...PUBLIC POLICY AND GENDER POLITICS IN NIGERIA INTRODUCTION Despite the seemingly progressive actions by various regimes to redress women's conditions, the institutional environment dominated by men manifest contradictory gender politics. In Nigeria, as elsewhere, power relations are predicated on gender, which may be exercised in different domains (Pereira 2002:1). This chapter examines public policy and gender politics in governance, the social sector (widowhood practices) and education. PUBLIC POLICIES ON WOMEN'S RIGHTS Since the end of Second World War, there has been a widespread global concern for women's rights. Several international instruments have been adopted to attempt to resolve the problem of women's marginalization. The long list of international instruments include the 1948 Declaration on Human Rights, the 1976 Covenant on Human Rights, the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination, and the 1985 Nairobi Forward-Looking Strategies. The Nigerian state has also responded to the international environment through adoption of public policies and programmes to redress the imbalance in gender differences in the social, economic and political spheres. In 2000, the Nigerian government adopted the National Policy on Women. The government considered the policy as its commitment to the development of all sectors of the society and to institutionalize processes which will pilot the Nigerian society towards social equity, justice and a much-improved...
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...COPING STRATEGIES AS A FUNCTION OF GENDER AND EDUCATIONAL LEVEL 1 Running Head: COPING STRATEGIES AS A FUNCTION OF GENDER AND EDUCATIONAL LEVEL Coping Strategies as a Function of Gender and Educational Level of Public and Private University Students A project is submitted to the Department of Psychology, University of Dhaka, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Bachelor of Science degree in Psychology. Submitted By Md. Humayun Kabir Exam Roll: 1701 Registration no HA- 1605 Session: 2007-2008 Department of psychology University of Dhaka Project supervisor Dr. Mahfuza Khanam Professor Department of Psychology University of Dhaka COPING STRATEGIES AS A FUNCTION OF GENDER AND EDUCATIONAL LEVEL 2 Abstract This study investigated the differences in the coping strategies adopted by male and female first year and fourth year students of public and private university. A total number of 120 students (60 male and 60 female), where 60 from public university and 60 from private university, age ranging from 17 to 23 years were selected as sample. Non-probability sampling technique and purposive field survey were used for collecting data. The Bangla version of the “Coping Scale” (Huque, 2004) was used for assessing coping strategies. Results revealed significant differences between males and females in terms of engagement in both adaptive and non-adaptive coping strategies. In addition, educational level and university type had no effect on adaptive...
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...using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; namespace Help { class Employee { private string firstName; private string lastName; private char gender; private int dependents; private double annualSalary; private double pay; public static int numEmployees = 0; // created static variable public const string DEFAULT_FIRST = " not given"; public const string DEFAULT_LAST = " not given"; public const char DEFAULT_GENDER = 'U'; public const int DEFAULT_DEPENDENTS = 0; private const double DEFAULT_ANNUALSALARY = 20000; public Employee() { FirstName = DEFAULT_FIRST; LastName = DEFAULT_LAST; Gender = DEFAULT_GENDER; Dependents = DEFAULT_DEPENDENTS; AnnualSalary = DEFAULT_ANNUALSALARY; numEmployees++; // incremented numEmployees } public Employee(string first, string last, char gen, int dep, double salary) { DisplayEmployeeInformation(first, last, gen, dep, salary); numEmployees++; //incremented numEmployees } ~Employee() { Console.WriteLine("Cancel the employee!!"); } public string FirstName { get { return firstName; } set {firstName = value;} } public string LastName { get { return lastName; } set {lastName = value;} } public char Gender { get { return gender; } set {gender = value;} } public int Dependents { get { return dependents; } set { dependents = value;} }...
