...efine the Hybrid Threat Adaptation Process. In order to understand the Hybrid threat Adaptation process, we must define a Hybrid threat. TC 7-100 states, a hybrid threat is the diverse and dynamic combination of regular forces, irregular forces, and/or criminal elements all unified to achieve mutually benefitting effects. Simply stated, Hybrid threats are one or more potently dangerous likeminded entities coexisting. They have existed throughout time and are not exclusive to any one particular location. Our adversaries are constantly evolving and adapting in the operational environment and so must we. The term Hybrid threat is a relatively new term used in US doctrine. The term was coined and entered into doctrine back in response to the 2006 Israel-Hezbollah war. It is important to understand that the action of being a hybrid threat is not a new concept. Examples date back as far as ancient Rome when a hybrid force of criminal bandits, regular soldiers, and unregulated fighters employed tactics ranging from that of fixed battle, roadside ambush, and the employment of stolen siege engines against Vespasian’s Roman Legions in the Jewish Rebellion of 66 AD. (JSOU 13-4, 2013) Instances of direct Hybrid warfare directly affecting Americans have been documented as far back as the American Revolutionary War, Vietnam and Operation Iraqi Freedom. Today, I think the biggest challenge of combating Hybrid threats for the US remains the proliferation of cheap technologies...
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...In asymmetric warfare a weak and a strong side are clearly labeled. The implications of these labels often lead to an assumption by the stronger force that they will win when in reality, that assumption often marks the beginning of their defeat. An example of this is that of the Algerian war fought by the National Liberation Front (FLN), considered the weak, against French authorities, the strong. The ultimate victory of independence in the Algerian war by the FLN after numerous defeats by the French during the Battle of Algiers goes to show that weak forces should never be underestimated. Their superior political determination, strategy and ability to gain foreign support enable them to achieve victory, especially against a strong democratic enemy. This war parallels the war in Iraq, which the United States is currently engaged in, as well as foreshadows an inevitable end result. Jeffrey Record’s article, “Why the Strong Lose” and Gillo Pontecorvo’s movie, Battle of Algiers, offers ample support for why Algeria succeeded in gaining independence from French colonizers and in turn suggests important lessons the United States can learn and should implement in their attempt of counterinsurgency in the Middle East. Although the movie Battle of Algiers starts with an interrogation of a National Liberation Front (FLN) member by the French authorities as well as a beheading by way of a guillotine, it is not how the actual battle begins in real life. These methods of gaining information...
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...This paper will identify the Quantity vs. Quality in Special Forces and in the SF Soldiers and identify why this program was “Moth-Balled” in the first place. Chapter I Introduction Introduction Special Forces (SF), Green Berets were first formed from the Office of Strategic Service (OSS) back from WWII. The OSS was formed in World War II to gather strategic intelligence and conduct operations behind enemy lines in support of resistance groups in Europe and the Far East. After the war, individuals such as Colonel Aaron Bank, a former OSS operative, and Colonel Wendell Fertig and Lieutenant Colonel Russell Volckmann, both of whom fought as guerrillas in the Philippines, used their wartime experience to formulate the doctrine of unconventional warfare that became the cornerstone of SF. By 1958, the basic operational unit of SF had evolved into a 12-man team known as the SF Operation Detachment Alpha (ODA)....
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...McDonald’s for failing to reduce the amount of trans fat the company used in its cooking process. In 2002, McDonald’s had publicly announced that, by February 2003, they would voluntarily begin using an “improved cooking oil” to prepare their fried foods. Do so would significantly reduce the amount of trans fat in their products by 48% ("Mcdonald's exposed for," 2004). McDonald’s withdrew their promise and did not switch over to a cooking oil with less trans fat, nor did they reveal to consumers that the conversion did not take place. The company claims that they changed their minds when customers began complaining that they did not want the taste of McDonald’s food to change (Horovitz, 2007). BTF accused McDonald’s of false advertising, deceiving consumers, and not taking the health of their consumers into consideration. In their lawsuit, BTF claimed that “McDonald's failed to make clear to customers that the type of oil used to fry its foods (which contains TFAs) had not been changed” ("Responsible shopper," 2005). BTF did not seek monetary damages, they only asked that McDonald’s publicize their failure to switch over to the healthier cooking oil and make that conversion as soon as possible. McDonald’s claimed that it was taking longer than expected to change to a new oil, but they were working on implementing the exchange. They did not provide any information as to how long they expected this to take. The company’s Chief Operating Officer stated that, "While speedy implementation...
