...Tundra Biome The arctic tundra is the worlds youngest biome. it contains the last set of continental glaciers from about 10,000 years ago. As the glacier went away it scraped away the soil from underneath, leaving bare rock. Before plants were able to grow the arctic tundra had to develop soil. Soil forms very slowly on the tundra because the cold weather slows the rate at which chemical reactions occur. Only a thi layer of soil has formed in the thousands of years since the glaciers retreated. The Southern part of this tundra is mostly made up of bare rock. There is little plant life in the tundra biome because the soil there isn't nutritious for certain plants to grow. The soil there is very much like sand, and the plant there have made many adaptations to survive in the tundra. Many of the plants have formed fuzzy hairs to keep warm, and some have developed a low root system or grow close to the ground to prevent permafrost and to keep out of the winds path. The plants of the arctic tundra have developed special characteristics so they can live in the tundra. Many animals inhabit the tundra. Each animal has adapted in their own special way. The Arctic Fox and Polar Bear both have thick coats to keep them warm in the freezing climate. The Caribou better known as the Reindeer have long antlers, and very large hooves to help climb up steep mountains or rocks. Every animal in the tundra has something to help them with the chilly climate. The arctic tundra is found in...
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...The tundra artic plains completely covering most of the earth’s lands north of the coniferous forest belt. The tundra’s ecosystem is very sensitive. It doesn’t have a good ability to restore itself. Controlled by sedge, heath, willow, moss, and lichen. Plains that are pretty much alike, called alpine tundra, occur above the timberline in the high mountains of the world. Even the Antarctic area has a couple of its own arctic regions itself. The climate of the tundra is characterized by harsh winters. The average temperature in the tundra area is about –27 degrees. But what is even worse are the long night. At nights the lowest temperture recorded was –67.36 degrees. There are even times in the year when the sun doesn’t come up for days. In the tundra we have little snow and even less rainfall. The rainfall is about a quarter inch in a yearly rainfall. Even though the tundra’s winters are long a harsh there summers are the shortest season of all. Do to the terrible weather and climate in the tundra their animals and plant life is very limited. This artic tundra is mainly formed by permafrost, “a layer of permanently frozen subsoil in the ground. Putting frozen ground and flat landscape stops the drainage of water. As the water is being held up on the surface it makes ponds and bogs that give moisture for the plants, or countering the low precipitation. “The periodic freezing and thawing of the soil forms cracks in the ground in regularly patterned polygons”. Some areas...
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...The tundra is a place where no trees grow and it is a barren landscape. Even though it is barren, plants and animals still grow there, because of adaptations to the cold over millions of years. the animals that live here are usually caribou snow hares snow foxes and polar bears all the animals with fur to resist the cold. The tundra is a cold, barren, place where no trees grow. It is home to some plants the most common are the bearberry, the arctic moss, the Caribou moss, the Diamond leaf willow, the Labrador Tea, the Pasque Flower, and the Tufted Saxifrage. Most of these plants have berries that are food to the animals. Since the soil is frozen over ice cannot seep through and there are not many lakes streams or other waterways. Most of these plants stay low to the ground so that they will not freeze over by the high winds. The plants also have hairy stems and grow together to survive the freezing cold temperatures. Just like other plants they get there energy from the sun, but they have adapted to less light and freezing temperatures...
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...Tundra is the coldest of all the biomes. Tundra comes from the Finnish word tunturi, meaning treeless plain. It is noted for its frost-molded landscapes, extremely low temperatures, little precipitation, poor nutrients, and short growing seasons. Dead organic material functions as nutrient pool. The two major nutrients are nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen is created by biological fixation, and phosphorus is created by precipitation. Characteristics of tundra include: 1. Extremely cold climate 2. Low biotic diversity 3. Simple vegetation structure 4. Limitation of drainage 5. Short season of growth and reproduction 6. Energy and nutrients in the form of dead organic material 7. Large population oscillations Tundra is separated into two types: Arctic tundra Alpine tundra Tundra along the Colville River, Alaska. Arctic tundra From left: tundra near Churchill, Manitoba, Canada; tundra in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. Arctic tundra is located in the northern hemisphere, encircling the north pole and extending south to the coniferous forests of the taiga. The arctic is known for its cold, desert-like conditions. The growing season ranges from 50 to 60 days. The average winter temperature is -34° C (-30° F), but the average summer temperature is 3-12° C (37-54° F) which enables this biome to sustain life. Rainfall may vary in different regions of the arctic. Yearly precipitation, including melting snow, is 15 to 25 cm (6 to...
