...1. What types of behaviors might indicate referral for assessment? The child is easily distracted, unable to pay attention, or stay focused for a prolonged period of time. When there is an observable pattern of inappropriate behavior, for instance, the child is unable to complete classroom assignments, distracts others, throws tantrums, biting, shows oppositional defiant behavior, and withdrawal. Behaviors that might indicate referral for assessment may include but are not limited to any child not succeeding at school, failing academically, not meeting the requirements set for the average individual in his age group, or parent- or teacher-reported concerns. 2. What are some possible causes of observed behavioral symptoms? Some possible causes of observed behavioral symptoms may be stimuli coming from the environment. Environmental reasons might involve not having breakfast at home. Traumatic or disturbing experiences may preoccupy or worry them such as witnessing a fight at home. Some problems with the structure and functioning of the brain due to accidents, including seizures or other changes, disease or improper development. Also, problems with the cognitive functioning of the brain in terms of working memory or processing speed. 3. Why is it important to be...
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...Fabrication and electrochemical behavior of vertically-aligned carbon nanotube electrodes covalently attached to p-type silicon via a thioester linkage Zihan Poh, Benjamin S. Flavel, Cameron J. Shearer, Joseph G. Shapter, Amanda V. Ellis ⁎ Flinders University, School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Received 7 October 2008 Accepted 23 December 2008 Available online 6 January 2009 Keywords: Carbon nanotubes Thioester Surfaces Nanomaterials Sensors Silicon Vertically-aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) (VACNTs) are becoming increasingly recognized due to their fast electron transfer rates. However, the chemistry available for further functionalizing these electrodes is limited. Here we describe a new approach to the fabrication of VACNTs. SWCNTs were covalently attached to a p-type silicon (100) (Si) wafer surface using a thioester linkage in which the nanotubes were firstly acid treated and then, in the presence of a hydroxylated Si wafer surface, reacted with phosphorus pentasulfide (a mild electrophilic catalyst). The novel nanostructure was characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM) showing vertical alignment with FTIR spectroscopy indicating pendant thiocarboxylic acid groups for further reaction. In addition, electrochemical properties using cyclic voltammetry indicate that the electrodes have excellent electrochemical properties...
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...Consumer Behavior |Program |: |MBA |Class of |: |2009 | |Credit |: |3 |Sessions |: |33 | |Course Code |: |SL MM 602 | | | | Objective To understand the various factors influencing behavior of consumers – as individuals and as members of a group/society, and also the impact of consumerism in the contemporary environment. To understand the behavior of consumers – decision making, post-purchase behavior, behavior in a shopping environment, etc. To understand the behavior of organizations as consumers. |REFERENCE BOOKS |AUTHOR / PUBLICATION | |Consumer Behavior |ICMR | |Consumer Behavior, 5e |Leon G Schiffman and Leslie Lazar Kanuk, Prentice-Hall, India | |Consumer Behavior |Hawkins, Best & Coney, McGraw Hill | |Consumer Behavior |Blackwell, Miniard & Engel, Thomson ...
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...pertain to certain types of behavior. Although this has been a strenuous taskresearchers have been able to conclude some theories by correlating learning to behavior. There are many variables to consider when discussing learning and cognition. According to Bietz (2010) “Learning is often defined as a relatively lasting change in behavior that is the result of experience. Learning became a major focus of study in psychology during the early part of the twentieth century as behaviorism rose to become a major school of thought. Today, learning remains an important concept in numerous areas of psychology, including cognitive, educational, social, and developmental psychology.” People normally link learning with the different experience that occur in life. Most can relate what they learned to a certain emotion that presented itself at that time. Behavior is at the core of psychology; it is behavior that we study,analyze and experiment to understand the psychology of any person (Changani, 2011). There are numerous behavior types and most behaviors are a series of learned conditions that one experienced. Behavior plays a considerable role in learning because it is through one’s behavior that what they have learned is displayed. There are many variations of learning styles. Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. There are key...