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...Organic oils Organic oils are produced in remarkable diversity by plants, animals, and other organisms through natural metabolic processes. Lipid is the scientific term for the fatty acids, steroids and similar chemicals often found in the oils produced by living things, while oil refers to an overall mixture of chemicals. Organic oils may also contain chemicals other than lipids, including proteins, waxes and alkaloids. Lipids can be classified by the way that they are made by an organism, their chemical structure and their limited solubility in water compared to oils. They have a high carbon and hydrogen content and are considerably lacking in oxygen compared to other organic compounds and minerals; they tend to be relatively nonpolar molecules, but may include both polar and nonpolar regions as in the case of phospholipids and steroids.[6] Mineral oils Crude oil, or petroleum, and its refined components, collectively termed petrochemicals, are crucial resources in the modern economy. Crude oil originates from ancient fossilized organic materials, such as zooplankton and algae, which geochemical processes convert into oil.[7] The name is a misnomer, in that minerals are not the source of the oil - ancient plants and animals are. Mineral oil is organic. However, it is classified as "mineral oil" instead of as "organic oil" because its organic origin is remote (and was unknown at the time of its discovery), and because it is obtained in the vicinity of rocks, underground...
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...Anything NOT on the list is forbidden ... for now: Shellfish: Prawns are allowed during the attack phase 1 Lean beef and veal or rabbit, not pork or lamb (trim all fat and avoid ribs as too fatty). Eat meat grilled, roasted or boiled and without using butter, oil or cream (not even low-fat versions). You could also 'dry fry' it - rub the surface of a frying pan with a few drops of oil on kitchen paper. Lean minced beef can be prepared as burgers or meatballs (mixed with an egg, spices, capers or gherkins) or enjoy frozen beefburgers (if less than 10 per cent fat). 2 All chicken and turkey (not goose or farmed duck) but remove skin before eating and avoid the outside part of the wings (too fatty). 3 Ham if low-fat and lean, also cut rind off. Avoid deli, cured, and smoked hams (too fatty). 4 Beef, veal or chicken liver. 5 All fish white or oily, fresh, frozen, dried, smoked or canned (but not in oil or in any sauce containing fat), even crab sticks. 6 All crustaceans and shellfish. 7 Up to two eggs a day. Stick to 3 to 4 yolks per week if you have high cholesterol, but the white can be eaten without restriction. 8 Non-fat dairy products such as 0per cent yoghurt, fromage frais, quark, cottage cheese, and skimmed milk. Natural ( plain) and flavoured yoghurts (coconut, vanilla, lemon) are allowed without restriction, but non-fat fruit yoghurts (containing fruit puree) should be limited to two a day (or avoided if you want a lightning start to your attack phase)...
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...improve concentration and mental sharpness. Alan Hirsch MD studied peppermint's ability to directly affect the brain's satiety center, which triggers a sensation of fullness after meals. This powerful essential oil is often diluted before topical application. Peppermint may also be used to enhance the flavor of food and water. Peppermint has an approximate ORAC of 373,455 (TE/L). TE/L is expressed as micromole Trolox equivalent per liter. [pic] EarthKosher Certified How to Use For dietary, aromatic, or topical use. When using as a supplement, dilute one drop in 4 fl. oz. of liquid such as goat's or rice milk. Possible skin sensitivity. If pregnant or under a doctor's care, consult your physician. Dilution recommended for both topical and internal use. Do not apply neat to a fresh wound or burn. Dilute before using on sensitive areas such as the face, neck, genital area, etc. Keep out of reach of children. Avoid using on infants and very small children. Product Tips • Add a drop of peppermint essential oil to herbal tea to help aid normal digestion. • Massage several drops of peppermint essential oil on the abdomen, place a drop on wrists, or inhale to soothe the minor stomach discomfort associated with travel. • Rub one drop of peppermint essential oil on the temples, forehead, over the sinuses (careful to avoid contact with your eyes), and on the back of the neck to relieve...
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...given substance. Density can be expressed using the equation: ρ=mv Specific Gravity is the measure of the measure of density relative to the density of a reference substance. (ex. Water) In can be expressed using the equation: S.G. =ρ sub.ρ water=m ofsusbtancev of substancem of waterv of water If, Vsub=Vwater then, S.G. =MsubMwater 2. If 54.96 mL of oil weighs 52.78g, what is its specific gravity? Given: Voil = 54.96 mL Moil = 52.78 g Formula: ρ=mv S.G. =ρ sub.ρ water Solution: Voil = 52.78 g54.96 mL = 0.9603 gml S.G. =0.9603gml1gml = 0.9603 3. A pycnometer weighs 50.00g. When filled with water, it weighs 100.00g. When filled with oil, it weighs 94.00g. Determine the specific gravity of the oil. Given: mpycnomter = 50.00g mpycnometer + water = 100.00g mpycnometer + oil = 94.00g Formula: mwater = mpycnometer + water - mpycnometer moil = mpycnometer + oil - mpycnometer Since Voil = Vwater then; S.G. = MoilMwater Solution: mwater = 100.00g – 50.00g = 50.00g moil = 94.00g – 50.00g = 44.00g S.G. of oil = 44.00g50.00g = 0.88 4. An insoluble powder weighs 12.00g. A pycnometer, weighing 21.00g when empty, weighs 121.00g when filled with water. When the powder is introduced into the empties pycnometer, and the pycnometer is filled with water, the three together weighs 130.00g. What is the specific gravity of the powder? Given: mpowder = 12.00g mpycnometer = 21.00g =...
