...Overview of the Implementation Status of the Five United Nations Treaties on Outer Space in African Countries J-A. van Wyk Department of Political Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), P O Box 392, Pretoria, 0003, South Africa e-mail: vwykjak@unisa.ac.za Abstract. This paper presents an overview of the five major UN Treaties on Outer Space. Each of these Treaties are briefly discussed and assessed with particular emphasis on aspects relevant to Africa. Very few African countries have ratified these Treaties, as well as enacted domestic space legislation. The paper concludes with an assessment of Africa’s involvement in multilateral space fora such as OOSA and UNCOPUOS. It also offers recommendations to improve African countries’ ratification and compliance with these Treaties. Sommaire. Cet article est une introduction aux cinq traités majeurs de l’ONU, en matière d’espace extra-atmosphérique. Chacun des traités est brièvement discuté et évalué en insistant sur les aspects importants pour l’Afrique. Tres peu d’Etats africains ont ratifié ces traités, ainsi que mis sur pied une législation en matière d’espace. L’article se termine par une évaluation de l’engagement de l’Afrique dans des forums multilatéraux voués à l’espace tels que l’ OOSA et l’ UNCOPUOS. Des recommendations sont également suggérées pour l’amélioration de la ratification et le respect par les Etats africains de ces traités. International Space Law: Context and Text fact that no state can claim...
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...construct a treaty that would relocate the First Nations peoples to a dedicated land claim elsewhere. As a result, Treaty Nine (also referred to as “The James Bay Treaty”) was established on July of 1905, between the Government of Canada, in the name of King Edward II, and various First Nations groups in Northern Ontario (Treaty Texts, n.d.). The Ojibwa and Cree were two key groups involved in the signing of this treaty, representing their people in agreement with the government's terms. They had the basic idea that the treaty was one of sharing and friendship and their goal was to establish a relationship with the government of the day, where they could share the land and take part in the decisions affecting it (The Mushkewgowuk and Anishinaabe Peoples, 2009). They were poor and needed assistance, blindly welcoming the opportunity to start a discussion and enter into a treaty with Canada, which was thought to be an agreement that would bind each party together in good faith (George MacMartin's Big Canoe Trip, 2014). Hunting, fishing and trapping rights were of great significance and needed to be secured in an agreement with the government but the Indians also needed monetary help, schools for their children and to know that they would not be interfered with in their traditional lifestyles on the land and waters. Nevertheless, oral understandings of the treaty show that what was discussed and agreed to by the Indian peoples was not reflected in the written treaty; there is a...
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...President Rodrido Duterte Inauguration Speech * Written By David D'Angelo on Thursday, June 30, 2016 | 6/30/2016 Every President of the Philippines had called for unity but there had never been one as sincere as President Duterte. He has the sincerity in his voice and the sincerity in his eyes to call for unity. Unity among all people in the government, unity with those who are opposing the government, unity with the international community, and unity with ourselves. He said that there’s no leader, however strong, can succeed at anything of national importance or significance unless he has the support and cooperation of the people he is tasked to lead and sworn to serve. When he talks about the real problem of the country. He narrates his priorities which is the fight against corruption, criminality and drugs but then he said that is not the real problem. President Duterte says that it is the people loss of trust and confidence in the government that has become the real problem of the country. Indeed, I agree with him on that 100%. Most Filipinos have lost faith in this country. They had lost the belief that we can be a great country because the government had failed time and time again. Recognizing this means that the new administration knows where to start and what to do. As his first order of business he immediately directed various agencies to speed up the processing of government documents and to eliminate redundancies. This government means business and means...
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...in fact can and will be punished for Violating Global warming effects, if not by legal terms internationally, there will be consequences for their actions. Background Canada has violated the Global warming Pact called the “Kyoto Protocol”. “The view that human activities are likely responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature ("global warming") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current scientific thinking. Human-induced warming of the climate is expected to continue throughout the 21st century and beyond.” The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty that places necessary responsibility on industrialized countries to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The UNFCCC is an environmental treaty with the goal of preventing "dangerous" anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) interference of the climate system. According to the UNFCC website, the Protocol "recognises that developed countries are principally responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity, and places a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of 'common but differentiated responsibilities'." There are 192 parties to the convention, including 191 states (all the UN members, except Andorra, Canada, South Sudan and the United States) and the European Union. The Protocol was adopted by Parties to the UNFCCC...
