...Bryan Krayko Economic Geography GEOG 22100 Annie Spencer Foreclosures and Gentrification in New York City The uneven development of New York City’s outer boroughs has taken a dive into massive foreclosure in the recent years due to high unemployment, unyielding bankers, and gentrification. The issue is on an urban and regional scale and needs to be closely observed and studied to better prevent the spread of this plague. The recent victims in this failure are the middle class, with whom the troubles of foreclosure are starting to catch up. Gentrification is also starting to push the poor out of their homes to make way for the rich. This unevenness came from the inevitable shift of balance that comes with industrial capitalism. A fresh wave of foreclosures is impacting middle-class homeowners in Queens. Queens neighborhoods have been sinking since 2008 when the crisis first started. Come 2011, the foreclosure rate spiked and began to trouble middle-class homeowners. Many homeowners rely on tenants to help them with paying their mortgage. With the recent departure of tenants from the area, Queens homeowners are left with less money and more problems. According to the New York Post, “Foreclosures jumped 19 percent in New York City and 164 percent in Queens in 2012 versus 2011, as The Post reported last week. Four of the hardest-hit sections of Queens — St. Albans, Rosedale, Cambria Heights and Queens Village —...
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...Uneven Development: Oshkosh, WI What is uneven development? Uneven development is the persistent differences in levels and rates of economic development between different sectors of the economy. The City of Oshkosh has various areas where uneven development is prevalent. One area we focused our fieldwork on was the downtown area (Main Street) and the routes leading to Main Street. We decided to study this area because there are routes that lead to downtown that run through UW-Oshkosh and from Highway 41. We wanted to explore the road conditions and infrastructure development along these paths that lead to Main Street because the development downtown in Oshkosh is socially, economically and environmentally expanding. While conducting field work within Oshkosh, we found that the downtown area and Main Street had areas that were affluent. As we explored Main street we found the front of businesses to be well kept and newly remodeled. The roadways are in great condition and the sidewalks are well maintained. The area has a lot of money being contributed towards the infrastructure and the maintenance. This reflects the local economy’s success and how they are able to keep attracting customers in order to maintain the infrastructure. The roadways leading into the City of Oshkosh are well paved and there are minimal potholes due to the entrance of tourists and college students. All of the major roads leading to Main street and to the university are phenomenal compared to the residential...
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...manufacturing overseas?” wonders President Obama (Rawson,2012). Why can’t more US-based consumer electronics and computer companies do their manufacturing work domestically, helping to create American jobs and boost the struggling economy? In the States the infrastructure and labour force does not exist at the levels necessary to support Apple’s operations, but is the answer really that simple? In this essay we will concentrate on global division of labour and determine what it is by examining theories of uneven devolopment of labour. We will discuss the advantages and disadvantages it brings to society. Concrete examples will be given to review its complex and apparently contradictory social implications. Division of labour is cooperative labour divided into an enormous number of different specialized occupations (Giddens,1993:493). Looking at theories of uneven development will give us a better understanding of global division of labour. Two theories stand for uneven development. The first being the world system theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein. Wallerstein argues that world order was created by capitalism and not nation states. This theory refers to inter-regional and transnational division of labour. It divides the world into core countries, semi-periphery countries and the periphery countries. Core countries focus on higher skill, capital-intensive production, and the rest of the world focuses on low-skill, labor-intensive production and extraction of raw materials...
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...Development Communication-for whom and for what? In the context of development, communication media is used to support development initiatives by the distribution of messages that encourage the public to support development-orientated projects. Broadcasting is used for informing the population about projects, which promotes the advantage of these projects and also recommended that these projects should be used. This model sees communication process as a message going from sender to receiver whereby posters, radio and televisions are used to persuade people. This is whereby Modernization plays a very significant role, where people move from a traditional way of doing things to a different, more technological development and more rapid changing way of life. Mass media are important in spreading awareness of new possibilities and practices. Research has shown that even thou group of public can obtain information from impersonal sources such as radios and television; this information has little effect on behavioral changes. Self-management is seen as the most developed form of participation. This principle implies the right to participate in the planning and production of media context. In all of these, development played a very important part of the movement for a new world information and communication. Modernization Theory in the 1950s and 1960s and fall of the theory in America and Russia were booming economically and ideologically. This is after Stalin’s Five Year Plan and...
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...Aid and Foreign Investment Financial flows to developing countries take two main forms—aid that comes from foreign governments, often called official development assistance, and investment from foreign private companies, known as private capital flows. Official Development Assistance After World War II and until the early 1990s, the main source of external finance for developing countries was official development assistance provided by the governments of high-income countries in the form of food aid, emergency relief, technical assistance, peacekeeping efforts, and financing for construction projects. Donor countries are motivated by the desire to support their political allies and trade partners, to expand the markets for their exports, and to reduce poverty and military conflicts threatening international security. After the breakup of the Soviet Union, former centrally planned economies also started to receive official assistance, aimed primarily at supporting market reforms. Table 14.1 shows the amounts of net official assistance provided to developing and transition countries by the member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development (OECD) in 1996. On average, the donor countries in Table 14.1 spend about one-third of 1 percent of their combined gross domestic product (GDP) on official development assistance. Use Table 14.1 and Data Table 1 to calculate which countries spend larger and smaller shares of their GDP on such assistance. Official assistance...