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...A biome is a group of ecosystems that share similar climates and organisms. In Miller and Levine Biology, 10 biomes are discussed. They are the Tropical Rain Forest, Tropical Dry Forest, Tropical Grassland, the Desert, Temperate Grassland, Temperate Woodland, Temperate Forest, Northwestern Coniferous Forest, Boreal Forest, and the Tundra. They all have a vast amount of differences between all of the biomes, and they will be discussed. Although not discussed in the book, the taiga is the biggest biome. The average temperature of the taiga is 32 degrees fahrenheit with about 12 to 33 inches of precipitation per year. There is little diversity in plant life. A few broad leaf tree species live in the taiga but mostly evergreen trees are the only ones that have adapted to really thrive in this environment. There are some animals that have adapted to live in the cold and snowy environment. A predator called the ermine has a thick coat of dark fur that turns white in the winter. The snowshoe rabbit also has a fur that turns white in the winter. The wolverine is able to mate during ideal conditions by delayed implantation in which they suspend dormant fertilized eggs until the conditions are ideal for bearing their young. Rainforests are the most diverse having more than 15 million species living in the biome. The rainforest biome is sometimes separated into two different biomes. They are referred to as tropical and temperate. The tropical rainforests are located between the Tropic...
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...General Data Requirements for Population Integration into Sectoral Development Planning Examples of basic population data needs for the main micro-level Sectoral development planning processes are given hereby below: (1) Household Structure: conceptual aspects of household (size, extended and nucleated), income structure, consumption patterns, household projections based on age/sex-specific patterns and headship rates, household formation rates; (2) Educational Planning: need three components to integrate--policy target of enrolment, projected school enrollment ratios and the projected relevant school age/sex population for specified time frame in order to estimate enrolment trends in the school system; (3) Health Planning: it is a function of many factors associated with preventive and treatment measures as related to estimated/projected population size of all ages and resource requirements; (4) Food Balance Planning: policy variables and methods of estimation of population/food balance: two main methods include as follows: food production is to be compared to food consumption per capita; and caloric nutritional requirements of the estimated/ projected population by age/sex classifications, ie., the basal metabolic approach (BMR); (5) Labour Force Planning: policy variables, two analytical methods: Age specific labour force participation rates (employed and unemployed)...
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...The Tundra About a fifth of the land surface of the earth is tundra. The tundra is found next to the icy zones in the arctic. The temperatures on the tundra are below freezing and can drop to as low as -70 degrees F. There are winds that can blow up to 100 miles an hour. Temperatures are so cold, the water in the ground freezes, up to a depth of 2000 feet or more. It can reach temperatures of up to 50 degrees F on a warm summer day. There are a few places where only a few inches on the top layer of ground will thaw. This part of the thawed ground is called the active layer. This active layer is always wet because the water from the melted ice cannot drain. The frozen ground that never thaws is called the permafrost layer. The tundra may get less than five inches of precipitation a year, but it is still very wet in the summer. The water that comes from the melting ice has nowhere to go. During the summer, the tundra is one big open, rolling area of ground, covered with many small lakes and ponds. During the summer, days are close to 24 hours long. This is when there is light for the little plants that grow. The plants in the tundra are only about four inches high, many being perennials. The plants consist of grasses, sedges, mosses, little flowering plants, and tiny dwarf willow bushes. They grow in dense round cushions or mats that hug the ground. Hugging the ground helps protect them from the cold and drying winds. In the rocky area, lichens grow on the rocks...
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...INTRODUCCIÒN: El tema que voy a presentar el ensayo es sobre los ecosistemas y su importancia en el planeta tierra. Elegí este tema ya que me pareció interesante, ya que vivimos en ecosistemas y muchas veces no vemos el daño que le hacemos y seria interesante reconocer su gran importancia en nosotros, los seres vivos. DESARROLLO: Primeramente empezare con la definición, ecosistema es un sistema natural que está formado por un conjunto de organismos vivos y el medio físico en donde se relacionan. Existen diferentes tipos de ecosistemas como son: la sabana, la tundra, la taiga, de mar, desierto, bosque, la selva, entre otros. Y en cada tipo de ecosistema se encuentran miles de animales y diferentes tipos de plantas, una gran diversidad en nuestro medio ambiente. Es por eso la gran importancia de estos ecosistemas. En la actualidad, la contaminación y el calentamiento global se a vuelto una moda, en las calles vemos cada vez mas basura, grandes capas de smog en nuestra atmósfera, y así como el desperdicio de agua, gracias a estos descuidos del hombre se han presentado muchas muertes de animales en nuestros bosques y nuestros mares, el agua nos esta acabando, pero la gran incógnita de todos, ¿Cómo le vamos a hacer?. Sinceramente, nosotros empezamos a actuar ya cuando tocamos fondo, ya cuando vemos que no hay salido empezamos a cambiar, entonces en mi opinión es eso que nos hace falta, que de verdad pase una catástrofe en nuestros ecosistemas, para que nos demos cuenta...
