...Ethical Issues in Health Care HCS 545 April 25, 2011 Mary Nell Cummings Ethical Issues in Health Care In the United States, government ran systems exist of social support. Such systems are Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security. These systems seem to be widely accepted in other countries than in America. Individualism and justice has been included in the United States foundation of welfare. Citizens feel a level of appropriateness allowing the government to spend tax monies to help an unfortunate person who has exhausted all of his or her energy, strength, and abilities to help himself. Americans further feel the efforts to help are satisfactory if an unreasonable amount of money is not used. Bioethics is a prevelent and sensitive topic of debate in health care. A single mother with children who is particially dependent upon welfare takes it upon herself to pay privately for a single treatment of Invitro Fertilization (IVF). This mother is implanted with several embryos and chooses not to reduce the number of fetuses and successfully delivers multiple premature babies. We must take into account the cost of delivery, care in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), and future cost to the Welfare system for all of this mother’s children. Reviewing this issue from a health care professional’s point of view, the four basic principles of ethics, beneficence, autonomy, nonmaleficence, and social justice, are part of this issue. The Four Basic Principals Autonomy ...
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...INTRODUCTION Human Resource Management is defined as a strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organization’s most valued assets – the people working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of its objectives. HRM is a distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic development of a highly committed and capable workforce using an integrated array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques (Storey, 2001). Beer et al, (1984) defined HRM as a strategic approach to the management of human resources that involves all management decisions and actions that affect the relationship between the organisation and employees. John Storey (1987) believes that HRM can be regarded as a ‘set of interrelated policies with an ideological and philosophical underpinning’. He suggests four aspects that constitute the meaningful version of HRM: 1. a particular constellation of beliefs and assumptions; 2. a strategic thrust informing decisions about people management; 3. the central involvement of line managers; 4. Reliance upon a set of ‘levers’ to shape the employment relationship. In today's litigious workplace environment, being on top of legal issues that directly affect individual employees and organization is critical to the success of the HR profession. In this study, we will critically analyze and evaluate legal issues as it affects the functions of HRM in Nigeria and...
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...Command Economic System: When we talk about the term “command” in historical context; whether it relates to economic, political or warfare, command has always been vested in the hands of the few. If we relate “these few” to a group of people who exercise power in terms of making decisions (be it economic/social/political etc) for ALL the people they govern, we call this process or system a “Government”. In a command economic system, this government basically owns and controls most of the economic resources of the country. This “Command” economic system is also known as “socialism” or “communism” (McConnell – Economics) In any economic system decisions have to be made regarding production of goods and services, price setting, education, expenditure on infrastructure, resource allocation, resource/property ownership, resource distribution, establishment of industries and businesses, salaries for individuals etc. In a Command Economic System, all these decisions are taken by the Centre/Government. Public in general/ individuals in general do not have any “say” in such government decisions. Practically speaking, “Absolute” command economy doesn’t exist in this world, even near perfect “command economy” of Soviet Union/Russia had private/market influences in its system. McConnell states North Korea and Cuba as near to perfect Command Economic Systems. Pakistan too took a step towards socialism/nationalization in Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s era in 1970s, which later had to be discontinued...
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...International Economics, 8e (Krugman) Chapter 9 The Political Economy of Trade Policy 9.1 The Case for Free Trade 1) The efficiency case made for free trade is that as trade distortions such as tariffs are dismantled and removed, A) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national economic welfare will decrease. B) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national economic welfare will increase. C) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, hence increasing national economic welfare. D) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, hence decreasing national economic welfare. E) None of the above. Answer: C Question Status: Previous Edition 2) The opportunity to exploit economies of scale is one of the gains to be made from removing tariffs and other trade distortions. These gains will be found by a decrease in A) world prices of imports. B) the consumption distortion loss triangle. C) the production distortion loss triangle. D) Both B and C. E) None of the above. Answer: E Question Status: Previous Edition 3) Judging by the changes in the height of tariff rates in major trading countries, the world has been experiencing a great A) trade liberalization. B) surge of protectionism. C) lack of progress in the trade-policy...
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...FEDERALISM | | Introduction Federalism has consistently revolved since 1789. The national and state government has shared different points of disagreement. The evolution of federalism is divided into the categories of dual, civil war, industrialization, cooperative and the current federalism. The essay will further cover the factors led to evolution and discuss how states and U.S federal government influenced the American politics. Furthermore, federalism is deemed as the power concentration on several individual states. Most of the clauses of federal government of U.S have been laid down in Tenth Amendment of 1791. Evolution and Factors involved in Federalism Federalism has consistently debated throughout the period starting from1789. The national and state government has shared different points of disagreement, but time empowered national government. Dual Federalism (1789-1946) occurred during the World War II. This era marked with two separate rules of state and the national government. The national government stressed on the defense dynamics of the politics where as states dealt with economic growth. Hence, national and state dealt matters distinctively (Romano, 2010). The Civil War (1862-1868) occurred, where by many felt that state should anticipate to dissolve the disputes. The other decisions include the issue of slavery; whether is legal or not. The states felt that the separate state government had the authority over federal government...
