...Urban Renewal Urban renewal (also called urban regeneration) is a function of urban planning that in the United States reached its peak from the late 1940s through to the early1970s (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). The most significant policy undertaken by a wide range of cities since World War II was that of urban renewal. Since 1954 urban renewal programs have changed the face of many downtown areas and displaced millions of low-income citizens. If there is anything to the "growth machine" hypothesis, the origins of this program at the national level, and the implementation of it in different cities, should reveal the guiding influence of the growth machine, for what these programs do is to clear downtown land of low-income housing and small buildings so that central business districts and such major institutions as universities and hospitals can be expanded and enhanced. Urban renewal has had a massive impact on the urban landscape and continues to the present day; urban renewal evolved into a policy based less on destruction and more on renovation and investment, and today is an integral part of many local governments, often combined with small and large business incentives. East Garfield area in Glendale, which is the third largest city and is located ten miles northeast of downtown Los Angeles, in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains, is the region that is undergoing the revitalization. Glendale has a population of approximately 200,000 people in an area...
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...Urban Renewal in New Haven, CT Education is a number one factor when it comes to planning for the future. Whether you’re a parent, teacher, grandparent, or a high school senior rummaging through college trip packages looking for the median between your perspective lifestyle and your SAT scores. There is an unidentified common ground that is correlated between education and where the education being received is located. A parent may want to send their child to a specific school because of a good district, good reviews, or even because the housing in the area is affordable for them. Another reason would be that the location is the best place their children can get an education for what was bargained in terms of schooling fees. A prospective college student may choose a school based on the programs offered that would aid towards their career path, the student may want to study abroad, they may want to be outside of the normal environmental climate, or simply just because they want to establish life in a specific area. But who is to say that the community in which the education is received in is also a big part of the student’s life. The interaction between the student and the surrounding neighborhood can be very crucial to an extent. Whatever the case may be location is a key aspect when choosing an education system for your needs. However there have been instances where this correlation may not have turned out to be the best for some families. To be precise in the last two...
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...Urban Renewal Policy Robert Burgess POL201: American national Government Instructor: Nicole Jones April 8, 2013 During most of our nations history, there has been little interaction between the federal government and local government concerning fiscal issues. The federal government had limited responsibility and most functions were left to the states. This would all change with the enactment of the Housing Act of 1949. The federal government began a host of housing, urban renewal and community development efforts. By using the vast resources of the federal government it began to micromanage the life of cities and neighborhoods. This study will show that these efforts where a large failure illustrated by many public housing projects that became marred by disorder and crime. The Constitution gave the federal government a sum of modest powers but much responsibility was left to the states. In the 19 30's the “New Deal” started to change this and the federal government's micromanagement of local government soared in the 1960's with President Lyndon Johnson's “Great Society” the birth of the Department of housing and Urban Development in 1965. But as history has shown, corruption and abuse has caused these programs to prove a failure. In 2009 HUD's Inspector General reported that in two and a half years it had found and “indicted 159 individuals, caused administrative actions against 143 individuals, had 5 civil actions, 39 personnel...
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...Definition of Gentrification: Gentrification is just one of the nebulous social issues taking place within modern Brixton, as London becomes more globalized and newer forms of ‘urban renewal’ are put into place. This particular urban phenomenon is best characterized as gentrification, which is defined for the purposes of this argument as a middle-class effort to undermine the local populace’s business, structure, and daily life by asserting their own values (Merriam-Webster). Expressed in expansive economic terms by Eric Clark, gentrification is noted as: “a process involving a change in the population of land-users such that the new users are of a higher socio-economic status than the previous users, together with an associated change in...
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...Gentrification is the process of where lower-income families and small businesses are pushed out of homes for a higher class to renovate in the area. The process has played a large role in Washington, DC for the past couple of years. Washington, DC is the nation's capital. It is home to the White House, the monument, the capital and etc. You will only see the bright, shiny wrapping paper the District. Other may see DC as a place of government offices and politics. Yet, this is only what tourist see. No one else sees what goes on in the background which are the people who reside in DC, especially the black community. The culture of has made a large jump since certification. Communities known to have historical value or places that have a reputation have become unrecognizable. Gentrification has a negative impact on DC because it forces residents to leave, raises the property value and damages the culture and character of the District. Through this process, it has only hushed the voices of the ones going through gentrification themselves. The backbone of DC has been the elderly, people who were here and helped create DC to be as what we know today. Yes, many advancements and social order was put in place by the government but its citizens had to have a say in their decisions The changes that have been made by gentrification has affected the citizens who reside in the District, the cities culture, and character. During gentrification the economy in the district changes such as,...