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...‘Globalization’, is an often-discussed but seldom-defined phenomenon. In my opinion it can be defined as interconnectedness on a global level, which usually means that something in one part of the world can impact upon the rest of the world. Additionally, it is all those processes by which people of the world are incorporated into one single society and impact countries and individuals in an uneven manner. There are various categories of globalization and they could be economic, cultural, technological and also social. However, this essay’s main focus is on identifying three social issues that arose because of globalization and discuss how they have affected the quality of life of the people in the Caribbean. These issues include; poverty, migration and culture and identity. To begin, (Ritzer, 2011) stated that, “globalization is the spread of worldwide practices, relations, consciousness, and organization of social life.” This implies that globalization is the driving force within society, which allow for the sharing of common goals and values for both social life, financial and political aspects as well. This helps move society from an obsolete to technological way of thinking. (UNDP, 1997) posits that “globalization encapsulates both a description and a prescription. The description is the widening and deepening of international flows of trade, finance and information in a single, integrated global market. The prescription is to liberalize national and global markets in the...
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...Critically examine the relationship between globalisation, inequality and poverty. The term globalisation refers to the process by which the world has become more connected through advancements in technology, transport and communications and resultantly become integrated in many areas of life. For the purposes of this essay, one will be discussing the relationship between primarily economic globalisation, poverty and inequality in what many have referred to as the ‘third wave’ of globalisation, which has been prominent since the 1980s. Advocates of economic globalisation, understood as “the widening, deepening, and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness” (McGrew in Ravenhill, 2005: 275) suggest that economic advancement through globalisation is a by-product of well-functioning markets; that countries should specialise in line with their comparative advantage; and that countries should practice free trade as a guiding principle. (Wade, 2004a: 184) Still today there exists huge economic inequality both within and between countries, and mass poverty is an issue which is still high on the agenda of world leaders across the globe. Yet data from the World Bank has shown that the number of people living in extreme poverty, of which it classifies as those living on less than $1 per day in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) has fallen in the last two decades for the first time in 120 years. (Wade, 2004a: 163) The relationship between globalisation, inequality and poverty thus seems to...
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...O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2013 GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS: INVESTMENT AND TRADE FOR DEVELOPMENT New York and Geneva, 2013 ii World Investment Report 2013: Global Value Chains: Investment and Trade for Development NOTE The Division on Investment and Enterprise of UNCTAD is a global centre of excellence, dealing with issues related to investment and enterprise development in the United Nations System. It builds on four decades of experience and international expertise in research and policy analysis, intergovernmental consensusbuilding, and provides technical assistance to over 150 countries. The terms country/economy as used in this Report also refer, as appropriate, to territories or areas; the designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. In addition, the designations of country groups are intended solely for statistical or analytical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage of development reached by a particular country or area in the development process. The major country groupings used in this Report follow the classification of the United Nations Statistical Office. These are: Developed countries:...
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...O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2013 GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS: INVESTMENT AND TRADE FOR DEVELOPMENT New York and Geneva, 2013 ii World Investment Report 2013: Global Value Chains: Investment and Trade for Development NOTE The Division on Investment and Enterprise of UNCTAD is a global centre of excellence, dealing with issues related to investment and enterprise development in the United Nations System. It builds on four decades of experience and international expertise in research and policy analysis, intergovernmental consensusbuilding, and provides technical assistance to over 150 countries. The terms country/economy as used in this Report also refer, as appropriate, to territories or areas; the designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. In addition, the designations of country groups are intended solely for statistical or analytical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage of development reached by a particular country or area in the development process. The major country groupings used in this Report follow the classification of the United Nations Statistical Office. These are: Developed countries:...
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...Gerschenkron and the political economy of late capitalist development Ben Selwyn Available online: 25 Jul 2011 To cite this article: Ben Selwyn (2011): Trotsky, Gerschenkron and the political economy of late capitalist development, Economy and Society, 40:3, 421-450 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2011.574425 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/termsand-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Economy and Society Volume 40 Number 3 August 2011: 421Á 450 Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 03:33 31 August 2011 Trotsky, Gerschenkron and the political economy of late capitalist development Ben Selwyn Abstract...