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... Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees For so many years, the Philippine Administrative System has been evolving and adapting to all the demands of the changing environment. The PAS has undergone reorganization, decentralization, privatization and all sorts of tools to improve its service delivery to all Filipino people. All measures have been adapted to ensure efficiency and productivity among its people. Despite those facts, controversies arose in the field of PAS. It was tainted with graft and corruption, and incompetence of the people working under its umbrella. Records will show how numerous and rampant was the malpractices in all areas of PAS. The passing of Republic Act 6713 or more known as the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees was considered the highlight of the Philippine Administrative System. The said law was enacted, framing all rules and policies that public employees must follow in fulfilling their respective jobs. It is also the government’s mechanism to ensure quality service and efficiency in the Administrative System. The RA 6713 includes the norms that employees shall observe in the discharge of their duties. First and foremost, they must have commitment to public interest. In all their dealings, they must always consider the benefit and welfare of the public. Since they are working for the public per se, then it is tantamount to the fact that they must discharge their duties...
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...years. In addition, prisoners lived under controlled conditions conducive to research. It was generally accepted to use prisoners as research subjects for testing medicines, drugs, and medical devices without regard to the risks, benefits, and rights of those individuals. As documented in Acres of Skin: Human Experiments at Holmesburg Prison (Hornblum 1998), prisoners were used in lieu of laboratory animals to test the toxicity of cosmetics. In other experiments, prisoners were irradiated in research conducted by the Atomic Energy Commission, rendering some sterile and others badly burned. These are only two examples of many experiments using prisoners as subjects. In 1978, the United States (U.S.) Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, the predecessor to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), issued additional regulations providing safeguards for prisoners as research subjects: Subpart C: "Additional Protections Pertaining to Biomedical and Behavioral Research Involving Prisoners as Subjects." These regulations address the fact that prisoners are under constraints that could affect their ability to make truly voluntary and un-coerced decisions to participate in research. Subpart C imposes strict limits on the involvement of prisoners as research subjects. The only research that may be conducted with prisoners as subjects is research that is material to the lives of the prisoners. Learning Objectives By the end of this module, you should be able to: ...
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...thought in capitalist society, most popularly with such changes as brought about by something like Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal and other such social programs, they have never been approached with any serious eye toward true equal footing. The idea of universal basic income, by which all the citizens of a given state would receive a given income, regardless of any other status, is an ideal that may lend hope to all of that changing. By using this structure as the cornerstone of the social welfare of an entire population and accordingly arranging or rearranging other elements of governmental and economic behavior while still retaining the general structure of a free market, it is possible to create a melding of the ideas from the cores of both belief systems, to give greater security and wellbeing to all. How to Institute Universal Income In order to understand what is necessary to create such a system, let us first begin by examining what the income itself would be, its specific advantages, and where one might find the funds for such a thing. For this, it's necessary to understand the idea of the poverty line first. The poverty line is the level of income below which a person is considered to be impoverished, the amount considered necessary to live a life that has all the basics. The US government releases the information on the poverty line in the US. It gives this information not only for an individual, but also based upon households that have multiple people in it. The poverty...
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...child fails or is unable to protect the child against abuse, exploitation and discrimination or when such acts against the child are committed by the said parent, guardian, teacher or person having care and custody of the same.1awphi1@alf It shall be the policy of the State to protect and rehabilitate children gravely threatened or endangered by circumstances which affect or will affect their survival and normal development and over which they have no control. The best interests of children shall be the paramount consideration in all actions concerning them, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities, and legislative bodies, consistent with the principle of First Call for Children as enunciated in the United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child. Every effort shall be exerted to promote the welfare of children and enhance...
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...continue to maintain and carry forward. It can be said of incentive theory is good or bad to some extent, an important factor in determining the success of an enterprise. How to make motivation usefully has become a very important issue in modern human resource management faces. Depends on the interviews, it is accordingly that combine various motivators will maximize incentive because every employee are different, manager can't use only one method to achieve the purpose of incentive. There are three different motivation methods that interviewee were mentioned and these methods all take play in their work life, but the primary motivation is different. Firstly, all interviewees were mention material motivation, such as salary and welfare. Material needs as a fundamental human needs for people who engaged in social activities, the basic motivation in the market economy to improve employee motivation, there must be some material guarantee, which enable to obtain the stable economy reward, and achieve their needs, increase their satisfaction, so their initiative and creativity continue to maintain and develop. One of interviewee said that material motivation is his primary...