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...Urban renewal was problematic for cities, despite the federal policy aiming to improve urban life. The federal government’s objective was to improve the quality of life after the Great Depression through various factors, such as public housing and job employment. Policies centered on housing aimed to serve as politics of slum clearance. The 1949 Housing Act was enacted to re-build the cities, eliminate slums and blight while providing decent housing. Ideally the policy sounded beneficial for the community, however it was problematic due to the standard of “slum” and “blight”. During the 1940’s, blacks predominately lived in low quality areas, which were considered to be blight. The policy instilled “black removal” because of blacks being forced...
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...With reference to examples, evaluate the success or otherwise of urban regeneration schemes in combating the causes and consequences of urban decline. (40 marks) Urban decline is the deterioration of the inner city often caused by lack of investment and maintenance. It is often but not exclusively accompanied by a decline in population numbers, decreasing economic performance and unemployment. There are many reasons for urban decline such as loss of industry through changing market conditions or a lack of withdrawal of government support, Political decisions – governments can favour some cities over others, and encourage the development of some areas over others. Outmigration of wealthier and more skilled people leaves a lesser qualified population behind, which means less skilled workers are taking the jobs, and not doing them right linking back to a loss of industry, really urban decline is one big cycle, and it’s very hard to escape. This is where urban regeneration schemes come into play, urban regeneration schemes are used to improve the appearance of our towns and cities and to regenerate the area by restoring confidence and attracting new investment. In most cases they are used to improve the appearance of public open spaces in the centres of our cities, towns and villages. There are various government led schemes to regenerate cities, I am going to write about three such schemes, in London, Bradford and Southampton, and evaluate the overall effectiveness of whether they...
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...With reference to examples, evaluate the success or otherwise of urban regeneration schemes in combating the causes and consequences of urban decline (40) Urban decline is defined as the deterioration of the inner city. It is normally caused by a lack of investment and maintenance as well as social reasons and government policy and these declining areas are characterised by the low economic status, social and environmental decline and problems. Even with this decline, there are ways of regenerating the inner city, such as Urban Development Corporations and City Partnerships. The de-industrialisation of UK inner cities led to unemployment in the area, meaning there was a lack of disposable income and therefore and therefore a lack of expenditure in the local economy. This decreased income and expenditure means that rent prices would be lowered in the area and therefore landlords would not be motivated to carry out repairs and refurbishments, leading to a decline in the standard of living as well. The lack of expenditure meant that mass disinvestment from local businesses occurred as they decided to move to more prosperous areas to further their business ventures. This in turn creates more unemployment and a further lack in expenditure and more disinvestment; and the cycle continues. The local government collect less tax, while in turn having to shell out more in unemployment benefits, leading to further economic decline in the area, as well as a physical decline. This pushes...
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...Long-term implications Urban renewal sometimes lives up to the hopes of its original proponents – it has been assessed by politicians, urban planners, civic leaders, and residents – it has played an undeniably[citation needed] important role. Additionally, urban renewal can have many positive effects. Replenished housing stock might be an improvement in quality; it may increase density and reduce sprawl; it might have economic benefits and improve the global economic competitiveness of a city's centre. It may, in some instances, improve cultural and social amenity, and it may also improve opportunities for safety and surveillance. Developments such as London Docklands increased tax revenues for government. In late 1964, the British commentator Neil Wates expressed the opinion that urban renewal in the USA had 'demonstrated the tremendous advantages which flow from an urban renewal programme,' such as remedying the 'personal problems' of the poor, creation or renovation of housing stock, educational and cultural 'opportunities'.[26] As many examples listed above show, urban renewal has been responsible for the rehabilitation of communities—as well as displacement. Replacement housing – particularly in the form of housing towers – might be difficult to police, leading to an increase in crime, and such structures might in themselves be dehumanising. Urban renewal is usually non-consultative. Urban renewal continues to evolve as successes and failures are examined and new models...
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...Affordable Housing Environmental Science 115 Dr. Kip Thompson Tony Baker 11 May 2014 Affordable Housing Are poor people priced out or can it be they can’t afford housing in select areas? “Rising mortgage interest rates will price out some potential buyers (usatoday.com, 2014).” However, looking at what is affordable and what is not, one has to look at the location as well as characteristics of what type of home is being built. “The average share of the home’s sales price which goes to the construction costs jumped from 59 percent in both 2009 and 2011 to 62 percent in 2013(eyeonhousing.org).” The land the home is built on is a small percentage of the value of the home as well. Home prices are also based on classes of how the home is constructed and location. The usual four classes of homes built in the US can be categorized as economy home, average home, custom built, and luxury built. In some areas homes can be priced well below the construction cost. In large areas of country, like outside of city or rural areas, the price of purchase will come even closer to construction cost. Cities and suburbs on the other hand is where the prices of homes is much higher than the cost of new construction. Even though they do not represent the norm, this can be construed as pricing certain individuals out of cities and suburbs. Supply and Demand Why do some areas fair better than others when it comes to home prices? High cost areas fair better due...
