...1 COMPANIES ACT, 1956 FORMATION OF A COMPANY 2 I INCORPORATION OR PROMOTERS OF A COMPANY Before a Co. is formed, there must be some persons who have an intention to form a Co. & who take the necessary steps to carry that intention into operation. IMT NAGPUR - 2011-13 Such persons are called “Promoters”. 3 PROMOTERS OF A COMPANY IMT NAGPUR - 2011-13 It is they who : Conceive the idea of forming the Co.; Take the necessary steps to incorporate it; Provide it with Share & Loan Capital; Acquire the business or property; Negotiates the preliminary agreement; Prepare, execute & register the MOA & AOA; Finds the bankers, brokers, legal advisers, underwriters, first Directors; Prepares, advertises & Circulates the Prospectus for placement of capital 4 PROMOTERS OF A COMPANY IMT NAGPUR - 2011-13 But a person who merely acts in a professional capacity, such as solicitor who draws up an agreement or articles, an accountant or valuer who prepares figures or valuation and who is paid for the same is not a Promoter. 5 PROMOTION OF A COMPANY IMT NAGPUR - 2011-13 Incorporation of a Co. means a process by which a Co. is incorporated or brought into being as a Corporate body, and floated as a going concern, by the issue of prospectus. 6 REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES (ROC) IMT NAGPUR - 2011-13 Ministry of Corporate Affairs Registrar of Companies (ROC) 7 FORMATION OF COMPANIES ...
Words: 2664 - Pages: 11
... INTRODUCTION The ASCII uses a combination of ones and zeros to display a single letter of the alphabet. The data is then sent over radio frequency cycle to its destination where it is then decoded. Human cells respond to stimuli and generate waveforms that consist of a continuous line of pulses separated by periods of silence. The Cellonics technology uses these pulse signals and apply them to the communications INTRODUCTION Nonlinear Dynamical Systems (NDS) are the mathematical formulations required to simulate the cell responses. It uses portable devices, and provide these devices with faster, better data for longer periods of time. It consumes very little power. PRINCIPLE OF CELLONICS TECHNOLOGY Cellonics - Electronic cells. It has the ability to encode, transmit and decode digital information over a variety of physical channels. Wired and wireless communications are possible. Measured ß-cell Response Leech & Nociceptor The Cellonics technology is a fundamental modulation and demodulation technique. The Cellonics receivers generate pulses from the received analog signal and performs demodulation based on pulse counting and related algorithms. The study of biological cell behavior is only an inspiration to the invention of Cellonics circuits. The Cellonics technology is not...
Words: 921 - Pages: 4
...Do companies have complete freedom to act Do companies have complete freedom to act? Analyse the doctrine of ultra vires and the proposed reforms in the Companies Bill designed to grant companies full capacity. The doctrine of ultra vires has been fervently debated for many years since its conception in the 19th century, and has caused widespread confusion within the sphere of company law. It will be necessary, in order to construct a thourough and fluidous argument, to outline the history and development of the ultra vires doctrine and why, some would argue, it has become the bane of company law. It will also be necessary to dicuss the relevance of ultra vires to modern company law and the efforts to curtail its widespread influence. The DTI’s White Paper Modernising Company Law, presented to Parliament in 2002 seeks to afford companies the ability to act with unlimited capacity and therefore remove the problems associated with the ultra vires doctrine which will be discussed shortly. This essay will adopt the normative approach that companies, in order to fulfil their potential should have the ability to expand by any means possible to achieve the most economically efficient response. The doctrine of ultra vires is widely regarded as a way in which the company law can be responsive to different bodies and constituencies. The doctrine of ultra vires has been subjected to many reforms and has been highly criticised since it was first introduced, this is largely due to the fact...
Words: 4008 - Pages: 17
...possibility. (i) Natural Possibility The fact that a company is an artificial person leads to the result that a company must always enter into contract through agents, (ii) Legal Possibility A joint stock company cannot enter into any contract the object of which goes beyond the memorandum of association of the company. A statutory corporation cannot enter into any contract which is beyond the scope of its powers as laid down in the statute by which it was created Forms of Contracts and Deeds of a Company The Doctrine of Ultra Vires The Memorandum of Association determines the constitution and the powers of ‘the Company. It was observed by Lord Selbourne that the memorandum is the Company’s “fundamental and unalterable law”. ‘A Company is incorporated only for the objects and purposes expressed in the memorandum. Any act purported to be done by the Company which is beyond the scope of the functions of the Company as laid down in the memorandum is ultra vires i.e., beyond the powers of the Company, and of no effect. In Ashbury Railway Carria9e & Iron Co. v. Riche. l a company was constituted for the purpose of manufacturing railway wagons. The company purchased the right to, run a railway i n Belgium. It was held that the purchase was invalid. In this case it was observed that the Memorandum...
