...Abacus UK VERSUS RULES-BASED ACCOUNTING ABA Accounting Foundation, Unviersity of Sydney Oxford, Blackwell GEORGE J. BENSTON, MICHAEL BROMWICH AND ALFRED WAGENHOFER Principles- Versus Rules-Based Accounting Standards: The FASB’s Standard Setting Strategy In response to criticism of rules-based accounting standards and Section 108(d) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the SEC proposed principlesbased (or ‘objectives-oriented’) standards. We identify several shortcomings with this approach and focus on two of them. First, the format (type) of a standard is dependent on the contents of what the standard regulates. Given the asset/liability approach combined with fair values, we argue that the combination of this measurement concept with principlesbased standards is inconsistent because it requires significant guidance for management judgment. Second, we propose the inclusion of a trueand-fair override as a necessary requirement for any format that is more than ‘principles-only’ to deal with inconsistencies between principles and guidance. We discuss the benefits of this override and present evidence from the United Kingdom’s experience. Key words: Accounting standards; FASB; Principles; Rules; Rules-based. According to a widely-held view, U.S. accounting standards are more rules-based than principles-based.1 This observation stems in large part from the emphasis put on two aspects of the wording of the typical attestation statement: ‘the financial statements present fairly...
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...INTRODUCTION For more than a decade now, there has been a movement around the world to develop a common set of high-quality accounting standards that can be applied globally. Comparable accounting around the world, if high standards are instilled and application was consistent, would make markets more efficient by letting investors compare companies from different countries. In particular, the issue of American adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is of importance because IFRS standards are used by companies in many countries around the world, including all the countries in the European Union, and some say that the best hope for assuring that the international standards are uniformly followed would be having The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), responsible for deciding what accounting rules apply in the United States, involved in enforcing them (Norris, 2012). But, efforts have been under way for years to accomplish this convergence and in a number of areas they have been unable to reach agreements. Because of the expansion of commerce worldwide by many businesses, other issues have arose in this process, such as the need for common global regulation of banks and a need for a global set of ethical standards. In the 1970s, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FPCA) sent a chill throughout the business community by criminalizing the act of making payments outside the US in pursuit of contracts (George, 2008). Making payments to obtain business is...
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...FASB VS. IASB - Convergence Project Shenita Baker ACC541 November 15, 2011 Delphine Wolsker FASB VS. IASB - Convergence Project The Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB) is located in the United States and was formed in 1973 as a private sector to establish guidelines for financial accounting. These standards command the arrangement of financial reports by nongovernment bodies. The Financial Accounting Standard Board has only 5 members. The FASB standards are known by The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Financial Accounting Standard Board encourages participation, stakeholder’s outlook, and the attention by the Financial Accounting Foundation’s Board of Trustees. The FASB also controls the FASB Accounting Standards Codification which acts as the connection of valid standards of accounting and reporting. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) is a self-sufficient group that contains 15 members located in London. The International Accounting Standard Board ha experience in auditing, preparing, and using financial reports. The IASB also help decide accounting guidelines . The IASB is part of the IFRS foundation came about in 2001. The board is funded by major accounting firms and private financial institutions. The International Accounting Standard Board and the Financial Accounting Standards Board are currently working on a joint venture known as the convergence...
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...IFRS VS. GAAP Gregory Abraham ACC/290 August 17, 2015 Sherrick Johnson IFRS VS. GAAP In accounting, there are sets of standards, accounting principles, and procedures that businesses use to assemble their financial statements. IFRS and GAAP are two common sets that companies use to comply their statements. IFRS, International Financial Reporting Standards, are a set of accounting standards established by the IASB, the International Accounting Standards Board, which is becoming the international standard for the preparation of public company financial statements. GAAP, Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, are a mixture of influential standards and simply the commonly accepted ways to record and report accounting information (Offill, 2012). Even though GAAP and IFRS are both commonly used, they are still differently structured. IFRS Format of a Statement Differ From GAAP Balance Sheet IFRS does not obligate a precise order or arrangement of financial records on the statement of financial position. A lot of the time businesses report possessions in opposite order of assets. For example, the sequence of accounts on the statement of financial position could include Current Assets, Long Term Asset, Long Term Liabilities, Shareholder Equity, and Current Liabilities. GAAP on the other hand, specifically desires that all financial records be organized established on their degree of assets. Thus, money is typically conveyed initially, and non-current possessions...