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...The field of psychology has different types of methods that are used in order to control, change, or alter behavior. There is no one specific method is that universally agreed upon or is better than another. Rather, the method used depends upon the intended outcome, and the reason for some type of conditioning or punishment. Operant conditioning is one type of method used by psychologist. In addition, there is positive punishment, negative punishment, positive reinforcement, and negative reinforcement. Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through a system of rewards and punishments for a behavior. With this type of conditioning, there is an association between the behavior and the consequence for the behavior. This was created by B.F. Skinner, who was a behaviorist and believed that a person’s internal thoughts and motivations can be used to explain a person’s behavior. Reinforcement is a key concept in operant conditioning. Specifically, the two types of reinforcers are positive, in which favorable events or outcomes are given after a behavior, and negative reinforcers which involve the removal of an unfavorable event or outcome after a behavior. An example of operant conditioning is when a child complete their school work and is rewarded by the teacher and receives either praise or some type of physical reward, such as candy. The one ethical concern that may arise from this method is that a child who knows that they will not be able to finish their school...
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... Although similar in nature, organizational culture and organizational behavior are two subjects that have not always been considered as having a direct correlation. In the past twenty or so years, the two have been considered as having a more direct connection and influence in relation to each other. In the context of this paper, the author will provide a definition of organizational culture and organizational behavior and explain different types of organizations. The author will also address the importance of organizational culture in shaping employees and attempt to bridge the gap between organizational cultures and influences on organizational behaviors. What is Organizational Culture? Organizational culture is sometimes referred to as corporate culture. Culture is defined as to grow in a prepared medium. An organization is an arrangement into a coherent unity functioning as a whole. Organizational culture, in a sense, is an arrangement of a coherent unity providing a medium in which members are cultivated to operate within the desires of the organization. Culture is the foundation on which an organization is built. It is a composition of values and beliefs that are developed within the boundaries of the organization and is designed to guide and direct the members or employees’ behavior. It is, in essence, the adhesive that bonds the organizational members together...
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...different client with a similar situation. This made it difficult for me to choose, because I wanted to be able to use the model of helping that would be the best one for the client. While I was taking this course, I noticed that I already use Behavior Therapy on a daily basis. I prefer to use the Behavior Therapy. Behavior Therapy is changing the client’s undesired behavior with a more desirable behavior. According to Herkov (n.d.), “Behavior therapy is focused on helping an individual understand how changing their behavior can lead to changes in how they are feeling.” (para. 1). Indeed, I prefer to use the Behavior Therapy Model, because I have been already using some of major methods and techniques within the Behavior Therapy model. These major techniques, that I have been using prior to taking this course, include: positive reinforcement, token economies, and modeling. These are a few of the major techniques of Behavior Therapy that I have been using prior to taking this class. My personal view of helping is that there are different techniques for different types of people, and different types of issues. I believe that there is no one fits all type of theory. This is because there is not just one solution for the many types of issues that people...
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...Organizational behavior is a study that learn about human behavior especially in the work environment to learn how that behavior have their impact within the organization for the goodness of the organization itself. In learning those behaviors, there are three type of theory that can be used in studying human behavior. They are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning. All of them are theories that learn and study how, why and when human behavior is made. Each of these theories has their own characteristic that differ one to another. Classical conditioning is the first type of learning theory that learn human behavior by giving neutral stimuli before the expected respond. This type of conditioning is used to learn simple and ordinary behavior by the association of two neutral stimuli. The real example of these classical conditioning is a dog that connect the bell ringing with the food given to create a respond which is producing saliva. When the bell ringing(conditioned stimulus) is followed with the food given (unconditioned stimulus), the dog will make such a respond in producing saliva. When the unconditioned stimulus is omitted, the bell ringing without the food given will still create the same respond which is the dog producing saliva. The dog behavior in producing saliva happens as the same respond by relating the bell ringing with the food given. In this classical conditioning we can study simple behavior created after neutral stimuli given. The...
