...Correctional systems Essay topics * Winston Church once said: “We shape buildings, and then the buildings shape us.” Compare the architecture and management styles engendered by Jeremy Bentham and the Panopticon and modern campus style prisons * Should the same “Duty of Care” obligations for a Prison Officer be imposed on a Community Corrections Officer managing an offender in the community? Defend your answer. * Is there a case for the re-introduction of Capital Punishment? Defend your answer. * Should Prison Officers have greater disciplinary powers to control prisoner Behaviour? Defend your answer * Should prisoner classification be based on categories of crime, or is placement by individual case merit more effective? Defend your stance by argument and example. * Is there a case for privately run prisons, or should the government re-claim those prisons currently in private hands. Analyze and defend your position. * Is there a case for the number of categories of offences eligible for a home detention sentence to be increased? Analyze and defend your answer. * Should prisoners be forced to pay for their time in custody? Should there be a sliding scale of repayment? Defend your answer. Reading List Attached is a sample of materials “out there.” I encourage you to look at the range of e-books now available though Sage publications and Blackwell’s which you can access through the Library for 2012 editions Criminal...
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...all been taught about the possibility of being sent to jail or prison for any crimes we commit. While not all crimes end with incarceration, it is common knowledge that there will be some form of punishment for any crimes that we may commit. When it comes to punishment for crimes, the United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world when compared to the rates of other countries. The current incarceration rate in the United States is more than four times than the world average with some Individual states imprisoning up to six times more people than individual counties with a comparable population (National Council on Crime and Delinquency, 2012). The Incarceration rate for countries with populations comparable to that of the United States is around 100 prisoners for every 100,00 people, however, The United States has a rate that is about 500 per every 100,000 people (Population Reference Bureau, 2012). The jail population within the United States is made up of mostly Males making up more than 90 percent of the population while females make up 10 percent of the population but that number is also steadily rising. The number of women that have been incarcerated has seen a dramatic increase rising from a little over 15,000 in 1980 to close to 118,000 in 2010 (The Sentencing Project, 2012). Many view prison as a place to impose punishments for those to have committed crimes but the original philosophy of prison was to rehabilitate those offenders to prepare them for life...
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...Rehabilitation and AB109 Paper Denise Atkinson CJA/234 Joseph Dempsey October 17th, 2012 Rehabilitation and AB109 Paper Offenders are always punished in different ways. Fundamentally, this is in a bid to restore and enhance a desirable state of social cohesion. The characteristic rehabilitation refers to efforts geared toward enabling an individual too effectively to readapt to society and assume practices which are consistent with the societal rules and regulations. In his research, Gottschalk (2006) indicates that the origin of the practice of rehabilitative imprisonment can be traced in penitentiaries constructed at the close of the nineteenth century and were informed by biblical principles. Offenders left in solitude have a chance to reflect penitently over their felonies and are therefore likely to transform or cleanse themselves. With time, discipline, and hard labor were introduced in the practice to be partaken silently. This, according to the reformers helped the prisoners to meditate over their felonious practices. The rehabilitative efforts have undergone various changes and currently, most of them assume a more community based approach. The common method employed in this regard pertains to parole. Woodard (2011) defines parole as the release of an imprisoned offender who agrees to established rules even though he or she has to be closely monitored for a given period. This release is provisional and allows the offender to serve the remaining term from...
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...Case reflection: NORWAY PRISONS NORWAY PRISONS Abstract Norway established a distinctive experience in panel system and prison structure based on humanitarian and human rights of inmates. The concept of Norwegian system is to rehabilitate prisoners and facilitate their integration within society after their release and prevent their return to jail again. This article analyses this concept and measure its effectiveness and compare it with the US panel system. Norway Prisons Norway is a Scandinavian country, well known with its unique geography and peaceful population. It has the most human prisons in the world. The Norway panel system is unique in several aspects. It is unique in its aim and implementation and most notably in its results. The main objective of the Norwegian panel system is to reduce the probability of the prisoner to return back in jail. Prisons or Resorts Although this aim is targeted in almost all countries worldwide, its implementation in Norway is distinctive. The prison is a rehabilitation organization rather than punishment place. If anyone visits him Halden or the Balstoy prisons, he/she will think that it’s a touristic resort for relaxation. First, there are no bars on windows, accommodation is in dormitory-style rooms prepared to for the reception of family relative of the prisoners. Secondly, the facilities exist everywhere such as cooking academy style in kitchen, gym equipment, and many others. Also, modern televisions and internet access...