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...THE RENATIONALIZATION OF YPF UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW; A CASE STUDY Nina van Limburg Stirum Brouwersgracht 48-1, 1013GX Amsterdam 0621500446 Ninavls@hotmail.com 10127305 Bachelor essay supervisor: Jim Mathis Contents THE RENATIONALIZATION OF YPF UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW; A CASE STUDY Introduction 3 Chapter 1: Expropriation and Nationalization in general 3 Chapter 2: Nationalization under international law 5 1: Public Purpose 6 2: Discrimination 7 3: Due Process 8 4: Compensation 9 Investment Treaties 9 Chapter 3: YPF; Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales 13 Short history 13 April 2012 14 Chapter 4: Nationalization of YPF under international law 15 Access to the ICSID 17 Application of the law 18 Ad. 1: Public interest 18 Ad. 2: Discriminatory measures 19 Ad. 3:In accordance with the law (Due process) 20 Ad. 4: Adequate compensation 20 Conclusion 23 Bibliography 24 Introduction On the 16th April 2012 Argentine president Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner stated that her government was going to renationalize 51 per cent of the 58 per cent share of Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF) owned by Repsol. YPF is the biggest Argentine oil company, since 1999 partly owned by the Spanish multinational Repsol. After months of negotiations the Argentine government accused Repsol of not investing sufficiently in YPF to maintain or recover reserves. Due to Repsol’s alleged neglect towards YPF the country...
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...ECO 370 Week 5 Learning Team Assignment Environmental Economics, Disparity, and International Agreements Presentation To Buy This material Click below link http://www.uoptutors.com/ECO-370/ECO-370-Week-5-Learning-Team-Assignment-Environmental-Economics,-Disparity,-and-International-Agreements-Presentation ECO 370 Week 5 Learning Team Assignment Environmental Economics, Disparity, and International Agreements Presentation Research your chosen international agreement. Choose an interest group to whom you will address your presentation. The Learning Team will play the role of a team of environmental analysts reporting on the effects of this international agreement to the concerned interest group. Address the concerns of this interest group. Recommended interest groups include the following: • A local or national government • Labor unions or organizers • Recreation groups • Indigenous peoples • A large business or an industry association Prepare a 10- to 15-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation explaining the environmental and economic influence of your chosen international agreement. Include the following elements: • Describe your chosen international agreement and any related agreements or agencies. • Summarize the global environmental costs and benefits of your chosen international agreement. • Contrast the environmental effects of your chosen international agreement on the developing world with the effects on industrialized countries. ...
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...white flag (ICRC website). Subsequently, nation states developed treaties and that became the earliest examples of written international law. As nation states interact through the passage of time, the number of customary practices and treaties grow exponentially and it is not peculiar when States interact more, there bound to be disputes. Disputes can arise from differing opinions of what ought to be customary practice or through different interpretation of treaties, especially so for general treaties (Henderson, 2010). Hence, nation states created International Court (History | International Court of Justice) to facilitate or arbitrate disputes. Besides handling disputes, the International Court also handles disagreements between nation states and international organisations or corporations. Judicial decisions thus play an important role in stating the rules of international law, in particular the judgements and advisory opinions derived from the ICJ, which will affect international law. In this highly globalised world, states and lawmakers require up to date trends to discover the current the content and development of the International Law and the writings of scholars and publicists represent a convenient tool for this purpose and this in turn will affect international law too. Since the end of World War II to 2006, on average, nation states have registered about 990 treaties with the UN (United Nations Treaty Collection) per year (see Figure 1)....
