...Reform of the United Nations Security Council From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search | This article is incomplete. Please help to improve the section, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (September 2012) | The United Nations Security Council. Reform of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) encompasses five key issues: categories of membership, the question of the veto held by the five permanent members, regional representation, the size of an enlarged Council and its working methods, and the Security Council-General Assembly relationship. Member States, regional groups and other Member State interest groupings developed different positions and proposals on how to move forward on this contested issue.[1] The reform of the Security Council requires the agreement of at least two-thirds of UN member states and that of all the permanent members of the UNSC, enjoying the veto right.[2] Contents * 1 History * 2 General Assembly Task Force * 3 Increasing membership * 3.1 "In Larger Freedom" * 3.2 Uniting for Consensus * 4 New permanent member proposals * 4.1 Brazil * 4.2 Germany * 4.3 India * 4.4 Japan * 4.5 Membership of a Muslim-majority nation * 4.6 Africa * 5 Veto reform * 6 Overall positions on reforming the Security Council * 6.1 United States * 6.2 United Kingdom and France * 6.3 Russia * 6.4 India * 6.5 Brazil *...
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...Committee: United Nations General Assembly Topic: Kashmir- Is it a symbol of failure of United Nations Machinery Country: Germany Delegate: Ruchi Gupta Since the partition of British India into India and Pakistan in 1947, the Kashmir conflict between them has become intractable. India first referred the case of Pakistani aggression in Kashmir to the United Nations Security Council under Article 35 of the UN Charter on January 1, 1948. This move was directed towards protecting India’s territorial integrity. United Nations was involved in mediating the Kashmir conflict from 1948 through 1965. Later, at the end of the Third Pakistan- India war of 1971, Pakistan and India signed the Simla Agreement in 1972 which emphasized the adoption of a bilateral framework to solve the crisis. UNSC resolution 47 of 1948 recommended Pakistan to withdraw all its tribesmen and Pakistani nationals. It also recommended Indian forces to be reduced to minimum strengths to maintain law and order so as to later hold a UN supervised plebiscite in the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir to determine the aspirations of her people. But Pakistan never vacated and later India also backed out. As a result the referendum never went through and UN declaration could not be implemented. Germany agrees that the Kashmir issue should be undertaken bilaterally as “one spark” could be disastrous for the entire region. Germany has always supported negotiated settlement of the Kashmir issue between Pakistan and...
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... Mahmoud Jibril later replaced Ali Al-Issawi and was designated as the Head of International Affairs. The NTC has also called on the international community to render assistance to its efforts to dislodge Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, the ruler of Libya since 1969, and his loyalists. Officials have asked for medical supplies, money, and weapons, among other forms of foreign aid. In late June 2011, it proposed using internationally based frozen assets belonging to Gaddafi and his inner circle as collateral for loans, with Finance Minister Ali Tarhouni warning that his government is virtually out of money The NTC has previously asked for those assets to be unfrozen and transferred to Benghazi, a request officials of the Obama administration in the United States indicated they would try to fulfill NTC officials have said that they intend to reward countries that have been early to recognize the council as the legitimate representative of Libya, as well as countries that have been involved in the international military intervention to suppress Gaddafi's forces. Among the incentives the council has offered to these countries, which it considers to be allies, are favorable oil contract and other economic ties. On 15 July 2011, a council spokesman told members of the Libya Contact Group meeting in Istanbul, Turkey, that his government would not forge any new oil contracts and that an elected government must be in place before new deals could be made.[13] After anti-Gaddafi forces stormed Tripoli...