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...Chapter 12: Capacity and Legality (Only pages 221-228 On Legality) Legality (221) • One requirement to have an enforceable contract is that the object of the contract must be lawful. Most contracts that individuals and businesses enter into are lawful contracts that are enforceable. • These include contracts for the sale of leases; licenses; and other contracts. • Some contracts have illegal objects. That such contract is VOID and therefor unenforceable. These are called Illegal contracts. Contracts Contrary to statutes • Federal and State legislatures have enacted statutes that prohibit certain types of conduct. Contracts to perform activities that are prohibited by statute are illegal contracts. • Ex. An agreement between two companies to engage in price fixing in violation of federal antitrust statutes is illegal and therefore void. Thus, neither company to this illegal contract can enforce the contract against the other company. Usury Laws • State usury laws – set an upper limit on the annual interest rate that can be charged on certain types of loans. • Vary from state to state, Lenders who charge a higher rate that the state limit is guilty of usury. • Laws intended to protect unsophisticated borrowers from loan sharks and others who charge exorbitant rates of interest. • Most states have criminal and civil penalties for making usurious loans. o Some states make lenders remit the difference between the interest rate charged on the loan and the usury...
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...Abstract ;This research paper has been divided into three parts, introduction encompasses the meaning of Regional Integration and Globalization, the second part trying to examine the notion whether regional integration and globalization compliment or contradict each other and the last part provides general view on the notion. Regional Integrations refers to the process where by political actors in several distinct National settings are persuaded to shift their loyalties, expectations and political activities towards a new Centre, whose institutions possess or demands jurisdiction over pre-existing national state (Haas 1968:16). Under these perspective integrations involves the process through state surrender sovereignty freely to the new political entity purposely to cooperate in achieving political, social and economic goals. As Linderberg 1971:46 proclaimed that regional integrations does not emphasize only in the political dimension but also take place in the field of economics, security and environment. There are five stages which are necessary for any regional integration to pass through these are; Free trade areas, custom unions, Common Market , Common Currency and Political Union. The few examples of regional integration in Africa and Europe are as follows Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Economic Community of Western Africa States (ECOWAS) , European Union (EU), North Atlantic Free Trade Area(NAFTA)...
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...a counterpoint to the state's efforts. Besides all these, in the field of NGO, Financial Reporting process and application of accounting is disgraceful. NGOs in Bangladesh have increasingly become subject to question and criticism from the government, political parties, intellectuals and the public in genus for misuse of funds, gender discrimination, and nepotism. Absence of proper guidelines in preparing financial statements and reports makes it more complex. The government of Bangladesh doesn’t have any unique rules for preparing the financial reports. In this report we will discuss about the financial reporting and Accounting system of NGOs and hopefully, the analysis and discussion of reporting systems will give guidance and support to the NGOs about the generation of accounting systems and reporting procedure, and to maintain a transparent system of utilizing grants. 1.2 Statement...
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...Kumar V, PGP/17/248 Chand Ajmera, PGP/17/192 Ananya Jha, PGP/17/194 Shraddha Srikhande, PGP/17/240 Dinesh Kumar V, PGP/17/248 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. ROLE OF CSOS IN BUSINESS GOVERNMENT INTERFACE 3. LOBBYING - INTRODUCTION 4. ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF LOBBYING 5. EXAMPLES OF LOBBYING 6. ACTIONS BEING TAKEN TO CURB THE UNETHICAL ASPECT OF LOBBYING 7. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS 1. INTRODUCTION The growth and function of every business is highly dependent on the government. A large number of government actions in addition to laws and regulations affect companies’ finances. There are several reasons behind regulation of business by the government. 1. Public safety and welfare: Many industries are regularly reviewed and overseen because their activities, if they go skewed, can have detrimental effects to human health, financial well-being, or community structure. [21] 2. Protecting industry: Many regulations are in place to protect those who have developed their business correctly; licensing, permits, and inspections by the government clear out criminal activities that challenge truthful industries. [21] 3. Revenue generation: Many programs require certification or licensing that businesses must pay for in order to operate. The funds collected go to pay for the government programs that perform the oversight of the particular industry. However, in many cases, some portion of revenue is also deflected to...
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...Ethical Issues in Business Nathaniel Andrews Langston University November 14, 2011 Ethical Issues In Business Ethics and moral obligation are something that we all encounter at one time or another. Even in a professional setting, all persons should act in a manner that would uphold the good of society. Why is it that good, ethical and moral behavior is not always adhered to? Is it because some people do not understand ethics and what it means to be ethical? To be ethical, one has to decide between right and wrong, determine what is for the betterment of society and act accordingly. Ethics have three basic criteria that must be met obligations, moral ideas, and consequences. Businesses have their own code of ethics and the individuals within that business have to determine whether or not they will follow that code of ethics. Ethical behavior in business is consistent with the principles, norms, and standards of business practice that have been agreed upon by society. At times, however, an individual decides to go against the code of ethical behavior for personal gain. The term patent usually refers to an exclusive right granted to anyone who invents any new, useful, and non-obvious process, machine, article of manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, and claims that right in a formal patent application. The additional qualification utility patent is used in the United States to distinguish it from other types of patents (e.g. design...
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