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...A Brief Overview of International Law by Janet Munro-Nelson March 2009 (Download pdf) In matters of world-wide concern, it is international law that determines the responsibilities and obligations of each State, organisation or individual. In the past 50 years, the world has become even more interconnected with the huge leaps in communication and technology, and a growing dependency on other countries for resources and services. Despite recent bad press from some governments, international law is both necessary and important for international cooperation at every level. On a day-to-day level, international law functions effectively with little or no awareness by the participants and without any noticeable seams. One can travel internationally, television events are broadcast world-wide and postal and electronic mail is delivered across borders due to international agreements. The term “international law” actually covers different subsets of law including private international law, public international law, supranational or regional agreements and foreign policy law. When the term “international law” is used in the media or in everyday discussion, the reference is generally to public international law. A short overview of both private international and public international law is given below. Private International Law “Private international law” (as civil law countries such as France, Italy and Spain refer to it) or “conflict of laws” (as common law countries such as the...
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...When asked to critically discuss the statement: “The Supremacy or Primacy principle is central to understanding the unique nature of the European Union Legal Order”, there are a few things we must first understand as this statement actually asks us three questions. Firstly what is the “unique nature” of the European Union (EU) Legal Order? Second, what is the supremacy or primacy principle? And finally, how important is the supremacy or primacy principle in achieving the goals of the European Union Legal Order? In my answer I will not separate these issues out, but instead I will attempt to answer the question with these issues in mind. According to Hendrik Jan van Eikema Hommes “if a multiplicity of legal rules displays a juridical unity, we can speak of a legal order or a legal system.” The European Union represents a supranational legal order within the specific fields delegated to the institutions and the competence of the community. This supranational federation is a new political entity which works above the individual national governments which make up its membership. The European Union is considered unique in this respect due to the level of integration which raises the Union from being merely an international agreement to being a supranational entity. Martin Steinfield describes the EU is a “federal order of sovereign states that has to grapple with legal political and economic relations in the wider world”. He also argues that “mixity” is at the heart of the European...
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...people too, in order to stop the war. * Why establishing this community ? To build Europe you need coal and steel, because you built al you need for war. A lot of people were against this community in France and in Germany. The communist were against they idea, because of the American inspiration, and it’s a capitalist idea. DG was opposed to because he doesn’t accept this community because he wants that France become a supranational nation, who controls the community, moreover they’ll become friends with the German. (In 1994, François Mitterrand goes to Verdun in order to symbolize the new Friendship between the 2 states). This proposal becomes the treaty of Paris in 1951. * The treaty of Paris With the Europe of the 6 (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and Nederland). So the Uk doesn’t accept this supranational Authority, it’s too early. There are 4 bodies: * The counsul of ministers will take all of the decisions, a minister of each state. * High authority witch is independent; jean Monet was the first president. He controls and checks the system. * Common assembly is like a parlement, it consist in parlement of each states. They can dismiss the government * The European court of justice They have to pay taxes, to the C&S Company. There is a free...
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...EU Treaties The European Union is based on the rule of law. This means that every action taken by the EU is founded on treaties that have been approved voluntarily and democratically by all EU member countries. For example, if a policy area is not cited in a treaty, the Commission cannot propose a law in that area. A treaty is a binding agreement between EU member countries. It sets out EU objectives, rules for EU institutions, how decisions are made and the relationship between the EU and its member countries. Treaties are amended to make the EU more efficient and transparent, to prepare for new member countries and to introduce new areas of cooperation – such as the single currency. Under the treaties, EU institutions can adopt legislation, which the member countries then implement. The complete texts of treaties, legislation, case law and legislative proposals can be viewed using the EUR-Lex database of EU law. The main treaties are: Treaty of Lisbon (2009) Purpose: to make the EU more democratic, more efficient and better able to address global problems, such as climate change, with one voice. Main changes: more power for the European Parliament, change of voting procedures in the Council, citizens' initiative, a permanent president of the European Council, a new High Representative for Foreign Affairs, a new EU diplomatic service. The Lisbon treaty clarifies which powers: * belong to the EU * belong to EU member countries * are shared. The Treaty establishing...