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...private string lastName; private char gender; private int dependents; private double annualSalary; private double pay; public static int numEmployees = 0; public const string DEFAULT_FIRST = " not given"; public const string DEFAULT_LAST = " not given"; public const char DEFAULT_GENDER = 'U'; public const int DEFAULT_DEPENDENTS = 0; private const double DEFAULT_ANNUALSALARY = 20000; public Employee() { FirstName = DEFAULT_FIRST; LastName = DEFAULT_LAST; Gender = DEFAULT_GENDER; Dependents = DEFAULT_DEPENDENTS; AnnualSalary = DEFAULT_ANNUALSALARY; numEmployees++; } public Employee(string first, string last, char gen, int dep, double salary) { firstName = first; lastName = last; gender = gen; annualSalary = salary; numEmployees++; } public string FirstName { get { return firstName; } set {firstName = value;} } public string LastName { get { return lastName; } set {lastName = value;} } public char Gender { get { return gender; } set {gender = value;} } public int Dependents { get { return dependents; } set { dependents = value;} } public double AnnualSalary { get { return annualSalary; } set { if(value > 19999) annualSalary = value; else annualSalary = DEFAULT_ANNUALSALARY; } } public static int GetNumEmployees() { return numEmployees; } public double CalculatePay() { return (annualSalary / 52); } public override string ToString() { string...
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...Employee { //Data members protected string firstName; protected string lastName; protected char gender; protected int dependents; protected double annualSalary; protected Benefits benefit; protected string employeeType; protected static int numEmployees = 0; //Constants public const string DEFAULT_Name = "not given"; public const int MIN_DEPENDENTS = 0; public const int MAX_DEPENDENTS = 10; public const double MIN_SALARY = 20000; public const double MAX_SALARY = 100000; public const char DEFAULT_Gender = 'U'; public const int DEFAULT_Dependents = 0; public const string DEFAULT_EmployeeType = "not given"; #region Constructors // Default Constructor public Employee () { firstName = DEFAULT_Name; lastName = DEFAULT_Name; gender = DEFAULT_Gender; dependents = DEFAULT_Dependents; annualSalary = MIN_SALARY; employeeType = DEFAULT_EmployeeType; benefit = new Benefits(); numEmployees++; } //Overloaded Constructors public Employee(string firstName, string lastName, char gender, int dependents, double annualSalary, Benefits benefit, string employeeType) { //Restricitons applied to data members...
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...package person; public class Person { String name; String gender; double age; double income; } package person; import java.util.Scanner; public class Survey { Person[] p = new Person[3]; private double avgIncome; private double genderMF; private double avgAge; private double sort; public double avgIncome(){ return avgIncome; } public void getavgIncome(double avgIncome){ double getavgIncome = 0; for (int i = 0; i < 3-1; i++){ getavgIncome++; System.out.println(getavgIncome); } } public void genderMF(){ int male = 0; int female = 0; for (int i=0; i<3; i++){ if (p[i].gender.equals("male")) male++; else female++; } System.out.println("The number of male is : " + male); System.out.println("The number of female is : " + female); } public double avgAge(){ double total=0; for (int i = 0;i<3; i++){ total = total + p[i].age; } return (total/3); } void sort() { double tempIN; double tempAG; String tempNM; String tempGN; for(int i=0; i > 3-1; i++){ //for pass for(int j=1; j > 3-i; j++){ // for comparison if(p[j-1].income > p[j].income){ tempIN = p[j-1].income; p[j-1].income = p[j].income; p[j].income = tempIN; tempAG = p[j-1].age; p[j-1].age = p[j].age; p[j].age = tempAG; tempNM = p[j-1].name; p[j-1].name = p[j].name; p[j].name = tempNM; tempGN = p[j-1].gender; p[j-1].gender = p[j].gender; p[j].gender = tempGN; } } } } public void store(){ Scanner a = new Scanner(System.in); Survey b[] = new Survey[3];...