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...Suggested Title: Microdermabrasion: Skin peeling at its best and most effective! Suggested Title: How does microdermabrasion help to erase acne scars? Suggested Title: Will Microdermabrasion be the right treatment for your acne scars? Also known as diamond and lunchtime peel, microdermabrasion is a popular treatment for tackling mild to moderate acne scars and skin issues such as fine lines and hyper pigmentation. Not to be confused with its more invasive counterpart, dermabrasion, micro-peel only removes superficial dermal layers. So, although the results are surprisingly good, there is very little down time. Another factor to consider is that because of the limited inflammation that results from the skin peeling, microdermabrasion can easily be coupled with other form of acne control and scar removal treatments such as light therapy and microneedling. Yet, most people wonder if stripping a few microns worth of skin layers will actually help to get rid of acne scars. So, here is a look at the benefits and effects of this procedure. How does Microdermabrasion Work? There are scores of topical products in the market that boast of natural and artificial exfoliating agents. These contain tiny particles that provide an abrasive effect when you rub the cleanser into your skin. However, even at their most effective, these exfoliators only remove the dead cells on the surface. In contrast, microdermabrasion involves machine assisted exfoliation. The core principle is the same; an...
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...shifting Resurgence in oil & gas production in some countries Retreat from nuclear in some others Signs of increasing policy focus on energy efficiency All-time high oil prices acting as brake on global economy Divergence in natural gas prices affecting Europe (with prices 5-times US levels) and Asia (8-times) Symptoms of an unsustainable energy system persist Fossil fuel subsidies up almost 30% to $523 billion in 2011, led by MENA CO2 emissions at record high, while renewables industry under strain Despite new international efforts, 1.3 billion people still lack electricity © OECD/IEA 2012 Emerging economies steer energy markets Share of global energy demand 6 030 Mtoe 100% 12 380 Mtoe 16 730 Mtoe Rest of non-OECD Non-OECD Middle East India China 80% 60% 40% 20% OECD 1975 2010 2035 Global energy demand rises by over one-third in the period to 2035, underpinned by rising living standards in China, India & the Middle East © OECD/IEA 2012 A United States oil & gas transformation US oil and gas production mboe/d 25 20 Unconventional gas 15 10 5 Conventional gas Unconventional oil Conventional oil 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2035 The surge in unconventional oil & gas production has implications well beyond the United States © OECD/IEA 2012 Iraq oil poised for a major expansion Iraq oil production mb/d 9 8 7 6 5 North Centre South mb/d 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Iraq oil exports Other Asia 4 ...
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...ANVITHA (1226213102) OIL TRADING - SUPPLY AND DEMAND ANALYSIS SUMMARY: Oil, also known as petroleum, is the most actively traded commodity in the world. The price is usually quoted per barrel. Oil trading is transacted on changes in the price of crude oil and does not involve a physical purchase of the commodity. The direction of the price movement determines whether a trader will profit or not. The two kinds of contracts that are traded are oil futures and options. The price of oil can be significantly affected by political factors, as well as environmental factors such as natural disasters. Other influencing factors include demand such as that driven by modernizing populations in India and China, as well as supply - that is, production rates in oil producing countries. In addition, technological advances in alternative energies may also affect the price of oil. In short, oil trading can involve significant price fluctuations making it an exciting and potentially profitable market. Oil prices also affect currency trading. Sometimes, a weakened US dollar may cause a rise in the price of oil. Other currencies that rely on commodity prices, such as CAD can also be affected by changes in oil prices. In this report we are analyzing the demand and supply , price factors of crude oil. INTRODUCTION: Until as recently as the early 1970s, the main channel for oil supply was the integrated system of the major oil companies. Each company had its own source of crude oil supply as well as...