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...The council of ministers The council of ministers are the main decision-making and law-making body. So they are therefore the most powerful part of the EU structure. The amount of votes that every country can use will be based on its population. It is called weighting. To make sure that this process is fair the five big countries which are Germany, France, The UK, Spain and also Italy. The Big countries have to get the support of the countries that are smaller in order to win a vote. This then makes sure that it is fair and also that the Smaller countries get their say and also that the big countries don’t always get and win the issues that are sometimes only benefit them. Each of the Member states will usually send their foreign ministers to represent the council of ministers. The foreign minister is the one that will speak for the interests of their country within the Council of Ministers. Because the Foreign Ministers have lots of responsibilities at home. So there is a Committee of Diplomats these people act as repesntatives.This is when the Foreign ministers are not there. The role of the Committee of Diplomats is to do the day to day work. This is so that when the Minsters are home then they will only need to discuss the most important and also the Urgent matters. The committee is known as the Permanent representatives. The European commission The European Commission acts on the behalf of the European Union’s interests. Their key job is to propose legislation. Although...
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...The development of the European Union was due to the travesties left behind via World war one initially, which resulted in the treaty of Versailles (1919) and was a peace settlement, signed only a year after the first world war, in an attempt to not only hold Germany and her allies to ransom but responsible, weak, in check and to punish them financially. The anger and resentment that built up in Nazi Germany as a result of the heavily imposed precautions set in the treaty of Versailles 1919 was part of the long term cause, which directly contributed to the cause of the second world war, short term causes such as Austria and Czechoslovakia in the 1930 also had a hand. Europe was crushed, due to these events as those involved underwent fatalities way beyond anything ever imagined So the need to prevent any further atrocities was seen as important so binding Germany's coal and steel industry (the strength of its war machines), into an economic and political alliance. Was of major importance The Soviet Union also a concern due to occupancy of the former East Germany, Eastern and Central Europe, urged Western European and America to come together and form NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) 1949, the former West Germany, joined Nato in October 1954 and along with others received millions of dollars, under the marshal plan to support economic recovery. Restricting Germany’s and France coal and steel was a sure fire way to encourage a plan, much than before, to give...
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...constitution as it stands is currently an uncodified constitution, this means that the basis of the UK consititution is drawn from a number of several different cources, some of which are written and some of which that are not,for example the main sources of the British constitution are: major consititutional documents, works of authority, conventions, statute law, European law, and common law. There is no one singular written constitution. This would be a codified constitution where all of the laws and rules of authority are written in one unified document, this form of constitution is, for example, within use in the USA. Although the British constitution is an uncodified one presently, it can be argued that it is becoming increasingly codified for several reasons. One of these reasons is due to the effects of our membership as a country in the EU, as of 1973. One of the effects that took place in UK politics after joining the EU was the introduction of the 1998 Human Rights Act. This would enshrine the already present convention within UK law, but would also effectively replace much of the common law within respect to various freedoms for the countries population, (for example the freedom from arrest without trial, which would later result in tension over terrorism and attempted terrorism, and the freesom of speech assembly). The introduction of the Human Rights Act in the UK increased the overall political role of the judges due to how they could now declare acts of parliament...
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...Corporate Residence in the Modern World Name Course 1.0 Introduction This phrase ‘central management and control’ was coined by Lord Loreburn in the landmark case ruling of De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd v Howe (1906) 5 TC 198 at 213 in the early years of the 20th Century. Case Background Previously, the company’s headquarters was at Kimberly meaning that almost all its general meetings were carried out there. Its main business was Diamond Mining in South Africa which were sold through contracts that ran annually for delivery in South Africa. Some of the company’s directors were South African Residents and these directors meetings were carried out both in Kimberly and London in the United Kingdom. But looking at the composition of its directors, most of them were England residents. Meetings that were held in the English Capital were used to make most of the key decisions that impacted greatly on the direction of the company’s business. The London based office was the one that engaged in all of the negotiations concerning contracts with the syndicates that bought the diamonds. This office was also the one that determined how the mines were to be developed, directors’ appointments etc.In short, it was London that controlled and imposed the key decisions taken by the company directors that even affected Kimberly and its activities in South Africa. Lord Loreburn, after reviewing all these facts, found it appropriate to treat the Company as a resident of the United Kingdom...
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