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...More information from http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2882836/ The Globalization and Development Reader. Perspectives on Development and Global Change. 2nd Edition Description: This revised and updated second edition of The Globalization and Development Reader builds on the considerable success of a first edition that has been used around the world. It combines selected readings and editorial material to provide a coherent text with global coverage, reflecting new theoretical and empirical developments. It provides original texts, including classics in the field and others at the cutting edge, which have been carefully edited for the non–technical reader, and offers concise definitions of key terms and concepts, requiring no prior knowledge about globalization and development or related theories. The second edition expands the collection of classic texts and, at the same time, provides the most important and readable articles and book selections on recent developments. More than half of the readings are new for the second edition, with a higher degree of editing for a student readership, and with increased coverage of China and India supporting its genuinely global coverage. New pieces help to capture the implications for developing countries of the recent Great Recession of the global North. There is more on global inequality and uneven economic development, as well as on women, international migration, the role of cities, agriculture and the environment...
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...Many economists have previously provided their own interpretation about the relationship between economic structure and levels of prosperity. One example was W.W Rostow, who proposed the model of stage development. While this model has become a commonly held view of economic development, it does not always hold true for underdeveloped nations. When taking into account the recent economic development of a country in the Global South, such as Colombia, it becomes clear that Rostow’s theory is linear, geographical, and pro-capitalist model. The first flawed aspect of the model is the fact that it is linear – it assumes that “all regions go through the same stages in a particular order towards high mass consumption” (Knox et al, 313). In contrast to these assumptions, the economic development of Colombia has been anything but linear, given its position as an underdeveloped nation. Rostow’s theory suggests that “in order for a country to move from a traditional society to a society that is ‘taking off’, it must first establish the preconditions for takeoff” (Knox et al, 314). At this stage, a country should “begin to heavily invest in developing a manufacturing sector” (Knox et al, 314) as it moves away from an agricultural based economy. While this may prove to be true for countries such as the United States and Canada, the same cannot be said for Colombia. In fact, it can be argued that Colombia simply skipped this second stage of Rostow’s model. Columbia is an economy that “currently...
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...International Management Homework Completed by : Christiana Wijaya Kinshi Perdana Cari info 6 besar FDI di Indonesia ( 6 negara besar yang investasi di Indo & apa investasinya ) ! Being a developing country, Indonesia requires a substantial amount of cash for national development. This large amount of fund is there as there is a need to catch up with other developments, especially in developed countries, either regional or global. Indonesia is not being capable enough in providing the funds for those developments. Besides digging up domestic incomes, the government has also tried to invite financing from other countries which is called Foreign Direct Investment According to Krugman (1994), FDI is a flow of international capital whereby a company from a country sets up or widens its company in another country. Hence, not only there is a redeployment of resources, but also there is an implementation of control towards companies abroad. The main objectives of FDI are to look for resources, look for market, look for efficiency, and also to look for political security. In short, Foreign Direct Investment is known as an investment made by a company or entity based in one country, into a company or entity which is based in another country. * According to BKPM (Indonesia Investment Coordinating Board), the realization of Foreign Direct Investment, usually mentioned as FDI, could be differentiated based on several aspects, namely sector, location, and also country...
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...Essay preview AS and A Level Sociological Differentiation & Stratification "Compare and contrast modernisation theory and dependency theory as explanations of development and under-development" The two theories, modernisation and dependency both give valid and just explanations for development and underdevelopment. There is a notable likeness in them both but there are also many differences and neither escape criticisms. Modernisation theory was before dependency theory and was developed in the 1950/60s; the theory is based on 4 main assumptions. Western societies are the most advanced in terms of technological, social and political terms, countries go through a series of stages on their route to becoming advanced, this path is a 'natural' form of development and there must be something preventing them from doing this and finally, these underdeveloped nations can advance without an changes taking place in the finance and trading patterns of the capitalist world. The modernisation theory is politically conservative as it sees nations being undeveloped because they lack the qualities that developed nations have, this is compared with the dependency theory who see this underdevelopment due to the exploitation of advanced nations. W.W. Rostow is one of the most notable modernisation theorists; he argued that there are a number of stages that a traditional society has to pass through to become a modern society. His work is combined with the four key elements above and his...
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...Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D) refers to the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the fields of socioeconomic development, international development and human rights. The theory behind this is that more and better information and communication furthers the development of a society. Aside from its reliance on technology, ICT4D also requires an understanding of community development, poverty, agriculture, healthcare, and basic education.Richard Heeks suggests that the I in ICT4D is related with “library and information sciences”, the C is associated with “communication studies", the T is linked with “information systems", and the D for “development studies”.[1] It is aimed at bridging the digital divide and aid economic development by fostering equitable access to modern communications technologies. It is a powerful tool for economic and social development.[2] Other terms can also be used for "ICT4D" or "ICT4Dev" ("ICT for development") like ICTD ("ICT and development", which is used in a broader sense[3]) and development informatics. ICT4D can mean as dealing with disadvantaged populations anywhere in the world, but it is more seen with applications in developing countries. It concerns with directly applying information technology approaches to poverty reduction. ICTs can be applied directly, wherein its use directly benefits the disadvantaged population, or indirectly, wherein it can assist aid organisations or non-governmental...
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