Words: 2685 - Pages: 11
...low-frequency intelligence signal onto a higher-frequency carrier signal 2. What is carrier frequency? The higher frequency that carries the modulation(Intelligience) 3. Describe the two reasons that modulation is used for communications transmissions. To transfer information, such as voices, images, or data. Also, the frequencies employed by the modulated signal are high enough to permit the use of antennas of reasonable length. 4. List the three parameters of a high-frequency carrier that may be varied by a low-frequency intelligence signal. amplitude, frequency, and phase 5. What are the frequency ranges included in the following frequency subdivisions: MF (medium frequency), HF (high frequency), VHF (very high frequency), UHF (ultra high frequency), and SHF (super high frequency)? MF:300 kHz–3 MHz, 3-30MHz: HF, 30–300 MHz: VHF, 300 MHz–3 GHz: UHF, 3–30 GHz: SHF 7. A microwave transmitter typically requires a +8-dBm audio level to drive the input fully. If a +10-dBm level is measured, what is the actual voltage level measured? Assume a 600- sys- tem. (2.45 V) 9. Convert the following powers to their dBm equivalents: (a) p = (b) p = (c) p = (d) p = 1 W (30 dBm) 0.001 W (0 dBm) 0.0001 W (-10 dBm) 25mW (-16 dBm) 15. Define information theory. 16. What is Hartley’s law? Explain its significance. 23. A triangle wave of the type shown in Table 1-3(e) has a peak-to-peak amplitude of 2 V and f = 1 kHz. Write the expression v(t), including the first...
Words: 483 - Pages: 2
...Development of UHF Satcom Frequency reuse planning tool Junghoon Lee*1, Anthony Vescio*1, Tony Puzio*1, George Elmasry*1, Richard Ardolino*2, and Austin Mroczek*3 *1. XPRT Solutions, Inc., Eatontown, NJ *2. Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, San Diego, CA *3. SBG Technology Solutions, Inc., Stafford, VA ABSTRACT U.S. Navy’s UHF SATCOM operation needs a tool to automate the frequency planning process, maximizing the efficiency of the spectrum use. This paper presents a UHF SATCOM frequency reuse planning tool developed for the operational needs. The design concept of the Tool is explained in consideration of the technical analyses needs and usability of the software for the UHF SATCOM operation. The multi-tier architecture of the software application is described. The analytical functions are programmed using MATLAB for ease of the software development. The major capabilities and features of the Tool are described with its benefits to the SATCOM operation. Analyses results with reference to an illustrative operational scenario demonstrate that the Tool can provide technical analyses needed for the UHF SATCOM operation. Having reviewed by UHF SATCOM community including GSSC, the Tool has shown the applicability to the operation. I. INTRODUCTION Frequency planning for UHF SATCOM is an increasingly complex and important issue for the Navy’s operation, as the demand for the communications capacity has continuously...
Words: 3425 - Pages: 14
...RESEARCH REPORT: Title: An investigation into the adoption of Digital Terrestrial Television in Gauteng A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (MTM) In the GRADUATE SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA 09 April 2012 Table of Contents Contents RESEARCH REPORT: 0 Title: An investigation into the adoption of Digital Terrestrial Television in Gauteng 0 Student name 0 Bongane Brian Mabaso 0 Master of Science (MTM) 0 GRADUATE SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT, 0 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, 0 UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA 0 09 April 2012 0 Table of Contents 1 Abstract i Acknowledgements ii List of Figures iii List of Tables iv List of Acronymns/Definitions/Abbreviations v 1. Background to the research study 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.1.1. Advantages of Terrestrial Microwave over Satellite 2 1.1.2. Digital Terrestrial Television value chain 4 1.1.3. Benefits of Digital Terrestrial Television to the consumer 5 1.1.4. Benefits of Digital Terrestrial Television to the broadcaster 5 1.1.5. Public broadcaster’s commercial activities 6 1.1.8 International Public Broadcasters 7 1.2. Historical development and current state of the industry...
