanges in the United States are intended to provide for orderly, liquid and continuous markets for the securities they trade. A continuous market provides for transactions that can be executed at any time for a price that might be expected to differ little from the prior transaction price for the same security. In addition, exchanges traditionally served as self-regulatory organizations (SROs) for their members, regulating and policing their...
Words: 13751 - Pages: 56
...Chapter II History & Evolution of Stock Exchanges in India 2.1 Introduction: Before we study the historic volatile days of the ten years, let us first know what are : a) Stock Markets, b) Stock exchanges. a) Stock Markets: Stock Market is a market where the trading of company stock, both listed securities and unlisted takes place. It is different from stock exchange because it includes all the national stock exchanges of the country. For example, we use the term, "the stock market was up today" or "the stock market bubble." b) Stock Exchanges: Stock Exchanges are an organized marketplace, either corporation or mutual organization, where members of the organization gather to trade company stocks or other securities. The members may act either as agents for their customers, or as principals for their own accounts. Stock exchanges also facilitates for the issue and redemption of securities and other financial instruments including the payment of income and dividends. The record keeping is central but trade is linked to such physical place because modern markets are computerized. The trade on an exchange is only by members and stock broker do have a seat on the exchange. 2.2 History of Indian Stock Market: Indian stock market marks to be one of the oldest stock market in Asia. It dates back to the close of 18th century when the East India Company used to transact loan securities. In the 1830s, trading on corporate stocks and shares in Bank and Cotton...
Words: 11611 - Pages: 47
...evolution of equity markets that led to the development of electronic trading, dark pools, and current market structure. We move on to analyze dark pools and their overall impact on trading. We then discuss further aspects of dark pools in particular, and consider regulation and global trends in market structure. Historical Perspective on Equity Markets The first modern equity market was established in the Netherlands in 1610 with the publically traded shares of the Dutch East India Company. Financial transactions had taken place since the dawn of civilization, but 1610 was a milestone towards the development of the equity markets we know today. Because equity securities represent transferable ownership interests in corporations, dividing business organizations into small, affordable pieces made it easier for entrepreneurs to raise capital from multiple sources. At the same time, limited liability allowed investors to diversify their investments without fear of incurring risk of personal accountability. Enhanced liquidity also eased transfer of ownership. Secondary markets for the securities of public firms quickly developed as the number of companies increased. Merchants and traders bought and sold securities just like other commodities, and specialization soon flourished. Stock exchanges were developed to enhance liquidity, transaction settlement, and protect broker commissions. The New York Stock Exchange(NYSE) originated out of the famous Buttonwood Agreement of 1792, in...
Words: 4062 - Pages: 17
...SYNOPSIS OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT TRADING IN COMMODITIES SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: MS.PALLAVI DAWRA DEEPAK JASLEEN NEHA TASHNEET INTRODUCTION Commodity trading in India is regulated by the Forward Markets Commission (FMC) headquartered at Mumbai, it is a regulatory authority which is overseen by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution, Govt. of India. It is a statutory body set up in 1953 under the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1952. COMMODITY TRADINGCommodity markets are quite like equity markets. The commodity market also has two constituents i.e. spot market and derivative market. In case of a spot market, the commodities are bought and sold for immediate delivery. In case of a commodities derivative market, various financial instruments having commodities as underlying are traded on the exchanges. It has been seen that traditionally in India people have hedged their risks with Gold and Silver. | COMMODITY FUTURESCommodity future is a derivative instrument for the future delivery of a commodity on a fixed date at a particular price. The underlying in this case is a...
Words: 2241 - Pages: 9
...The National Stock Exchange (NSE) is India's leading stock exchange covering various cities and towns across the country. NSE was set up by leading institutions to provide a modern, fully automated screen-based trading system with national reach. The Exchange has brought about unparalleled transparency, speed & efficiency, safety and market integrity. It has set up facilities that serve as a model for the securities industry in terms of systems, practices and procedures. NSE has played a catalytic role in reforming the Indian securities market in terms of microstructure, market practices and trading volumes. The market today uses state-of-art information technology to provide an efficient and transparent trading, clearing and settlement mechanism, and has witnessed several innovations in products & services viz. demutualisation of stock exchange governance, screen based trading, compression of settlement cycles, dematerialisation and electronic transfer of securities, securities lending and borrowing, professionalisation of trading members, fine-tuned risk management systems, emergence of clearing corporations to assume counterparty risks, market of debt and derivative instruments and intensive use of information technology. Our Mission NSE's mission is setting the agenda for change in the securities markets in India. The NSE was set-up with the main objectives of: * establishing a nation-wide trading facility for equities, debt instruments and hybrids, *...
Words: 1524 - Pages: 7
...& parcel of capital market. Contribution of any stock exchange generally leads to economic growth by increasing the funds to finance industry and other enterprise. Stock Exchange is an autonomous body formed by shareholders/members. It can take various decisions independently. The objective of Stock Exchange is to provide a market place along with facilities for bringing together the buyers and sellers of securities, promote just and equitable principles of trade, protect the interest of the investors. Definition of ‘Dhaka Stock Exchange – DSE’ The financial marketplace headquartered in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The Dhaka Stock Exchange was incorporated in 1954, and formal trading began in 1956. Originally, the exchange was called the East Pakistan Stock Exchange Association Ltd, and in 1962 the name was revised to East Pakistan Stock Exchange Ltd. Importance of the study: Trading system is one of the most important functions of stock market operation. This report tries to find out the trading system of Dhaka stock exchange. Stock market is an essential part of capital market. Trading has now become automated, led by the Dhaka Stock Exchange through the central depository. In the present automated trading environment, bids/offers, depth, and required broker particulars are all recorded and can be retrieved for future reference. Objectives of the study: The prime objective of the study is to study and evaluate the trading system of DSE. In this regard the specific relevant objectives...
Words: 16966 - Pages: 68
...Chapter II History & Evolution of Stock Exchanges in India 2.1 Introduction: Before we study the historic volatile days of the ten years, let us first know what are : a) Stock Markets, b) Stock exchanges. a) Stock Markets: Stock Market is a market where the trading of company stock, both listed securities and unlisted takes place. It is different from stock exchange because it includes all the national stock exchanges of the country. For example, we use the term, "the stock market was up today" or "the stock market bubble." b) Stock Exchanges: Stock Exchanges are an organized marketplace, either corporation or mutual organization, where members of the organization gather to trade company stocks or other securities. The members may act either as agents for their customers, or as principals for their own accounts. Stock exchanges also facilitates for the issue and redemption of securities and other financial instruments including the payment of income and dividends. The record keeping is central but trade is linked to such physical place because modern markets are computerized. The trade on an exchange is only by members and stock broker do have a seat on the exchange. 2.2 History of Indian Stock Market: Indian stock market marks to be one of the oldest stock market in Asia. It dates back to the close of 18th century when the East India Company used to transact loan securities. In the 1830s, trading on corporate stocks and shares in Bank and Cotton...
Words: 11611 - Pages: 47