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...Arctic tundra occurs in the far Northern Hemisphere, north of the taiga belt. The word "tundra" usually refers only to the areas where the subsoil is permafrost, or permanently frozen soil. (It may also refer to the treeless plain in general, so that northern Sápmi would be included.) Permafrost tundra includes vast areas of northern Russia and Canada.[2] The polar tundra is home to several peoples who are mostly nomadic reindeer herders, such as the Nganasan and Nenets in the permafrost area (and the Sami in Sápmi). Tundra in Siberia Arctic tundra contains areas of stark landscape and is frozen for much of the year. The soil there is frozen from 25–90 cm (10–35 in) down, and it is impossible for trees to grow. Instead, bare and sometimes rocky land can only support low growing plants such as moss, heath (Ericaceae varieties such as crowberry and black bearberry), and lichen. There are two main seasons, winter and summer, in the polar tundra areas. During the winter it is very cold and dark, with the average temperature around −28 °C (−18 °F), sometimes dipping as low as −50 °C (−58 °F). However, extreme cold temperatures on the tundra do not drop as low as those experienced in taiga areas further south (for example, Russia's and Canada's lowest temperatures were recorded in locations south of the tree line). During the summer, temperatures rise somewhat, and the top layer of the permafrost melts, leaving the ground very soggy. The tundra is covered in marshes, lakes, bogs...
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...The Arctic and subarctic regions Compared with other biomes, the tundra biome is relatively young, having its origin in the Pleistocene (1,600,000 to 10,000 years ago). Individual plant and animal species of the tundra, however, probably first appeared in the Late Miocene (11.2 to 5.3 million years ago) or Early Pliocene (5.3 to 3.4 million years ago). Coniferous forests were present on Ellesmere Island and in northern Greenland, the northernmost land areas, in the mid-Pliocene (2.5 million years ago). Most paleoecologists believe that tundra flora evolved from plants of the coniferous forests and alpine areas as continents drifted into higher and cooler latitudes during the Miocene (23.7 to 5.3 million years ago). The Antarctic region Antarctica has been isolated from other continental landmasses by broad expanses of ocean since early in the Tertiary Period, about 60 to 40 million years ago. Prior to its separation it existed, along with Australia, South America, peninsular India, and Africa, as part of the landmass known as Gondwanaland. This long separation has impeded the establishment and development of land-based flora and fauna in the Antarctic. Other significant factors that have hampered terrestrial biotic evolution are the harsh climate, the ice cover that completely engulfed the continent during the Pleistocene glaciations, and the present limited number of ice-free land areas, which are restricted primarily to the coastal fringes and nunataks (mountain peaks surrounded...
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...[2] Este concepto, que comenzó a desarrollarse entre 1920 y 1930, tiene en cuenta las complejas interacciones entre los organismos (por ejemplo plantas, animales, bacterias, protistas y hongos) que forman la comunidad (biocenosis) y los flujos de energía y materiales que la atraviesan.[1] [3] Índice [ocultar] * 1 Descripción * 2 Biomas * 3 Clasificación de ecosistemas * 4 Estructura * 5 Ecosistema acuático * 5.1 Ecosistema marino * 5.2 Ecosistema de agua dulce * 6 Ecosistema terrestre * 6.1 Bosques * 6.2 Matorrales * 6.3 Herbazales * 6.4 Tundra * 6.5 Desierto * 6.6 Ecosistema humano * 7 Ecosistema híbrido * 8 Función y biodiversidad * 9 Dinámica de ecosistemas * 10 Véase también * 11 Notas y referencias * 12 Bibliografía * 13 Enlaces externos Descripción Tundra en Groenlandia. El término ecosistema fue acuñado en 1930 por Roy Clapham para designar el conjunto de componentes físicos y biológicos de un entorno. El ecólogo británico Arthur Tansley refinó más tarde el término, y lo describió como «El sistema completo, ... incluyendo no sólo el complejo de organismos, sino también todo el complejo de factores físicos que forman lo que llamamos medio ambiente».[4] Tansley consideraba los ecosistemas no simplemente como...