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...Leadership – anyone who inspires a coworker or subordinate to do better, improve process, etc. =lead by example – eg: Johnson & Johnson Effective Leadership – influence that assists a group or organization to perform successfully and meet its goals and objectives = “enabling” behavior – it’s a behavior that helps other people accomplish more than if they had been no such influence P208 Leading and Managing: The Same or Different? Leadership is a very important component of management, but management is more than just leadership. It includes other tasks that do NOT directly involve influencing people. Managers Leaders Leaders Does Leadership Differ Across National Cultures? Paternalism – the leader is regarded as father who will take care of the subordinate in return for reasonable behavior and performance = order & harmony; eg: YifeiLi – MTV Greeter China P210 Leadership and the Use of Power Power – the capacity or ability to influence. “power tends to corrupt (and), absolute power corrupts absolutely.” Power can be used for good or bad. “The days of power is conspicuous by its absence. Powerlessness in the face of crisis. Powerless in the face of complexity.” P211 Types and Sources of Power Position Power – power based on a person’s position and rank in an organization (include legitimate power, reward power and coercive power) Personal...
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...Buyer Behavior Case Study Harley Davidson Building Success • Understanding the customers’ emotions and motivation • Determining the factors of loyalty • Translating this information to effective advertising Measuring Success • Currently 22% of all U.S. bike sales • Demand above supply • Sales doubled in the past 5 years with earnings tripled Case Study Harley-Davidson – Devoted Consumers Building Success • Offers good bikes, upgraded showrooms, and revised sales tactics. • Consumer emotions, motivations, and lifestyle research has been translated into effective advertising. • Harley riders are fiercely loyal to the brand, older, better educated, affluent. Measuring Success • Currently has 26% of all U.S. bike sales and 50% of heavyweight segment. • Demand outstripped supply for several years; waits of up to 2 years for popular models. • Annual revenues/earnings have grown at 14% to 23% over past 10 years. 2007: 21st straight year of record sales and income. 5-3 Definitions • Consumer buyer behavior refers to the buying behavior of final consumers – individuals and households who buy goods and services for personal consumption • All of these final consumers combine to make up the consumer market. Consumer Buying Behavior • Consumers make many buying decisions every day. • Most research consumer buying decisions try to answer the questions about; What consumers buy? Where, how, and how they buy, when & why they buy? Consumer Buying Behavior •...
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...a paper regarding phobias and addictions. It includes the meanings and the differences between classical conditioning and operant conditioning. The paper explains what phobias are as compared to addictions and how each of them affects behavior in individuals. It also explains what classical conditioning means to phobias as well as what operant conditioning means to addictions. Phobias and Addictions Every person is in one way or another, conditioned by either operant or classical conditioning. Phobias develop through classical conditioning, whereas addictions develop through operant conditioning. The classical conditioning theory involves learning a new behavior via the process of association, (McLeod, 2012). Operant conditioning is the other type of conditioning whereas an individual learns through a reward system. It is more or less association made between behavior and consequence of that behavior. Phobias and addictions develop through these two types of conditioning. Phobias develop through classical conditioning and addictions through operant conditioning. Through the past decades, psychologists studied these two relationships to develop a more understanding of these emotional disorders. Phobias and addictions are negative behaviors and usually come from classical conditioning or operant conditioning. Phobias happen out of a fear of something and addictions happen because an individual becomes controlled by an activity or habit. People react to fears and habits in...
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...Monique Green Grand Canyon University: EDU 536-TEM 101 10/3/13 Disruptive behavior cause a lot of problems in the classrooms, and if not managed well it can cause a class to get out of control. The teacher will not be able to teach the students and eventually the students will not learn anything because the teacher cannot teach. Constantly arriving to class late is very rude and a form of disruptive behavior because when the door is being opened and shut along with loud noises, the student trying to take their seat as well as get out their materials, it causes the students to become distracted. The students look to see who is coming in the door and the noise from the door take s the attention of the instructor and turns it around on the person who just came in. A strategy to correct the behavior is, to make strict, clear but fair consequences for being late (Snyder). Students who talk during class and or lecture, is not only disruptive but causes them not to learn because they are too busy talking and not paying attention which leads to their academic progress to suffer. It also wastes the teacher and other student’s time, and interrupts the learning of others. A strategy you can use is, especially if you have 20 or more students are, asking students to raise their hands. It allows a chance for every student’s voice to be heard without the interruption of another student and for it to be fair, students’ want to feel that their teacher is treating them equal whether...