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...HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW OF UNICEF. UNICEF is one of the biggest names in international aid and humanitarian work in the world today. It has won the noble prize as an award to first organisation and not an individual. Despite UNICEF’s awareness, fundraising, relief work and research, very few people know much about its origin. UNICEF was founded in 1946 commencing with a mission of proving emergency food and health care to the children in the countries that had been destroyed in world war II. Its original name was United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. It was later changed to United Nations Children’s Fund in 1954 after being officially adopted as a permanent branch in UN. In 1959, UNICEF being a permanent member of the UN, the UN General Assembly adopts the declaration of the Rights of the Child, which defines children’s rights to protection, education, health care, shelter and good nutrition. In 1961, UNICEF decides to not only focus on the health issues of the child but also focus on the needs of the child as whole beginning with education by providing teacher training and classroom equipment in newly independent countries. In 1982, UNICEF came up with Child Survival and Development Revolution where it takes responsibility to save millions of children each year. The revolution includes four aspects; growth monitoring, oral rehydration therapy, breast feeding and immunisation. In 1989, there’s a convention on the rights of the child and comes into...
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...we are all prepared about it and we were cooperative on that part. Our product is about the Growee vitamins which a person can make him taller after days and he will be filled with nutrients. It was really good and entertaining because we did the effects after if when you treat yourself with Growee and the other members also introduced the information about the product. Hannah S. Licawat October 20, 2014 IV – Clarke A. P. Reflection on Quiz Bowl Our Quiz Bowl was done on Oct. 13, 2014. The quiz was about the United Nation. We do not have any clues about the United Nation but that quiz was about it because as a celebration for the UNO celebration, we should do an activity that talk about the world facts. To be...
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...disputes and second is the taking of enforcement action. a) Pacific settlement of disputes: # The parties to any dispute, threat to International peace and security, shall seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, arbitration, judicial settlement. #The Security Council shall, when it deems necessary, call upon the parties to settle their dispute. # The security council may investigation any dispute, which might lead to international conflict, in order to determine whether the continuance of the dispute is likely endanger international peace and security. # Any member of the UN may bring any disputes to the attention of the Security Council or the General Assembly. A state which is not a member of the UN may also bring any disputes to the attention of the Security Council or General Assembly. # Security Council should take into consideration any procedure for the settlement of dispute, which have already been adopted by the parties. # Security Council should take into consideration the legal disputes referred to the International court of justice by parties in accordance with the provisions of the statute of the court. # If the Security Council deems that the continuance of the disputes, threat to International peace and security, it shall decide; i. Whether to recommend appropriate procedures or method of settlement or ii. Whether to recommend actual terms of settlement. # Moreover, the Security...
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...or shareholders are generally national governments, although other international institutions and other organizations occasionally figure as shareholders. The most prominent IFIs are creations of multiple nations, although some bilateral financial institutions (created by two countries) exist and are technically IFIs. Many of these are multilateral development banks (MDB). TYPES Multilateral development bank A multilateral development bank (MDB) is an institution, created by a group of countries, that provides financing and professional advising for the purpose of development. MDBs have large memberships including both developed donor countries and developing borrower countries. MDBs finance projects in the form of long-term loans at market rates, very-long-term loans (also known as credits) below market rates, and through grants. The following are usually classified as the main MDBs: • World Bank • European Investment Bank(EIB) • Asian Development Bank (ADB) • European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) • Inter-American Development Bank Group (IDB, IADB) • African Development Bank (AfDB) • Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) There are also several "sub-regional" multilateral development banks. Their membership typically includes only borrowing nations. The banks lend to their members, borrowing from the international capital markets. Because there is effectively shared responsibility for repayment, the...