Words: 9146 - Pages: 37
...The Begging of Broadcast Television - Broadcast Television on a national level began on July 1, 1941, - 1947 had only 60,000 TV sets in the USA, in bars, malls, and upper class homes - In 1951, over 10 million TV sets existed in the USA, virtually owned by everyone Technical Considerations - RCA-NBC pushed for black and white broadcasting in VHF (Very High Frequency) - CBS pushed to establish colour broadcasting in UHF (Ultra High Frequency) - RCA-NBC & VHF prevailed, surpassing its competitor, but could only appear on a limited amount of screens simultaneously - This caused them to stop selling licenses from 1948 – 1952, until the problem was fixed, and more stations were able to operate in different towns & cities. Political Considerations - Non-profit and educational broadcasting suffered in 1934, when the Wagner-Hatfield Bill was rejected by congress - The Bill was made so that 25% of broadcasting frequencies would be reserved for educational and non-profit broadcasting. Economic Considerations - Creating a national broadcasting system was too expensive to support non-profit & educational specials - Thus, already established commercial radio networks undertook financing of the development of broadcasting television in the US. - Television became a means of selling products with some entertainment to fill out the time between advertisements Analysis on Lipsitz and Haralovitch Readings: Lipsitz: “The...
Words: 400 - Pages: 2
...Summary In 2000, Australian broadcasters became the roll out of digital terrestrial television services (digital service) across the country as the replacement technology for the old analogue system. In order to meet the cut-over date set by the Australian Federal Government, all analogue television services have to be converted to digital by the year 2013. This document does not discuss the entire analogue to digital migration in Australia but it only covers implementation of the Sunshine Network (SN) digital service in the town of Longreach located in outback Queensland. The planning, design, implementation, and testing were done by an external contractor, but in close cooperation with the SN, at the total cost of $250,000. The Longreach digital service is one of the key services in Queensland providing coverage to around 3750 people in the area, mostly engaged in farming. The brief scope of work for the new service included: * Mains power and air-condition system upgrade, * Installation of additional equipment rack to accommodate extra equipment, * Improvement of the existing earthing system, * Installation of the new transmission system. After the completion of the project the town’s audience was delivered with more television channels and significantly enriched content. Table of Contents Introduction 1 Project classification 1 Organizations’ business model 2 Stakeholders’ analysis 2 Project Scope and Work Breakdown Structure 3 ...
Words: 1623 - Pages: 7
...RFID Name: Ramu Navalli ID No: 15805 Instructor: Richard Borrelli Abstract Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the wireless use of electromagnetic fields to transfer data, for the purposes of automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to objects. RFID tags are used in many industries. An RFID tag attached to an automobile during production can be used to track its progress through the assembly line. RFID can be used in a variety of applications such as Access management, tracking of goods, tracking of persons and animals. There is another use of RFID which is recently introduced in ships. RFID in ships. When Royal Caribbean International's newest cruise ship, the Quantum of the Seas, embarks on its maiden voyage on Nov. 2, its passengers will be treated to several RFID-based features, including passive high-frequency (HF) RFID "WOWband" wristbands that they can use to unlock their staterooms' doors and make purchases onboard. The ship is also adopting RFID luggage tags, enabling guests to use their cell phones to view the locations of their bags during loading and unloading. Quantum of the Seas, the world's third-largest cruise ship, will be based in Bayonne, N.J., during its inaugural season sailing (2014 to 2015). The 1,142-foot-long ship includes 2,090 passenger staterooms and 16 passenger-accessible decks, and features multiple new technologies. For example, passengers can access RFID-enabled Royal iQ kiosks (as well as a Royal iQ app on their smartphones)...
Words: 528 - Pages: 3
...Introduction Electronic communications have come a long way. It began in 1867 with the invention of the typewriter. Today we have various types of new technology, which makes us to do business faster and more efficient than ever before. Furthermore, electronic communication media such as TV, telephone and Internet have a variety of advantages such as higher speed instant transfers and the ability to send a large amount of data when compared with traditional methods such as mail, newspaper etc .Significantly, the various threats to this technology also increases day by day. And these threats can be categorized into various sections. Anyhow, as an Electrical Engineering student I can say that basically, Electrical vulnerabilities are seen in things such as spikes in voltage to different devices and hardware systems, or brownouts due to an insufficient voltage supply. Electrical threats also come from the noise of unconditioned power and, in some extreme circumstances, total power loss. And route (reason) to these situations can be divided into two categories. 1. NATURAL PROBLEMS. 2.HUMAN ACTIVITIES. http://henapcblog.blogspot.co.uk/(picture) Threats to the electronic communication Natural problems Natural effects have been a huge trouble for many technologies and for businesses then and now. This effects the electronic communication in a big level as well. Natural effects such as...