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...Plan for Varanasi Executive Summary 1.0 Introduction Urban centres have a vital role in India’s socio-economic transformation and change. Urban centres account for 30% of the total populace, notwithstanding, most cities and towns are severely stressed in terms of infrastructure and service availability, and their growth and development is constrained by indifferent implementation of the 74th Constitution Amendment Act (CAA), 1992. The Government of India launched the JNNURM in December 2005. The Mission aims at encouraging cities initiate steps to bring about improvement in the existing service levels in a financially sustainable manner. The ever-increasing number of slum dwellers causes tremendous pressure on urban basic services and infrastructure. In order to cope up with massive problems that have emerged as a result of rapid urban growth, it is imperative to draw up a coherent urbanisation vision and strategy for implementation of projects aimed towards achieving the outlined vision. The aim of the Mission is to encourage reforms driven, fast track, planned development of identified cities with focus on efficiency in urban infrastructure and service delivery mechanisms, community participation, and accountability of Urban Local Bodies (ULB)/ parastatal agencies towards citizens. The JNNURM consists of two sub-missions – The Urban Infrastructure and Governance; and The Basic Services to the Urban Poor. The primary objective of the JNNURM is to create productive...
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...Geography- Urban Dynamics- Sydney Discuss and analyse the impacts of TWO urban dynamics operating in the city of Sydney Introduction The following report will discuss and analyse the impacts of urban dynamics operating in the city of Sydney. Urban Dynamics Urban dynamics are the processes responsible for any changes taking place in the spatial organisation of large cities. These urban dynamics shape the morphology of a city and create a unique history and character of this city. Some urban dynamics at work in cities include suburbanisation, exurbanisation, counter urbanisation, urban consolidation and urban decay and renewal. Throughout the history of a large city it is highly likely that many of these processes have occurred. The large city of Sydney in NSW, Australia has experienced many processes associated with urban dynamics. Some of these include suburbanisation, urban consolidation and urban decay and renewal. These have caused both positive and negative effects on the city. They have changed the technological, economic, social and cultural characteristics of Sydney. Sydney Sydney is defined as a large city in the developed world. Located at 33°52'S and 151°0'E, Sydney is one of the largest cities in the world in terms of geographical area at 499km2. Suburban Sydney radiates out from Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) and accommodates a population of 4 284 379. Approximately 1/5 of Australia’s population lives in Sydney’s Metropolitan area. Established as a city...
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...its immediate environs. Understandably, they more easily identified with the town in which they lived rather than the expanse beyond the actual and imagined town-limits. We call residents of Nassau, Nassuvians. Yet, unlike Abaconians, Cat Islanders and Inaguans, what is the demonym for those of us who live at New Providence? During the 20th century the population of Nassau climbed significantly through a combination of high birth rates among Bahamians and an influx of immigrants from Haiti who also tended to have high birth rates. The influx of Family Islanders also boosted the capital island’s numbers. Beginning around the middle of the last century, the mutual forces of majority rule and black economic empowerment ignited an urban expansion. With considerable rapidity, the majority of the island’s population shifted beyond Nassau. Urbanization has engendered many benefits as well as significant challenges for New Providence. These varied challenges include ongoing infrastructural needs in the areas of housing, ground transportation networks, public services and facilities, and reliable utilities, among others. There are also a complex of sociological challenges including increased crime and violence, social alienation by some and the changing nature of social networks such as neighbourhoods. The environmental and health challenges related to urbanization are also significant. What we are continuing to get our hands and collective imagination around are...
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...How is Regeneration relevant to society and Interior Design? Contemporary Influences on Interior Design VA0521 The critical theme I intend to investigate in is regeneration, regeneration is a action of renewal of something which is in a poor condition and transforming it with the outcome of improvement. As I am currently working on a project which involves the old Monument Mall, Blackett Street, Newcastle which has now been transformed in to beautifully designed retail stores and restaurants. One of the main purpose’s behind regeneration is usually to do with the deterioration in the architecture, many buildings which are hundreds of years old need revamping eventually. Regeneration can be seen as a benefit in ways, instead of completely demolishing deteriorated buildings as it is encouraging sustainability by making the most of its resources this assisting the environment. A benefit of regeneration also known as urban renewal would be more employment in the society, the more a building is expanded and improved, the...
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...It is important to bring up the notion of an agrarian community when referring to Broadacre City. The importance of this was not directly mentioned in the previous authors studies. Broadacres relied on an agrarian lifestyle to support the entire community and this would allow the city to thrive economically. (Wise, 2013) reports how post-World War II American suburbanization reflects many, but not all, aspects of Wright’s vision. In response, though numerous alternative models for urban growth aim to increase density. Thus, her main argument is to defend the hypothesis that humans require the presence of nature to live healthy and satisfying lives. Broadacre City is used as an example of providing the opportunity to experience a relationship...
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