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...Licensed to: iChapters User Licensed to: iChapters User CONTEMPORARY AUDITING REAL ISSUES & CASES MICHAEL C. KNAPP SEVENTH EDITION MAKE IT YOURS! SELECT JUST THE CASES YOU NEED Through Cengage Learning’s Make It Yours, you can — simply, quickly, and affordably — create a quality auditing text that is tailored to your course. • Pick your coverage and only pay for the cases you use. • Add cases from a prior edition of Knapp’s Contemporary Auditing. • Add your course materials and assignments. • Pick your own unique cover design. We recognize that not every program covers the same cases and topics in your auditing course. Chris Knapp wrote his case book for people to use either as a core e book or as a supplement to an existing book. If you would like to use a custom auditing case book or supplement the South-Western accounting book you are currently using, simply check the cases you want to include, indicate if there are other course materials you would like to add, and click submit. A Cengage Learning representative will contact you to review and confirm your order. G E T S T A R T E D Visit www.custom.cengage.com/makeityours/knapp7e to make your selections and provide details on anything else you would like to include. Prefer to use pen and paper? No problem. Fill out questions 1-4 and fax this form to 1.800.270.3310. A Custom Solutions editor will contact you within 2-3 business days to discuss the options you have selected...
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...IFRS vs. GAAP: Same or Different ACC407 January 27, 2013 Catherine McBride IFRS vs. GAAP: Same or Different The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) are working on nearly a dozen joint projects designed to improve both U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), and ultimately make the standards fully compatible. But in the mean time, the two predominant accounting standards to this day are the U.S. GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) and IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards). These two standards have several differences because they both take a completely different approach to their methodology. The U.S. GAAP is more rule-based, where IFRS is principal-based. With IFRS's principal-based approach, a lot of room was left open for interpretations for similar transactions. It gives room for second guessing, debate and conjecture. Anytime you have a fundamental system that can be debated you create a forum of uncertainty that then requires an arbitrator who can settle the dispute. This arbitrator is called the standards setting board, and it provides fewer exceptions than a rule based system (Parrott, 2008). With the U.S. GAAP you have a rule-based system. This is a more clear approach that distinguishes between what seems correct and what is correct. There is no room for interpretation. Each process has a set...
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...and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk Multiple Choice Questions 1. According to the World Trade Organization, what was the size of international trade in 2008? A) $7,000,000,000 (7 billion dollars) B) $70,000,000,000 (70 billion dollars) C) $37,000,000,000 (37 billion dollars) D) $16,000,000,000,000 (16 trillion dollars) Answer: D Level: Easy LO: 1 2. In the years between 1990 and 2001 when global gross domestic product rose 27%, what was the growth in global exports? A) 25% B) 75% C) 35% D) 50% Answer: B Level: Medium LO: 1 3. What is a “foreign exchange rate?” A) the price to buy a foreign currency B) the price to buy foreign goods C) the difference between the price of goods in a foreign currency and the price in a domestic currency D) the cost to hold all monetary assets in a single currency Answer: A Level: Easy LO: 1 4. Why was there very little fluctuation in the foreign exchange rate in the period 1945-1973? A) This was a period when the world economy was very stable. B) There was very little growth in the world economy between 1945 and 1973. C) Countries linked their currency to the U.S. dollar, which was backed by gold reserves. D) Most currencies were pegged to the British pound, which could be converted to sterling...