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...literature published between 2007, the time at which the last WHO review was conducted, to June 2015 (specific search period: January 1, 2007-June 30, 2015). Our aim was to determine the current state of HIV prevention and care and treatment programmes globally using available literature. Our search included peer-reviewed (Medline, PsycInfo, Sociological Abstracts), internet, and grey literature databases. Additional requests for literature were made to UN agencies (see Tables 1 and 2 for specific search strategy). A total of 430 abstracts were initially identified and entered into an Endnote library. All abstracts in English were reviewed. Studies were excluded if they were: (1) not in English; (2) published prior to 2007; (3) not focused on prison populations; (4) focused primarily on post-release; or (5) not focused on HIV. Papers were also excluded if they did not contain clear sampling methods and/or study details. After initial review, 295 abstracts were deemed not applicable due to duplication, falling outside inclusion criteria, and/or being irrelevant to the review. Full text articles for the remaining 135 abstracts were collected and reviewed. After full text review, 50 articles were retained for data extraction. Results are presented below by thematic areas. HIV...
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...Why are so Many Minorities in Prison? Robert Klein ENG 122 English Composition II Instructor Megan Lockard January 19, 2015 Outline: Why are so Many Minorities in Prison? I. Introduction A. Thesis: Racial disparity in the criminal justice system is widespread and it threatens to challenge the principal that our criminal justice system is fair, effective, and just. II. Body Paragraph I- As the rise of private, for-profit prisons increase in number there has to be a steady flow of inmates to keep a profit for these private, for-profit prisons. A. Supportive Evidence- As Hallet says in his 2002 essay, “ Race, Crime, and For-Profit Imprisonment: Social Disorganization as Market Opportunity,” “It is perhaps surprising to realize that the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution, which ended slavery, also authorized the ‘involuntary servitude’ of prisoners as a punishment for crime.”(p. 370) 1.Explanation- The private, for-profit prisons or as some people are now starting to call them corporations. The prisons need people in them to receive taxpayer dollars to house inmates and the idea is to make a profit off of every inmate in the prison. The Thirteenth Amendment protects the prisons to have free labor, so the owner of the prison does not have to pay the inmates for the work therefor; the owner keeps the profit. 2.So What? – That quote is important because it shows that prisons can get contracts and be protected to use the inmates as free labor. It shows...
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...of punishment. Prisoners live in poor conditions and were denied food and water at times. Various adjustments have been made to please the ethical and moral views of society. In 1909 when the Georgia Supreme Court granted prisoners civil rights despite not have other liberties Davenport (2009). Many people feel that prisoner should not have even human rights because they violated the law that puts them in the predicament. Therefor they prisoner should accept the punishment and also the hard life of the prison system. When prisoners face abuse, rapes and violate attacks no one seen to be outrage because some may feel “there is an eye for an eye” and the prisoner is getting just what they deserve. Some people belief these types of treatment send a message to others and make them thinks twice before committing a crime that will have you incarcerated. As time progress the prison system became a place to contain prisoners that are not fit for society and...
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...The prison systems in the US are filled with issues which have created a lot of debates. The amount of money spent the violence and crimes inside the prison, the safety of inmates and guards.One major issue that has brought a lot of attention is solitary confinement. This punishment is when the inmate is placed in a cell by themselves for 23 hours a day for a period of time even years sometimes. Although experts believe that solitary confinement is good for the prison system, because it causes mentally, physical damage and it's too costly, this punishment should be abolished in all states. In the entire world, there are only three developed nations that still use solitary confinement and the United States are one of them. In the USA this is usually used for a type of punishment for violent infractions, this is not always used judiciously (Lee 100). They say that this punishment does more harm than good. For example, experts say a number of prisoners that have illness before they are placed in confinement only finds that their illness seems to exacerbate (Lee 100). People who are held in there for years usually have a hard time reintegrating into the prison population (Lee 100). Adjusting back to the outside world also is hard because they...
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...Charles Fix Ariel Foland English I 10/10/17 Prison System in the U.S.A Brooks, David . “The Prison Problem.” The New York Times, 29 Sept. 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/09/29/opinion/david-brooks-the-prison-problem.html. This article online talks about how there are too many prisoners behind bars. The article goes on to say how the war on drugs got out of hand, and most of the criminals were non-violent offenders. The article also states how mass incarceration led to too many people in the prisons. This is a problem because it cost the tax payers tons of money to make the prisons bigger, and sometimes make new prisons. Also, some prisoners could be paroled too soon, and this means dangerous criminals are back out on the streets. This article...
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...Purpose and history of penitentiaries Name Date CJA/234 Introduction to Corrections Instructors Name History of Punishment History of punishment exists since of thousands of years. Though, it is very tough to decide when exactly human civilization started punishment system. There are some records to support the start of punishment system. The earliest legal code may have been that of Ur-Nammu, Founder of third dynasty of Ur at about 2050 BC. In this legal code actually a person will have to pay for something he does wrong. Usually the payment will be done in Silver Mina. Later, In Samarian records there was actually death penalty was given at murder trial. In the “Law of Eshunna” the upper class and lower class were given different punishment. This law use to cover every aspect of social life including marriage, divorce, Loans etc. The punishments were in form of monetary. The code of Hammurabi written around 1750 BC. By this code, abiding principle was Talio which has to do with mutilating the part of the body which has committed crime. In the kingdom, the legal rights and judicial process were available for everyone. But slaves and prisoners of war were not...
