...THE TURKISH REPUBLIC CAG UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ECONOMIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THE NEW ERA IN TURKISH FOREIG POLICY: A MULTI- DIMENSIONAL TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY Erhan KAYA SEMINARY THESIS ADVISER PROF. DR. ALI ENGIN OBA YENICE-MERSIN/2011 Approval of the Graduate School of Economic and Administrative Sciences ________________ Prof. Dr. Ali Engin Oba Adviser I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. ________________ Prof. Dr. Esat Arslan Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Esat Arslan ________________ Prof. Dr. Ali Engin Oba ________________ I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all materials and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Erhan Kaya Signature: I would like to thank Professor...
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...TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE COLD WAR Turkey followed a “belligerence” policy from the start of II. World War in 1939 until the start of war in 1945. The purpose of that time managers of Turkey, protect it from the damage of the war. The end of the war with the options in front of us, pushing us to act together with the Western bloc. The formation of these preferences is not a decision for an instant multi-dimensional factors, factors were created by a process. Turkey’s prefer of Western side, did not lead to acceptance by the West sincerely. European members of NATO did not want to risk of war again because of Turkey who was under the Soviet threat at that time. At the same time, they were not willing to impart that the U.S. Marshall Aid to Turkey. Britain lost its efficiency in the Middle East as in all the world and for that reason Britain was put forward a project that "Commander of the Middle East" which Turkey will play a key role for gain efficiency again. Due to U.S. opposition to this prediction, this project got shelved.In the "Containment Policy" process which started with Truman Doctrine by U.S. against the Soviet Bloc, military and geo-strategic location of Turkey opened the door to NATO membership.With North Korea's attack on South Korea, the Korean War started in 1950-53 and the Turkey participating in United States’s side, this was resulting against all suspicies and prejudice, Turkey took place between NATO member countries.Russians wishes to change of...
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...transformation in Turkish foreign policy have become common place1. Since the end of Cold war, many books and articles have been published claiming that Turkey’s external relations have undergone a profound change2. Most commentators when analysing Turkish foreign policy in the 1990s perceived a significant qualitative transformation in comparison with the foreign policy conducted during the Cold War, which is often described as passive and reactive. An assertive and multi-directional foreign policy was developed, and Turkey became much more active in its neighbourhood, establishing ties with the Caucasus and the Turkic Republics, participating in peacekeeping missions in the Balkans, promoting economic relations with Black Sea countries, increasing economic and political ties with the Middle East. However, a darker side of this activism in foreign policy was observed in the 1990s, when Ankara’s ready resort to the threat or the use of military force was particularly visible. Regular military incursions in Northern Iraq to crush PKK forces, threats against Syria, with troops amassed at the border in 1998, hard rhetoric during the Russian S-300 missiles crisis planned to be deployed in Cyprus in the same year are a few examples (Park 2005). In 1995, the Turkish Parliament announced that if Greece expanded its territorial waters from six to twelve miles, Turkey would go to war and war almost happened over islets in the Aegean Sea. In 1996, a former Turkish diplomat, Sukru...
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...agree with the suggestion in Source N that Henry and Wolsey conducted and effective foreign policy in the years 1515-1525? Sources L and N agree that Henry and Wolsey conducted an effective foreign policy in the years 1515-25 although as source L is a painting it has a motive and probably a bias one whilst source M disagrees with the statement by highlighting ‘troubles associated from the Amicable Grant’. In source N (which is featured in a book wrote about Henry VIII at the time in question) contradicts itself to make its point. “Failed to bring great gains to the country, but it did thrust the country into a major role which that its wealth and population scarcely justified...” this makes the reader think that this was worth it for the positives it brought. There were many successes of their (Henry and Wolsey’s) foreign policy. Wolsey was a successful peace broker, and the treaty of London in 1518 was a great example of him ability. This treaty in 1518 was an agreement of peace which seemed to put England in to the centre of diplomatic affairs in Europe (which was what Henry wanted). The treaty bound France, Spain, the Papacy, HRE and England against the Turkish. At the time it seemed like a great success as it seemed to signify the end of fear of England being isolated in Europe, however in the long term it failed despite the short term success. Another success was the foreign policies flexibility despite England and the King having such low income and money. This is shown...