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...Kelly Sociology Week 4 assignment 9/6/12 Western female thought through the centuries has identified the relationship between patriarchy and gender as crucial to the women¡¦s subordinate position. For two hundred years, patriarchy precluded women from having a legal or political identity and the legislation and attitudes supporting this provided the model for slavery. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries suffrage campaigners succeeded in securing some legal and political rights for women in the UK. By the middle of the 20th century, the emphasis had shifted from suffrage to social and economic equality in the public and private sphere and the women¡¦s movement that sprung up during the 1960s began to argue that women were oppressed by patriarchal structures. Equal status for women of all races, classes, sexualities and abilities - in the 21st century these feminist claims for equality are generally accepted as reasonable principles in western society; yet the contradiction between this principle of equality and the demonstrable inequalities between the sexes that still exist exposes the continuing dominance of male privilege and values throughout society (patriarchy). This essay seeks to move beyond the irrepressible evidence for gender inequality and the division of labour. Rather, it poses the question of gender inequality as it manifests itself as an effect of patriarchy drawing from a theoretical body of work which has been developed so recently that it would...
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...Uppsala, Sweden Abstract Purpose – This study aims to explore behavioural differences between women and men in managerial positions and suggest explanations for differences and similarities. Design/methodology/approach – In order to eliminate any effects of organizational differences on leadership behaviour, this study had public managers responding to questionnaires that measured their leadership style, decision-making style, and motivation profile. Findings – Statistical analyses of data from three groups of Swedish public managers (n ¼ 385) revealed virtually no significant differences in behaviour between female and male managers. Regardless of whether there is a female or male majority of employees or a female or male majority of managers, no effect on leadership behaviour occurs. Originality/value – A number of studies indicate that managers’ behaviour is different in different types of organizations. This study suggests, therefore, that, independent of gender, organizational and demographic characteristics modify leadership behaviours, thus explaining similarities in leadership behaviour. Keywords Women, Men, Gender, Leadership behaviour, Public sector organizations, Sweden Paper type Research paper Leadership & Organization Development Journal Vol. 32 No. 5, 2011 pp. 428-441 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 0143-7739 DOI 10.1108/01437731111146550 Introduction Researchers have...
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...changed the demographics of the American workforce. However women are yet to take the medical workplace by storm and redefine the preconceived notions society upholds about leaders in medical professions. Many women may be happy assisting a male doctor but the growing number of female doctors illustrates the point that women want the power and control that their male counterparts currently maintain. Western female thought through the centuries has identified the relationship between patriarchy and gender as crucial to the women’s subordinate position. For two hundred years, patriarchy precluded women from having a legal or political identity and the legislation and attitudes supporting this provided the model for slavery. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries suffrage campaigners succeeded in securing some legal and political rights for women in the UK. By the middle of the 20th century, the emphasis had shifted from suffrage to social and economic equality in the public and private sphere and the women’s movement that sprung up during the 1960s began to argue that women were oppressed by patriarchal structures. Equal status for women of all races,...
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...mission while guarding against mismanagement of the same. The identification does not lay preference on any gender but over the years, the issue of gender diversity in business organizations and public administration has received increasing attention in both the academic literature and the popular press. The question has been whether greater participation of women in boards, top management and even in the political arena can be directly associated to better financial performance in an organization and on a macro level that participation at all levels impact positively on the economy. The mandate to coordinate policy formulation and integration in Kenya in regards to gender has been given to the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Development. Various policy documents have been prepared towards finding a lasting solution to the issue of gender disparities in the work place. The National Commission on Gender and Development (NCGD) has been operational since 2004 and was formulated to enable the Ministry to carry out its mandate. Its mandate includes legal reform, advocacy, providing advice on gender issues to government and coordinating the various government agencies’ efforts on gender issues. A survey carried out by Business Woman Magazine (2008) shows that the public sector has a higher number of women in executive level positions than the private sector. Although the public sector has very few senior level female employees, there are more women at the executive level positions...
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...the influence of politics in eighteenth-century England. Clark effectively illustrates how scandals blurred the lines between public and private life for politicians and political figures based on gender and power. This is significant because it illustrates how the public came to believe that they have a right to know the about the private life of such figures. This paper will examine John Wilkes, Catherine Macaulay, Queen Caroline, and King George III, and how gender and power influence the scandals associated with...