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...Prison overcrowding and the effects it has on the quality of the housing and care for inmates has been a problem in the United States since the beginning of their existence. Particularly in inmates with physical or mental disabilities (Newman, Scott 549.). Many believe this overcrowding has led to less than adequate infirmary conditions, longer wait times, if any, for medical and psychiatric treatment and processing, leading to many civil lawsuits alleging abuses to the 8th Amendment. Although lowering prison populations theoretically seems like an easy fix solution, the reality is that law enforcement is not generally trained to assess medical or psychiatric situations. Additionally, more than half of the prison population is filled with inmates with some sort of mental or substance abuse disorder (Horne, Newman, 547). To help fix this problem it seems that Crisis intervention training should be taught to all law enforcement departments to help identify individuals suffering from mental illness versus a violent offender. This would help reduce the number of mentally ill patients being arrested, keeping the overall prison population down. In California, prisons have been at nearly...
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...In today judicial system, many criminals are getting away with very little or no punishment for the crimes they are committing. You could be walking down the street in your very own neighborhood looking for their next victim and you do not even realize it. These criminals have no remorse on what they do; they are just waiting to strike again. However, if someone asked what your thought is on the death penalty, most would probably say that they are against it that is until a family member or someone you love is walking down the street and that man who was looking for their next victim found them. It was a family member and you will never see them again. Capital punishment has been a topic of debate for a very long time and it still has no certain solution. The Supreme Court, in 1972 said that it was unconstitutional and had made it legal after the Furman v. Georgia case. They said that it was in violation of our eighth and fourteenth amendment citing cruel and unusual punishment (Shaw, 2001). They then reinstated the death penalty after the Gregg v. Georgia case in 1976 (Shaw, 2001). As of September 2010, fifteen states that do not have the death penalty ("Death penalty information center," 2010.) Today about seventy percent of Americans who support the death penalty (The pros and cons of the death penalty in the USA, 2011). While thirty percent are against the death penalty (The pros and cons of the death penalty in the USA, 2011). When seeking the death...
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...of our justice system can be across the United States? How damaging is it to a community when someone is wrongfully convicted? In society, the system and law enforcement choose the incarcerees who are at risk of being punished if the incarcerees meet the requirements of being punished. This is done by the US’s justice system, called the retributive system. This system punishes and imprisons people without learning the whole story. In the book Just Mercy, Bryan Stevenson talks about how the retributive justice system attempts to portray that it is fair for all, yet we are far from having a fair system as the current legal work is short of being fair. To begin, the criminal justice...
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...The Martha Stewart Case Professor Beverly H. Lee | AbstractThis is a brief synopsis into the life of Martha Stewart and the legal fortunes or misfortunes of Martha Stewart. We will delve into the various stages in her life and the outcome of the events that transpire in her life. By: Paul Cumberbatch BUSA 2106-200 | Fraud, lying, conspiracy...not terms that any individual generally wants associated with their history, nevertheless with their reputation and personality; even if that individual happens to be Martha Stewart. Her name pronounces itself across cookbooks, magazines and even has its own show on Style and The Learning Channel. It now pronounces itself with yet another captivating theme, as part of one of America's major scandals. As a well-respected author of books on cooking, entertaining and decorating she rose to prominence. It was also due to the expansion of her brand name by means of magazine and television show, and serving as CEO of the Martha Stewart Omnimedia. However; as it would come as an ironic coincidence that she would have to go to court which subsequently led to Ms. Stewart’s resignation from her post as CEO amid allegations of insider trading in 2002. Martha Stewart was born on August 3, 1971 as Martha Kostyra in New Jersey. She was the second of six children as she grew up in Nutley, New Jersey. By Age 13 she was working a model, making appearance in fashion shows, television and printed advertisements. As time went along she began attending...
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...Death Penalty In today judicial system, many criminals are getting away with very little or no punishment for the crimes they are committing. You could be walking down the street in your very own neighborhood looking for their next victim and you do not even realize it. These criminals have no remorse on what they do; they are just waiting to strike again. However, if someone asked what your thought is on the death penalty, most would probably say that they are against it that is until a family member or someone you love is walking down the street and that man who was looking for their next victim found them. It was a family member and you will never see them again. Capital punishment has been a topic of debate for a very long time and it still has no certain solution. The Supreme Court, in 1972 said that it was unconstitutional and had made it legal after the Furman v. Georgia case. They said that it was in violation of our eighth and fourteenth amendment citing cruel and unusual punishment (Shaw, 2001). They then reinstated the death penalty after the Gregg v. Georgia case in 1976 (Shaw, 2001). As of September 2010, fifteen states that do not have the death penalty ("Death penalty information center," 2010.) Today about seventy percent of Americans who support the death penalty (The pros and cons of the death penalty in the USA, 2011). While thirty percent are against the death penalty (The pros and cons of the death penalty in the USA, 2011). When seeking the death...
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