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...are already noticing some behaviors that are associated with the “terrible two’s”. Since Lia was born she has always had her fingers in her mouth to bite her nails. This habit constantly makes her sick because of all the germs she puts into her mouth from daycare and everyday activities. Also, Lia has another bad habit of playing with multiple types of toys and leaving them all over the house for others to trip on. With both of these bothersome and dangerous behaviors, Lia’s mom (my sister Emily), has been trying to teach Lia not to continue these bad habits. In order for Emily to really teach Lia to stop her bad habits she must appreciate operant conditioning. Operant Conditioning is how Lia will learn to differentiate between her behaviors and the consequences that Emily enforces. In some cases, Emily can also use classical conditioning to help Lia break her habits. Classical conditioning is when there is a neutral stimulus that causes an unconditioned stimulus which eventually translates into a conditioned response. The difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning is that operant conditioning involves some type of reinforcement or punishment to a behavior whereas classical conditioning involves signals that produce automatic behaviors. The first bad behavior Lia has, as mentioned above, is her nail bitting. This is a behavior that Emily is specifically trying to decrease. Since Emily is trying to decrease Lia’s behavior she is using a form of punishment...
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...are many different types of psychotherapies the first one I would like to talk about is called Psychoanalytic therapy. This type of therapy looks at how the unconscious mind influences thoughts and behaviors. “Psychoanalysis frequently involves looking at early childhood experiences in order to discover how these events might have shaped the individual and how they contribute to current actions. People undergoing psychoanalytic therapy often meet with their therapist at least once a week and may remain in therapy for a number of weeks, months, or years. Psychoanalytic therapists generally spend time listening to patients talk about their lives, which is why this method is often referred to as the talking cure”. A therapy provider looks for patterns or significant events that might cause the patients current difficulties. Psychoanalysts also believe that a person’s childhood events and unconscious feelings, thoughts, and motivations play a role in mental illness and maladaptive behaviors. The second type of therapy I would like to discuss is called Aversion therapy. This is a form of treatment that utilizes behavioral principles to eliminate unwanted behavior.” In this therapeutic method, the unwanted stimulus is repeatedly paired with discomfort. The goal of the conditioning process is to make the individual associate the stimulus with unpleasant or uncomfortable sensations. During aversion therapy, the client may be asked to think of or engage in the behavior they enjoy while...
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...Given Focus: Regulating individual behavior is the basic yet essential approach to managing organizational output. Analysis: Value and personality + other factors e.g. cultural or physical environments → Individual behavior → Organizational output Content 1. Organizational Output by Individual Behavior 2. Individual Behavior 2.1 Definition 2.2 Types & Causes 2.2.1 Task Performance 2.2.2 Organizational Citizenship 2.2.3 Counterproductive Work Behaviors 2.2.4 Joining and Staying with the Organization 2.2.5 Maintaining Work Attendance 3. Value & Individual Behavior 4. Personality & Individual Behavior 5. Conclusion 1. Organizational Output by Individual Behavior Some people say organizational output is affected by individual behavior. To examine the statement, let us firstly take a look at individual behavior. 2.2.3 Counterproductive Work Behaviors (CWBs) Counterproductive work behaviors are known as voluntary behaviors that have the potential to directly or indirectly harm the organization1. These behaviors can be intentional or unintentional and result from a wide range of underlying causes and motivations. The variety of acts that are considered CWBs has led to attempts by researchers to create a coherent typology of CWBs. One four-class typology of CWBs divided the CWBs into the following categories: 1. Production deviance - involving poor attendance behaviors like leaving early, intentionally working slow, or taking unnecessarily long breaks; 2...
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