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...with data collection, analyses, and translations into the English language. We are also grateful to the two anonymous referees and participants at the AAA/KPMG Peat Marwick International Accounting Research Conference and the accounting workshop at the University of Connecticut for their valuable comments and suggestions. Harmonization of the Auditor’s Report 1. Introduction The globalization of capital markets and the growth of international capital flows have heightened the significance of cross-national comprehension of corporate financial reports as well as the associated audit reports. The accounting literature is replete with assessments of the harmonization efforts and the international differences in the financial accounting area (Nair and Frank, 1981; Evans and Taylor, 1982; McKinnon and Janell, 1984; Doupnick and Taylor, 1985; Nobes, 1987; Archer, et. al., 1989; and Guenther and Hussein, 1995). However, there have been only three previous attempts to study the international differences and harmonization in the auditing area (Hussein, et. al., 1986; Archer, et. al., 1989; and Jones and Karbhari, 1996). The paper extends the work in the latter studies to study the impact on the harmonization of audit reports of International Audit Guideline (IAG) 13 that was issued in 1983 by the International Audit Practice...
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...perpetuities, etc.; Interest rates and bond valuation; Dividends and stock valuation and dividend policy; Capital budgeting: NPV, IRR, payback period, profitability index, etc.; Risk, return and security market line: beta estimation, CAPM; Cost of capital, financial leverage, capital structure, etc; Cash and liquidity, credit and inventory management; International corporate finance; Risk management and financial engineering; Options and option valuation; Mergers and acquisitions 2. Accounting for Financial Statements: Preparation of income statement, balance sheet and statement of cash flows: Accounting for specialized items: Property, Plant & Equipment, bad debts; provisions; financial instruments; leases; employee benefits; income taxes; revenues,; foreign currency transactions etc.;Accounting for mergers and consolidations; IFRS vs GAAP; Financial statement analysis 3. Cost and Management Accounting: Cost concepts; Job-order costing vs process costing;ABC Costing; Marginal costing vs absorption costing: CVP analysis; Relevant costs: special order, make or buy decisions; ROA, residual income and economic value added; Standard costing and variance analysis; EOQ and linear programming 4. Quantitative Methods and Business Mathematics: Algebra and logarithm; Series and progressions; Probability, confidence intervals and testing; Measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion; Simple and compound interest: compounding and discounting;Differentiation and...
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...country. For example, a European based organization is reporting under the IFRS standard while their branch in the United States is using US-GAAP. While the differences do not outweigh the similarities, GAAP and IFRS standards have caused some concerns in financial reporting. These concerns have led to the evaluation of these two reporting standards and the discussion on whether to move IFRS worldwide. This paper will outline a few of the differences between GAAP and IFRS as well as review the discussion of standardized reporting using IFRS. Introduction Historically, accounting and reporting standards in the United States have been set by the AICPA (American Institute of Certified Public Accounts) as laid out by the regulations set by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). In 1973, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) was developed by the AICPA as a council for establishing standards for reporting for all United States companies. Under FASB, GAAP was reorganized into approximately 90 accounting standards offering concise methods to follow for financial reporting. This not only allowed for ease of access when reading US financials statements, but also allowed for comparison of documentation for investments, credits, and other financial decisions. On the other hand, the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) were developed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) based in London. Currently, about 120 nations require the use of IFRS...
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...article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information.Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance. (February 2012) | Accounting | | * Historical cost accounting * Constant purchasing power accounting * Management accounting * Tax accounting | Major types of accounting[show] | Auditing[show] | People and organizations[show] | Development[show] | Business portal | * v * t * e | In Management accounting or managerial accounting, managers use the provisions of accounting information in order to better inform themselves before they decide matters within their organizations, which aids their management and performance of control functions. Contents [hide] * 1 Definition * 2 Scope, practice, and application * 3 Differences between financial accountancy and management accounting * 4 Traditional vs. innovative practices * 5 Role within a corporation * 6 Specific methodologies * 6.1 Activity-based costing (ABC) * 6.2 Grenzplankostenrechnung (GPK) * 6.3 Lean accounting (accounting for lean enterprise) * 6.4 Resource consumption accounting (RCA) * 6.5 Throughput accounting * 6.6 Transfer pricing * 7 Resources and continuous learning * 8 Tasks/services provided * 9 Related qualifications * 10 Methods ...