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...people that are viewing their ad. For vehicle ads they add in things that attract people with catch phrases such as “Kicks Like a 12 Gauge.” The ad can’t just be all about catching the attention of the viewers it also needs to have the information needed to get the viewer to consider buying their product. The two main subjects of selling vehicles are power and good gas mileage. Two advertisements that target the consumer looking for power and good gas mileage are the Toyota Tundra ad featured in the field and stream magazine and the Ford Taurus ad featured in the cosmopolitan magazine. The two ads that will be compared in this paper talk about how both ads grab the attention of the reader and how the advertiser targets a specific audience to sell his product. Both of the ads do a good job of targeting their audience. They both show the social buzz that the buyer would receive if buying their product by showing how flashy the pickup looks. However they target two different types of audiences. The Toyota tundra ad is all about promoting how much power that the pickup contains. The ad creator did a good job of making it very noticeable to the viewer...
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...“Peoples of the Tundra” By Dr. John Ziker Dr. John Ziker in Chapter One of “Peoples of the Tundra” (2002) recounts how the indigenous people of Northern Siberia in the Taimyr Peninsula have managed, and dealt with the problems of the economy from the breakup of the Soviet Union since the early nineties. In this chapter Dr. Ziker explains the region and the main cities such as the capital Dudinka, the town east of Dudinka, Norisilk, and the town where he did his research, Ust Avam. He introduces the two tribes he did his fieldwork on, the Dolagans and Nganasans, whom were introduced to him by his friend Boris Molochanov. The first main point of the chapter were how the Dolagans and Nganasans were paid decent salaries in the exchange of goods from their foraging expeditions before the fall of the USSR, how they could easily transfer meat and fish to the market since government was paying for the costs. When the fall of communism happened, the money from the government put into the hunting and gathering disappeared. Traveling became too expensive since there was no money from the state, and so it became hard to keep the stores stocked with fish and meat. The Dolagans and Nganasans are people of the land, so they transitioned back to their traditional ways of distribution, sharing what they had killed, caught, or gathered with other tribesmen, which is also known as a “Subsistence Economy.” The other main point was Dr. Ziker wanted to test out three models that came from the...
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...Weaknesses Toyota has its own weakness. The world market for car is in a condition of oversupply and so car manufacturers need to make sure that it is their models that consumers want. Toyota is focuses their market in US and Japan, it is not only lesser revenue, therefore it is exposed to fluctuating economic and political conditions those markets. Besides that, company needs to keep producing cars in order to retain its operation efficiency. Car plants represent a huge investment in expensive fixed costs, as well as the high costs of training and retaining labour. So the company could see over capacity if the car market experiences a down turn. The company also may miss out on potential sales due to under capacity if car market experiences an upturn. • Being big has its own problems. The World market for cars is in a condition of over supply and so car manufacturers need to make sure that it is their models that consumers want. Toyota markets most of its products in the US and in Japan. Therefore it is exposed to fluctuating economic and political conditions those markets. Perhaps that is why the company is beginning to shift its attentions to the emerging Chinese market. Movements in exchange rates could see the already narrow margins in the car market being reduced. • The company needs to keep producing cars in order to retain its operational efficiency. Car plants represent a huge investment in expensive fixed costs, as well as the high costs of training and...
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...Alexander Camarillo Biology 7 Professor Livio Ecology Paper: Tundra The tundra biome is found in North America, Asia, and Europe, and well as encompasses the Arctic Ocean. The term “Tundra” comes from the Finnish word “tunturia”, which means treeless or barren land. There are three types of tundras: the Alpine, Arctic, and Antarctic. Artic Tundra extends from the edge of the Arctic Ocean to the coniferous forest of the Taiga. Examples of the Arctic Tundra include the northern parts of Alaska and Canada, as well as Siberia. Alpines tundras occur on mountains where trees cannot grow in high latitudes. The alpine occurs at almost any latitude, and can be found at elevations of 10,000 feet and above. Because of it’s high elevation the alpine Tundra has a similar climate to the Arctic Tundra. Examples of alpine tundras include: Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, and the Alaska Range Alpines tundra occurs on mountains where trees cannot grow in high latitudes. The growing season is about 180 days per year. Mountain goats, sheer, marmots, and birds feed on low-lying plants and insects. The alpines can be cold and dry with a short growing season. Some well-known places that are considered alpine tundra are the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, and the Alaska Range. Some of the animals that inhabit the alpines include, mountain goats,...
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