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...(int i = 0; i < emp.Length; i++) { Console.WriteLine("\n***************** Display Employee's Data *****************\n"); Console.WriteLine(emp[i].ToString()); } Console.WriteLine("\nTotal number of employees in Database: {0}\n", Employee.GetNumberOfEmployees()); } } class Employee { protected string firstName; protected string lastName; protected char gender; protected int dependents; protected double annualSalary; private static int numEmployees = 0; protected Benefit benefit; public Employee() { firstName = "not given"; lastName = "not given"; gender = 'U'; dependents = 0; annualSalary = 20000; numEmployees++; benefit = new Benefit("not given", 0, 0); } public Employee(string first, string last, char gen, int dep, double salary, Benefit benefit) { firstName = first; lastName = last; gender = gen; dependents = dep; annualSalary = salary; numEmployees++; this.benefit = new Benefit(benefit.GetHealthInsurance(), benefit.GetLifeInsurance(), benefit.GetVacation()); } public virtual double CalculatePay() { return annualSalary / 52; } public override string ToString() { return string.Format("Employee Type\t:...
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...negotiation of feminist ideology and the problem of absolutism for gender identity in the public sphere. The gender role of women in schools and in the workplace define important contradictions in the way women are victimized or empowered in comparison to men in the public sphere. Webber and Williams (year?) define the complex role of female employment in the relation to negotiations with males in the domestic sphere. In some cases, women were able to free themselves of the “domestic servitude” by having the father care for children, which often involved negotiating with fathers to take on more domestic responsibilities. These complexities in feminist ideology are also related to the problem of gender identity for Muslim girls that are educated within primarily white Christian schools in Canada. Often, western European “feminist” propaganda has depicted Muslim girls as victims of...
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...justice system affect men and women in extremely dissimilar manners. I plan to examine how gender intersects with the understanding of crime and the criminal justice system. Gender plays a significant role in understanding who commits what types of crimes, why they do so, who is most often victimized, and how the criminal justice system responds to these victims and offenders. In order to understand the current state of women and the way in which gender relates to crime and criminal justice, it is first necessary to provide a comprehensive analysis of the historical evolution of women in the criminal justice system and the affect that the different waves of feminism have had on policies and practices towards women in this system. I plan to argue that the criminal justice system is another form of patriarchal control, a sexist organization which creates conflict between the private sphere of a woman's life and the public. This control extends far beyond the just incarcerated women, it affects all women. Despite the fact that there have been changes to certain policies and prison regulations, though made with resistance, none of the changes have been for the better. By looking at past and present situations as well as the differing feminist perspectives on the justice system, I hope to offer ways and opinions on how to improve this system and allow women to equally balance their life in the public sphere as well as their life in the private sphere. Before I begin, however...
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...Gender Disparity In Relation to Managerial Positions in the Organizations in Mombasa County: Case of County Government of Mombasa. Introduction This chapter introduces the study by looking at its background and stating the problem. It further gives the objectives of the study, research questions, and significance of the study, its scope, the assumptions and the conceptual framework. This research seeks to unravel the factors for gender disparity in managerial positions within Mombasa County. To increase understanding of factors affecting women this study focuses on diverse factors that affect the development of women in Mombasa County. Background of the Study Gender disparities in employment opportunities and economic investment patterns in Kenya have continued to widen across all sectors of the economy and at various levels of development intervention. This trend has led to increased unemployment, under-employment, poverty and powerlessness among many Kenyan women. Part of the reason for the persistent inequality is the slow process of mainstreaming gender into employment creation and poverty eradication policies, programmes and strategies in a coordinated, multi-sectorial and crosscutting way. The other reason relates to the existence of social, cultural and structural barriers to effective female participation in the labour force. These and other factors have jointly contributed to the low pay and productivity of women’s labour and to their continued under-representation...
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