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...this essay I am going to explore reasons behind Somerset’s fall, was it the rebellion or was there other factor that contributed to the fall. It can be said that the rebellion played a considerable part in Somerset’s downfall because the two main rebellions were due to his social and religious policies. The Western Rebellion ‘the prayer book rebellion’ was sparked by the reformation of religion. This was because the reformations of religions were radical and completely changed people’s experience of religion. Especially, as the prayer book was translated from Latin to English and the western rebellions often referred to the new prayer book as a ‘Christmas game’. The most radical change in religion came when the Elevation of host got abolished and the attack of images of saints sparked off the acts of iconoclasm. Not only were the Western rebellions angry about the religious reformations but there were class tension between the peasants and rural labourers. Incidentally, to deal with the economical problems that were caused by enclosures Somerset placed taxes on sheep’s. Instantly this sparked the rebellion among the farmers who had few sheep’s and this proved that Somerset’s policies on economy was flawed. Also Somerset was instrumental in causing the Kett’s rebellion as a...
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...Public policy is embedded into the day-to-day lives of Canadian citizens. Although some may not be actively aware of the multitude of policies, they do determine every aspect of the Canadian society. There are policies that govern air, water, food, transportation, technology, taxes, health and immigration. But this is not an exclusive list of Canadian public polices. Two domains of public policy are domestic and foreign. Internal rules and regulations that govern within a nations border are known as domestic policies (Gale, 2008). Foreign polices are diametric in that they consist of international relations that take place outside a nation’s border (Elman, XXXX, p. X). When take together on a global scale, they can be described as global public policies. Globalization can be defined by “homogenized culture, a global economy, and a borderless world” (McBride, 2011, p. 10). To fully understand globalization one should consider all aspects such as, social, culture, technology, economic and political. Globalization has mainly impacted foreign policy, but it has also had an effect on domestic policies. Both policies are not only influenced by globalization, there are various other factors that contribute to the formation of public policies. Often times it can prove difficult to separate the effects that impact both forms of public policy because they are intertwined. Need thesis statement – what are you arguing or exploring in this paper. Also, should there be definitions in your intro...
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...economy to more of a consumption model. It needs to be mindful about funding its state-owned enterprises, about subsidizing state-owned companies. It needs to lessen its reliance on low-end manufacturing and move up the value chain. By the way, these aren’t my observations; these are observations by Chinese leadership. If you follow any Chinese leader’s speech on China’s economic transformation, these are the points he’ll make. We would call that market rationalism or just normal evolution as a country rises to middle-income status. But there are also some countervailing impulses. There’s a strong streak of economic nationalism; there is a desire to promote national champions; there are protectionist impulses; and investment barriers—the policies called indigenous innovation, where China looks for ways to highlight or promote local companies at the expense of international competition. The fundamental economic question is: Will market rationalism prevail over these kinds of distortions, whether you call them...
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...Do you agree with the suggestion in Source N that Henry and Wolsey conducted an effective foreign policy in the years 1515-25? There are many different interpretations of the effectiveness of the foreign policy in the years 1515-25. Some sources say that it was successful given England's poor resources and Henry's relatively low income and some criticise it and the way Henry and Wolsey conducted it as they think that Henry's aims and ambitions were often unrealistic. Source N suggests that Wolsey and Henry conducted an effective foreign policy. David Grossell says 'Henry and Wolsey did well to preserve an independent and active role and win glory, honour and prestige...'. It shows us that Wolsey was able to direct an effective foreign policy given the circumstances and England's resources. One example of how effective his policy was the Peace of London in 1518 which was one of his greatest achievements. The treaty bound the twenty foremost states in Europe together in a pact of perpetual peace. Wolsey was seen as an architect of the peace and this made London the centre of international relations and also England was no longer under threat of diplomatic isolation. Source L supports this as it shows the brilliance of Henry's foreign policy at the Field of Cloth of Gold on French territory in 1520. We can see in the painting that many people are gathering there and also in the background you can see the tent that is made out of gold cloth. Henry and Francis met at the Field...