Words: 1549 - Pages: 7
...The changing legal idea about computers is that its a trend forcing police to change the way that they investigate crimes and obtain search warrants. A computer or personal electronic device can no longer be seen as just a thing, it should be viewed as a place said Mr. Justice Thomas Heeney. Recent case laws holds that because a computer can contain such huge amounts of personal information, it should be regarded as a place. Mr. Rafferty's laptop was essentially warrant-less and so had violated his Charter of Rights against unreasonable search and seizure. This precedent stemmed from another high profile murder case in 2007 which was a Markham salesman killing his estranged wife and another woman. His cell phone was going to be examined for trace evidence of blood splatter, but the scrutiny of its contents inside needed a second warrant. The plain view principle could not be applied in this case. That simply involves common sense because none of the contents in the computers were in plain view. Two other legal skirmishes that the jury never heard about were 1- several inconsistencies in various statements made by witnesses and 2- The inconsistency in Ms. Mcclintics initial claim of Rafferty being the one to smash Tori's skull, and later she said that she wielded the murder weapon. They also missed the episode in the court room when two people tried to snap pictures of Rafferty which is extremely illegal in a court room. I do not believe in the fact that evidence should be...
Words: 407 - Pages: 2
...In Electronics, Japan Still Matters Posted by: Bruce Einhorn on March 17, 2011 In the global technology industry's pecking order, Japanese consumer electronics companies long ago surrendered their top spot to more nimble competitors like Samsung Electronics andApple. Many of the country's chipmakers also struggled as competitors in Korea and Taiwan thrived. Meanwhile, marketing executives at major multinationals turned their attention to China and India, the world's new economic powers. For many, Japan was largely an afterthought, a declining power with an aging population. The turmoil following the March 11 earthquake has provided a rude reminder that, when it comes to the global electronics industry's supply chain, Japan still matters. The country's factories produce about one-fifth of the world's semiconductors and 40 percent of electronic components. Japan's Mitsubishi Gas Chemical and Hitachi Chemical combined make almost all of the world's BT Resin, a raw material used in chip packaging, and Hitachi Chemical has 70 percent market share for a type of chemical slurry used by semiconductor producers for polishing chips. Tech executives and investors therefore should be worrying about a prolonged shutdown of production in Japan, where many factories are closed and there's no clear sign of how much damage they suffered or when they might reopen. Typically, big chipmakers likeTaiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. keep between four to six weeks of supply, so uncertainty about...
Words: 451 - Pages: 2
...You are the news director of a local television station. The city council has just voted to close city parks 3 days a week to save money. Meanwhile, a major celebrity has died. The park story has greater effect on your viewers, but the celebrity death will get bigger ratings? Which do you make your lead story and why? o Your news organization is owned by a massive corporation that also owns an electronics company. It has learned that the refrigerators the electronics company makes are fire hazards and have destroyed several homes. How do you cover the story and how do you acknowledge that you are owned by the same corporation? o You are the chief editor of a large metropolitan daily newspaper. One of your reporters is caught fabricating sources and making up facts. How do you handle the situation, from disciplining the reporter to explaining it to your readers? . Solve the problem using what you have learned. Solutions must be realistic. If you think cable news networks do not have enough foreign coverage, for example, it is not enough to say you will simply hire more reporters. You must say where that money will come from. Be creative, both in the identification of the problem and, especially, in the solution. . Include the following: o The role of media in delivering news to the public o The significance of immediate news media delivery on culture o The social responsibilities of news media. o Ethical and legal considerations...
Words: 543 - Pages: 3
...4. Significance and Justifications for the Study The study of E-learning effectiveness is important. It is because we have to define that whether learning by using electronic media or through the Internet is effective or not. Nowadays, technology have helped human in all types of activity including education. This is what we can see in our daily life. Although technology is getting more advances, but there is not necessarily that it can help a lot in education field. Throughout this research, we have to find out the factors and how the factors affect the effectiveness of E-learning. Since technology nowadays is advances than older time, people would rely on electronic device. So, E-learning will be more practical and effective since people nowadays will have more interested on learning by using the combination of technology and education. Besides, with the Internet available, knowledge can spread widely. This can foster the process of learning and people can gain knowledge faster. E-learning may benefits to all of the users which means both of the learners and instructors. Let’s say if a company chooses to train their employee by using E-learning, this may result to material cost decrease. It is because the company doesn’t have to prepare an operating room just for the training purpose. E-learning can be flexible because the learners can study anywhere and anytime as long as there is device and also connection available. The advantages of E-learning are yet...
Words: 485 - Pages: 2