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...learning environment; 2. Strategic / critical thinking as they consider the relevant issues of the case and make subjective decisions; 3. Ability to identify relevant risks associated with improper judgments; and 4. Understanding of ASC 740 and accounting for income taxes and how judgment impacts financial reporting. Module Components • Class Structure: 3 hour unit of study • PowerPoint Lecture • Case Assignment • Workpaper • Five Videos • Summary: Elevating Professional Judgment in Auditing and Accounting: The KPMG Professional Judgment Framework (available at: http://www.kpmguniversityconnection.com/ProfessionalJudgment/CurriculumSupport/Monographs/Professional-Judgment-Summary.aspx Acknowledgements: The author gratefully acknowledges the advice offered by Daryl Taylor, KPMG Houston, and Kathryn Radfar, in developing this case and suggested solutions. KPMG University Connection www.KPMGUniversityConnection.com © 2013 KPMG LLP a Delaware limited liability partnership and the U.S. member firm of the KPMG network of independent member , firms affiliated with KPMG...
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...Auditors and Regulatory Oversight Accounting 403 Auditing & Assurance Professor: Amber Sheeler May 2, 2014 Introduction The Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 or what is more commonly known as SOX or the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act, is a United States federal law that acts “to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures made pursuant to the securities laws, and for other purposes” (Kimmel, Weygandt, & Kieso, 2011). Mainly, the act was a result of the continuous increase in the number of accounting scandals that can be related to falsification of entries on company’s financial statements. Some of the recent examples of corporate and accounting scandals were that of Enron, Adelphia, Tyco International, World Com, and Peregrine Systems, among others (Levine, 2013). The objective of this paper is to focus on and analyze one of such scandals. In this paper, the Lehman Brothers’ issue with the SEC regarding their malicious use of the Repo 105 maneuver will be studied, focusing on the audit report that the external CPA firm issued, speculations on the company’s statements, analysis of the management and auditor’s responsibility in the falsified financial reporting, the sanctions under the SOX and key actions that the concerned regulatory boards should make. Repo 105 Securities and Exchange Commission Accounting Scandal with Lehman Brothers and Ernst and Young Analysis of the Audit Report When the...
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...Alice Hines IFRS vs. GAAP Monday May 11, 2015 ACCT/290 Principles of Accounting I Tom House When it comes to accounting and dealing with finances, there is a lot to be knowledgeable when it’s in regards to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). IFRS is a set of accounting standards developed by an independent, not for profit organization called the International Accounting Standards Board (IABS). GAAP are the standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting used in a given jurisdiction, also known as accounting standards or standard account practice (FASB). The rule to these two terms falls under the double entry of accounting, where debits equal credits. The reason for IFRS and GAAP is the purpose which is reliable and useful to keep track of accounts. Assumptions for accounting determines monetary unit, meaning US currency. Economic entity what reports everything into a particular unit. Followed by the amount of time known as time period which is distinguished by economic life of a business divided into the artificial time period. Then after is the going concern assumptions. Principles are then put into play with revenue recognition, matching, full disclosure and cost principles. The format for IFRS and GAAP may differ from a statement of financial under IFRS or position and a balance sheet under GAAP because of the...
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...ACCOUNTING vs. HUMAN RESOURCES Research, Comparison, and Recommendation Irina Mashevsky DeVry University Contents Introduction 1 The purpose of the report 1 Report organization 1 Sources and methods 1 Job overview 2 Accounting 2 Job description 2 Working environment and hours 2 Human Resources 2 Job description 2 Working environment and hours 2 Job requirements 3 Accounting 3 Skills and personality traits 3 Education/Training 3 Human Resources 3 Skills and personality traits 3 Education/Training 3 Employment outlook 4 Accounting 4 Current statistics 4 Salary 4 Future predictions 4 Related occupations 4 Human Resources 5 Current statistics 5 Salary 5 Future predictions 5 Related occupations 5 Job satisfaction 6 Conclusion 6 Summary 7 References 8 Introduction On average people spend 40-50 years and even longer in the work force, which makes the choice of the career path one of the most important in our lives. A satisfying career can be a source of financial security, benefits, and gives a great sense of accomplishment. This decision requires a lot of thought and research. To make the best choice possible it is important to choose a career that is compatible with an individual’s personality, capability, and background, has the opportunity for professional growth, and requires a practical amount of education and training. The purpose of the report The purpose of this report is to present, analyze, and evaluate two career choices...
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