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...Energy India: Towards Energy Independence 2030 January 2014 Copyright © 2014, by McKinsey & Company, Inc. India: Towards Energy Independence 2030 January 2014 4 India: Towards Energy Independence 2030 Introduction India is the world’s fourth largest economy1 as well as the fourth largest energy consumer. India imports a substantial portion of its energy — 80 per cent of its oil, 18 per cent of its gas, and now even 23 per cent of its coal. As the Indian economy continues to grow, so will its energy consumption, especially as the growth of its manufacturing sector catches up with services and agriculture. With domestic resource production facing various challenges, the general expectation has been that Indian energy imports will continue to grow, and energy security concerns will intensify. The outlook and options for Indian energy independence therefore becomes an important topic. A 2030 outlook is particularly relevant since it is difficult to significantly change energy policy in 5 or 10 years, but almost any boundary conditions can be changed over a 15-year period. Moreover, there have been few if any, in-depth perspectives on this topic for 2030. This white paper builds off the ‘2030 Global Energy Perspective’, McKinsey’s substantial body of research on energy demand and supply, and our understanding of the evolution of the global and Indian energy sectors. We have tried to address some of the basic questions that arise about Indian energy in 2030: Is India’s...
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...paper compares and contrasts stat law approaches, establishes and understanding for the place of hydraulic fracturing as it relates to the United States energy needs, and examines Frances laws and regulations on hydraulic fracturing. Hydraulic Fracturing Hydraulic Fracturing, also known as fracking, is a controversial oil and gas extraction process introduced in the late 1940s, which stimulates the movement of oil and natural gas trapped between rocks deep underground (ConocoPhillips, 2013). A large number of water, sand, and chemicals are pumped into the ground to break the rocks and release gas (Publica, 2013). This method increases the output of oil and natural gas. “This process, along with new innovations in horizontal drilling, has opened up new natural gas development opportunities across the country, especially in the mid-Atlantic region” (Law, 2011). Hydraulic fracturing is currently underway in the United States in Ft. Worth, TX, Fayetteville, AR, and the Appalachians (USGS, 2014). Internationally, hydraulic fracturing is currently taking place in Russia; however fracking is forbidden in France (Chu, 20104). Venezuela holds the largest gas and oil reserve in South America, but lack the development. Mexico is the biggest importer of natural gas by hydraulic fracturing (FrackingResource.Org, 2014). The primary legal issues that have come about due to hydraulic fracturing, is a complex question. Currently, hydraulic fracturing is not covered by national environmental...
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...High Volume Hydraulic Fracturing: Tight Oil Kevin Conibear 10060801 Geology 377: Petroleum Engineering Dr. Rob Taerum April 11, 2014 Introduction Tight oil has reversed a decline in Western Canadian and U.S oil production. In tandem with advancements in horizontal drilling, high volume hydraulic fracturing has enabled companies to tap into billions of barrels of tight oil that were previously thought to be inaccessible. Tight oil, trapped in microscopic pores within impermeable layers of shale, is an unconventional oil reservoir. Unconventional reservoirs cannot be extracted through a traditional ‘well and pump’ procedure. Conversely, conventional oil reservoirs can be extracted through this traditional process. Conventional reservoirs are layers of rock that allow oil to flow relatively easily through a series of pores in the rock, thus are high in porosity and permeability. However, there are a diminishing number of conventional reservoirs, leading to the increased demand for the production unconventional oil – tight oil. Hydraulic fracturing is a technique that creates cracks within shale formations, allowing tight oil to flow freely for efficient and profitable extraction. This process has only recently been utilized to its great potential, and has proven to have profound economic implications. What is shale? Shale is fine-grained sedimentary rock that is often rich in in petroleum and natural gas. Sedimentary rocks are formed through an accumulation of sediment...
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...Turn risks and opportunities into results Exploring the top 10 risks and opportunities for global organizations Oil and gas sector Contents Introduction Executive summary Part 1: Risks Ernst & Young sector risk radar The top 10 risks 1. Access to reserves: political constraints and competition for proven reserves 2. Uncertain energy policy 3. Cost containment 4. Worsening fiscal terms 5. Health, safety and environmental risks 6. Human capital deficit 7. New operational challenges, including unfamiliar environments 8. Climate change concerns 9. Price volatility 10. Competition from new technologies 1 3 6 7 8 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 26 28 29 30 32 34 36 38 39 40 42 Part 2: Opportunities Ernst & Young opportunity ladder The top 10 opportunities 1. Frontier acreage 2. Unconventional sources 3. Conventional reserves in challenging areas 4. Rising emerging market demand 5. NOC-IOC partnerships 6. Investing in innovation and R&D 7. Alternative fuels, including second generation biofuels 8. Cross-sector strategic partnerships 9. Building regulatory confidence 10. Acquisitions or alliances to gain new capabilities Methodology Introduction While risk continues to dominate the business agenda, competition is also becoming just as dominant a feature. Market volatility, pricing pressure, variations in market performance, demanding stakeholders — all have contributed to a global economy that encourages competitive drive. And with that drive comes...
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