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...of why it is important to understand the behaviors of leaders based on their personalities. This essay will evaluate the psychology of leaders using examples from three different books, and drawing examples from a variety of prominent leaders. Post, for instance, presents psychological theories that surround the lives of leaders and some terrorists. He focuses on discussing essential issue such as the effects of age and illness on some of the leaders and how such factors affect their political reign. He also analyses the association that is present between a leader and his or her subject. One of the first points that come out in the first chapter is that states have a variety of instruments that they could use in conducting their foreign policy. These include positive political sanctions such as diplomatic...
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...ow effectively does Congress fulfil its constitutional roles? (45) Congress has many constitutional roles to fulfil such as the power of the purse, oversight, foreign policy and legislation. It can be argued that Congress does fulfil its constitutional roles as it may deliver effective over sighting, legislation, money bills, representation and foreign policy that may provide good checks and balances. However, most would argue that congress may not carry its roles effectively or sometimes not effectively enough which leads to poor scrutiny, and sometimes over-scrutinising, which leads to ineffective fulfilment of constitutional roles. I believe that the level of effectiveness will be the role of circumstances such as divided governments and united governments which can determine the effectiveness of congress for certain roles. Congress has the role to pass legislation, scrutinise and emend bills for an effective fulfilment of the role. Congress will often amend bills which are initiated by the president in order to check the balance of power. With Congress commonly amend bills, it shows evidence of effective fulfilment of this role to scrutinise the work of the president. Congress will also take a vote on a bill which allows further scrutiny as bills may be passed or rejected by Congress. However, it can be argued that these roles are not effectively fulfilled. For instance, many bills get amended and sometimes heavily amended in such a way that bills come out the other...
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...vDid Wolsey and Henry have an effective foreign policy during the years 1515 – 1525? In some respects it can be said that Henry and Wolsey had an effective foreign policy in the years 1515 – 1525. Henry and Wolsey were responsible for the Treaty of London and were also sought after as a useful ally by other more important European powers. However some would argue that their policies were not effective due to the amount of money that was spent on international events and warfare and the fact that nothing was really achieved. Firstly it could be argued that his policies were effective due to the fact that Henry and Wolsey were responsible for the Treaty of London, the signatories were France, England, Holy Roman Empire, the Papacy, Spain, Burgundy and the Netherlands, all of whom agreed not to attack one another and to come to the aid of any that were under attack. This was a great achievement for Henry and Wolsey as England managed to aucestrate a treaty that was way above its size and importance, this therefore brought England to the table of European politics this means that Henry and Wolsey had an effective foreign policies. In addition source L supports this because Henry is large and this implies that he was considered important and this implies that his policies must have been successful as he was considered godlike. However the painting might have been painted to demonstrate Henrys power and wealth. There is also a dragon in the painting implicating that it is not...
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...was a crisis. None of us knew our experience in Iran would be so different than what our government contract asked us to do. Although I have always been loved my country, I had one thing that kept going through in my mind every day when I was held as a hostage: failed foreign policy. We knew each one of us were victim of the U.S. foreign policy; Government knew this incident could happen. They might not have known that there will be a hostage crisis, but it was apparent they knew something was going wrong. Even until these days, I see there was tension between Iran and the U.S. which started from a bad beginning. As a person who felt the diplomatic failure in a physical form such as hostage crisis, I know the Iran hostage crisis is what triggered the U.S. to approach other states with various foreign policies. At least, there has not been any more hostile events like the one we had to go through. The day started as just a normal day of November. The sky was blue and air was crisp. It almost feels like being in home, I thought. It already has been six months since I have been working at the embassy in Tehran. After graduating from college, I decided to work for foreign affairs and applied for a job in foreign policy department. As a new employee at the department, I didn’t have many options to choose from. One of my options was to work in U.S embassy in Tehran, Iran. At first, I thought this was a great idea. Considering the fact that this embassy was one of the places that most...