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...IDB WORKING PAPER SERIES No. IDB-WP-114 Aid, Exports, and Growth: A Time-Series Perspective on the Dutch Disease Hypothesis Joong Shik Kang Alessandro Prati Alessandro Rebucci August 2010 Inter-American Development Bank Department of Research and Chief Economist Aid, Exports, and Growth: A Time-Series Perspective on the Dutch Disease Hypothesis Joong Shik Kang* Alessandro Prati* Alessandro Rebucci** * International Monetary Fund ** Inter-American Development Bank Inter-American Development Bank 2010 Cataloging-in-Publication data provided by the Inter-American Development Bank Felipe Herrera Library Kang, Joong Shik. Aid, exports, and growth : a time-series perspective on the Dutch disease hypothesis / Joong Shik Kang, Alessandro Prati, Alessandro Rebucci. p. cm. (IDB working paper series ; 114) Includes bibliographical references. 1. Economic assistance—Economic aspects. 2. International finance. I. Prati Musetti, Alessandro. II. Rebucci, Alessandro. III. Inter-American Development Bank. Research Dept. IV. Title. V. Series. HC60.S55 2010 © Inter-American Development Bank, 2010 www.iadb.org Documents published in the IDB working paper series are of the highest academic and editorial quality. All have been peer reviewed by recognized experts in their field and professionally edited. The information and opinions presented in these publications are entirely those of the author(s), and no endorsement by the Inter-American Development...
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...The Change Plan PROPOSALS BY THE CHANGE MANAGEMENT TEAM TO THE SECRETARY-GENERAL United Nations NEW YORK, DECEMBER 2011 The Change Plan TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................................ 01 1. Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 02 2. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 09 3. Context ................................................................................................................................................... 10 4. The Secretary-General’s Vision ................................................................................................................ 12 5. Deliverable One – Enhancing Trust and Confidence: Towards a more stakeholder and client-oriented organizational culture ............................................................................................. 13 6. Deliverable Two – Engaging Staff: A global, dynamic, adaptable, meritocratic and physically secure work force. .......................................................................................................... 19 7. Deliverable Three – Improving Working Methods: A more open and accountable UN with streamlined procedures...
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...post-accord reconstruction" and "is understood as a comprehensive concept that encompasses, generates, and sustains the full array of processes, approaches, and stages needed to transform conflict toward more sustainable, peaceful relationships. The term thus involves a wide range of activities that both precede and follow formal peace accords. Metaphorically, peace is seen not merely as a stage in time or a condition. It is a dynamic social construct." Lederach speaks of conflict transformation as a holistic and multi-faceted approach to managing violent conflict in all its phases. The term signifies an ongoing process of change from negative to positive relations, behavior, attitudes and structures. A UN history of the notion UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali's landmark An Agenda for Peace was published in 1992, that "post-conflict peace-building" defined as "an action to identify and support structures which will tend to strengthen and solidify peace in order to avoid a relapse into conflict." Again, "Peace-building is a process that facilitates the establishment of durable peace and tries to prevent the recurrence of violence by addressing root causes and effects of conflict...
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...From his childhood during Korean War to his second election as the Secretary General of the United Nations, Mr. Ki-moon Ban has demonstrated the leadership of resiliency, with which he was able to turn crisis into opportunities for his success. Moreover, Mr. Ban’s diligence, sincerity and warm-heartedness also contributed greatly to his rise, along with high performance capability. With such recognition, Mr. Ban successfully expanded his political network (both in Korea and in the organization of US) with apparent sincerity, great communication skill and sharp sociopolitical awareness. During the course of this paper, our group (“We”) will analyze and discuss how Mr. Ki-moon Ban used various situational conflicts as an opportunity to display and utilize his array of great characteristics to become the powerful leader. Prior to his political career, Mr. Ban’s childhood was deeply affected by the Korean War, which caused his family to migrate to different parts of Korea. Despite of such instability and uncertainty, Mr. Ban started to grow his intellectual curiosity of English. Even as a child, he liked to ask and speak with American soldiers, showing great resiliency. Such interactions and intellectual curiosity allowed Mr. Ban to be a star student in secondary school (especially in English), earning him an opportunity to meet John F. Kennedy as a winner of the Red Cross Competition for international students with proven academic excellence. Meeting the late John F. Kennedy...