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...Do you agree with the view that Henry VIII foreign policy should be seen as a costly failure? It can be agreed that Henry VIII and Wolsey’s foreign policy was an expensive failure to a large extent, but there is some evidence from the sources showing otherwise and demonstrating some success. Sources 1, 2 and 3 all support the source to a certain extent, some more than others, however Sources 1 and 3 also disagree with the question and show some successes to Henry and Wolsey’s policy. Despite this, the idea of their policy being expensive is consistent throughout the sources for costing over a years income for Henry. Henry VIII and Wolsey’s foreign policy can be seen as an expensive failure as shown in all three of the sources. Sources 1, 2 and 3 all refer to the king’s expenses in one way and having not gained much from it. In source 2, it refers to the King as receiving ‘no more land in France’ on top of what his father had already gained, whilst costing the King an ‘infinite sum of money’ demonstrating that Henry had not had much success in his reign but had still spending extreme figures. Using this source, along with our own knowledge we know that Henry failed in securing the French crown for himself as well as the partition of France to himself, Charles and Bourbon, after the Battle of Pavia in 1525. Alongside this, the failures of Henry’s campaign during the war with France including the evaporation of Wolsey and Henry’s passing enthusiasm for another intervention...
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...How far did Mussolini achieve his aims in Foreign Policy? One of the first things that Benito Mussolini wanted to do was to expand Italy and give it and empire to rule over like France and Great Britain. He wanted Italy to be recognized as one of the dominant forces in Europe. The first of his conquests was Abyssinia. This he begun on the 40th Anniversary of the humiliating defeat Italy suffered at Adowa under the Liberals: Mussolini wanted to complete a fete that the Liberals couldn’t. As a means of propaganda to show that Italy was more powerful and united under Fascism than it had been under the Liberals. Mussolini gloried and reveled in the creation of an East African Empire. Britain and France, who Italy were allying with secretly allowed for and gave concession to his Abyssinian war. However, because they were both democracy’s, under internal condemnation and pressure, they had to publicly criticize Mussolini and Italy’s actions. This really infuriated Mussolini at the sheer hypocrisy shown by the 2 countries, as they both had large empires. This was also done because the public saw this as a brutal violation of another League of Nations country. Furthermore, in private Britain and France tried to mediate a deal, the Laval Pact. But this didn’t help the situation, because they had to side with the League of Nations, who enforced sanctions on Italy. However, this made Mussolini immensely popular at home, what one might call his finest hour. The sanctions didn’t include...
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...How successfully did James I deal with the problems he inherited James had to deal with major inherited problems such a lack of substantial income, religious divide the three main religious factions; Armenians, Catholics and Protestants, James also inherited a weak foreign policy plagued by war. James inherited from Elizabeth I both a substantial debt of around four hundred and twenty thousand pounds, a crown suffering from the effects of serous long-term under-funding, and a lack of a substantial lack of income due to selling of crown estates. It would not be right to describe James’s financial worries as a small factor in his list of his problems, however, it cannot be seen as the unsolvable problem that many people describe it to be. If one takes into account the fact that the three hundred thousand pounds that Parliament had recently voted Elizabeth had not yet been received at the time of her death, and that another hundred thousand pounds. of the money owed had been collected in the late 1590s as forced loans which nobody realistically expected the crown to repay, it could be argued that Elizabeth died leaving England in not a too bad financial situation as people normally describe. In addition, the effect of the lack of crown estates problem would not be felt in the first reign after Elizabeth’s because James also continued in the practice of selling off royal lands for quick injections of capital thus the problem of a lack of income was negated by this. However, despite...
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