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...UNITED NATIONS 1-ABOUT UNITED NATIONS The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945. It is currently made up of 193 Member States. The mission and work of the United Nations are guided by the purposes and principles contained in its founding Charter. Due to the powers vested in its Charter and its unique international character, the United Nations can take action on the issues confronting humanity in the 21st century, such as peace and security, climate change, sustainable development, human rights, disarmament, terrorism, humanitarian and health emergencies, gender equality, governance, food,production,andmore. The UN also provides a forum for its members to express their views in the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, and other bodies and committees. By enabling dialogue between its members, and by hosting negotiations, the Organization has become a mechanism for governments to find areas of agreement and solve problems together. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- 2-United Nations General Assembly The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA, GA, or, from the French: Assemblée Générale, "AG") is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation. Its powers are to oversee the budget of the United Nations, appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council, receive...
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...Introduction The History of the United Nations Following the end of World War II, many nations decided that the League of Nations; an organization that was founded after World War I by the United States of America upon the Treaty of Versailles, needed to be replaced by an organization that could better foresee the needs of the international community and undertake the responsibility of maintaining international peace and security. The United Nations, with its six principle organs was founded in 1945, as a replacement to the failed League of Nations.1 The fifty founding countries of the United Nations met in San Francisco, California in 1945 in order to draft a new charter. The United Nations Charter was essentially based upon the principles of the Dumbarton Oaks conference of 1944. It was then that these fifty countries, alongside Poland, signed the charter and became the fifty-one original member states. The United Nations, a term coined by the American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1942, was founded to increase “cooperation on specific matters” and essentially establish world peace. Given the immense cultural diversity of the 192 current member states of the UN, the organization opted to adopt six official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. Alongside the two major headquarters for the organization where meetings are usually held found both in New York, USA and Geneva, Switzerland, local Offices are set up in other capitals across...
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...are rebuilding or developing. This is my 7th year participating in MUN conferences, and my third as staff at WASMUN. I’m looking forward to meeting you all and chairing a committee that has so much depth and scope in its topics! The following background guide is meant to serve as a general guide to the issues on our agenda. Your research should not only involve reading the background guide, but should also focus on an in-depth analysis of the history and debates which concern the regions in question. If delegates have any questions concerning the committee, topics or background guides, feel free to contact me at maderk@cc.wwu.edu. I look forward to seeing you in March! Sincerely, Kristina Mader Chair, Special Political & Decolonization WASMUN 2007 Copyright © Washington State Model United Nations 2006-2007 Page 1 of 14 Wash in gt on St ate Mo del Unit ed Nati ons 2 007 History of the Committee At the advent of the United Nations, a system of committees was set up to deal with the many diverse issues before the General Assembly. The First Committee, Disarmament and International Security, was formed to deal with the regulation of armaments and the admission, suspension and expulsion of United Nations members, as well as other political and security issues. With the number of problems rising though, the burden for DISC grew too great, leading the committee to rethink its focus and capabilities. Out of this effort a new committee was created. In 1965 the Fourth Committee, Special...
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...EXAMINATION. There are a number of human rights provisions in the charter of the United nations, Article 1 includes in the purposes of the organization the promotion and encouragement of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion. Article 13(1) notes that the general Assembly shall initiate studies and make recommendation regarding the realization of human rights for all, while Article 55 provides that the United Nation shall promote universal respect for and observance of human rights, in a significant provision Article 56 states that: all members pledge themselves to take joint and separate action in co-operation with the organization for the achievement of the purposes set forth in article 55 . The United Nations officially became an institution with the ratification of the UN Charter on October 24, 1945. From then on, it quickly became an active international body. On January 10, 1946, the first General Assembly met at Westminster, London. There were 51 nations represented at this first meeting. One week later, on January 17, the Security Council first met, also in London. The following week, on January 24, the General Assembly adopted its first resolution, focusing on peaceful uses of atomic energy and the elimination of weapons of mass destruction. February 1 of that year saw the appointment of the first Secretary-General, Trygve Lie, from Norway. The UN Headquarters were first established in New York...
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