...Operating Systems Concepts Date: 05/13/2015 Operating system definition The operating system a series of important program runs on the computer that enables the computer turn on and handles all kinds of tasks. Every program running on the computer must depend on the operating system. Operating system control the most basic function on the computer, such as receiving input from the devices (keyboard, mouse, scanner), processing data (calculate, save the data), sending output to the display screen, creating files, directories, and keeping track of files and directories on the disk. Operating system function There are a lot of functions on an operating system. Even there is one function stop working, our computer system will crash. The basic functions of an operating system including: Booting the computer, Performs basic input output function, managing the various peripheral devices (mouse, keyboard, and printer), provides a user interface: graphical user interface, Handles system resources such as computer's memory and sharing of the central processing unit time by various applications or peripheral devices, Provides file management which refers to the way that the operating system manipulates, stores, retrieves and saves data. Booting the computer Booting means the process of starting and restarting the computer. When you turn on a computer after it has been turned off completely, that calls a cold boot. A warm boot means using...
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...how operating system are classified (25) 2. Give a brief discussion on the structures of an operating system, monolithic and layered (25) (1).List and explain how operating system are classified (25) The operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as: * recognizing input from the keyboard, * sending output to the display screen, * keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and * Controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers. Operating systems can be classified as follows: Multi-user : Multi-user allows two or more users to run programs at the same time. Some operating systems permit hundreds or even thousands of concurrent users. This type of operating systems allows multiple users to use the system resources simultaneously. A multi-user operating system allows multiple users to access a computer system concurrently. Time-sharing systems can be classified as multi-user systems as they enable multiple-user access to a computer through the sharing of time. : Windows vista, Mac X tiger etc. Single-user: Single-user operating systems, as opposed to multi-user operating systems, are usable by a single user at a time. Being able to use multiple accounts on a Windows operating system does not make it a multi-user system...
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...Chapter 2. Security in the Microsoft Windows Operating System ONE OF THE MORE DIFFICULT TASKS when securing any computer system or network is identifying where to start. There are many components in any computing environment. Each component is a potential point of attack. Since the operating system provides the ability for software and hardware to interact it is a good starting point for securing an entire environment. On any computer, the operating system enables software to access physical resources. For example, it is the operating system that governs how any application actually reads from, or writes to, a physical disk. Consequently, the operating system is a prime candidate for attack and a valuable resource to protect. From an attacker's point of view, a compromised operating system provides easy access to protected information. Compromising operating system controls gives the attacker the ability to remove evidence of attacks and "clean up" any leftover log entries or other traces of the attack. A secure operating system is the basis of a secure environment. In this chapter you will learn about the Windows operating system architecture and controls to ensure system security. You will also learn how attackers search for, find, and exploit operating system vulnerabilities. With the knowledge of how attackers operate you'll be able to identify and implement the right controls to secure your environment. Chapter 2 Topics In this chapter, the following topics and concepts are presented:...
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...Operating Systems When you purchase a computer or mobile device, it usually has an operating system and other tools installed. As previously discussed, the operating system and related tools collectively are known as system software because they consist of the programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices. An operating system (OS) is a set of programs that coordinate all the activities among computer or mobile device hardware. Other tools, enable you to perform maintenance-type tasks usually related to managing devices, media, and programs used by computers and mobile devices. Most operating systems perform similar functions that include starting and shutting down a computer or mobile device, providing a user interface, managing programs, managing memory, coordinating tasks, configuring devices, monitoring performance, establishing an Internet connection, providing file management and other device or media-related tasks, and updating operating system software. Some operating systems also allow users to control a network and administer security. Although an operating system often can run from a USB flash drive, media in an optical drive, or an external drive, in most cases, an operating system resides inside a computer or mobile device. For example, it is installed on a hard drive in a laptop or desktop. On mobile devices, the operating system may reside on firmware in the device. Firmware consists of ROM chips or flash memory chips that store...
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...POPULARITY AND USAGE STATISTICS OF DIFFERENT OPERATING SYSTEMS Submitted by: Bendicion, Divine Grace L. BSCS 3 Submitted to: Prof. Efren Semacio Instructor, Operating Systems Quality of Research (30%)…..…. | ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- | Writing Quality (20%) ……….….. | ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- | Analytical Strength (30%)….…... | ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- | Effort (10%)……………….….…... | ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- | References (10%)………….……. | ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- | TOTAL ………………………….... | ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- | OVERVIEW AND DATA PRESENTATION A survey over the internet, specifically through Facebook, was done by the researcher from November 28, 2011 to December 2, 2011 to determine the popularity or usage statistics of certain operating systems. A picture with operating systems logos was posted by the researcher including the question “Which operating system do you prefer to use and why?” During this timespan, 71 respondents posted their answers...
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...Chapter 2 OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPTS SYS-ED/ Computer Education Techniques, Inc. Solaris System Administration: Introduction Operating System Concepts Objectives You will learn: • Operating system components. • Solaris usage of processes. • File management and file systems. • Use of the Solaris Management Console. SYS-ED/COMPUTER EDUCATION TECHNIQUES, INC. (Solaris – System Admin: Intro - 6.5) Ch 2: Page i Solaris System Administration: Introduction 1 Operating System Concepts Operating System: Definition An operating system is the set of programs that controls a computer. The core of the operating system is the kernel. The kernel is a control program that functions in privileged state that allows all hardware instructions to be executed. It reacts to interrupts from external devices and to service requests and traps from processes. The kernel creates and terminates processes and responds to requests for service. Operating systems are resource managers. The main resource is computer hardware in the form of processors, storage, input/output devices, communication devices, and data. Operating system functions include: • Implementing the user interface. • Sharing hardware among users. • Allowing users to share data among themselves. • Preventing users from interfering with one another. • Scheduling resources among users. • Facilitating input/output. • Recovering from errors...
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...Program Execution The purpose of a computer systems is to allow the user to execute programs. So the operating systems provides an environment where the user can conveniently run programs. The user does not have to worry about the memory allocation or multitasking or anything. These things are taken care of by the operating systems. Running a program involves the allocating and deallocating memory, CPU scheduling in case of multiprocess. These functions cannot be given to the user-level programs. So user-level programs cannot help the user to run programs independently without the help from operating systems. I/O Operations Each program requires an input and produces output. This involves the use of I/O. The operating systems hides the user the details of underlying hardware for the I/O. All the user sees is that the I/O has been performed without any details. So the operating systems by providing I/O makes it convenient for the users to run programs. For efficiently and protection users cannot control I/O so this service cannot be provided by user-level programs. File System Manipulation The output of a program may need to be written into new files or input taken from some files. The operating systems provides this service. The user does not have to worry about secondary storage management. User gives a command for reading or writing to a file and sees his her task accomplished. Thus operating systems makes it easier for user programs to accomplished their task. This service...
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...File Management Paper When dealing with the file management concept of computers and operating systems there are always multiple options and preferences that are available. One method of file storing is when an operating system detects the type of file; the type of program used to access it and saves it as such with pathways and locations filled out. A second method is to allow the pathways and file types to be set by the user, allowing for any program or file extension that is available to be used. A third method is for the operating system to not allow the saving of file type or file extensions, but to assign a specific code related to that operating system that allows it to determine the file type. These three methods all have their benefits and drawbacks referring to ease of access, ease of storage, and the structure of the file system. As each of these methods provides a specific purpose the use of one method over another will depend on how a computer filing system is designed and also how it is utilized by frequent and authorized users. In an operating system that detects the file type when it is being stored the system is recognizing what application is being used to access that file and saving it in storage under a file directory that will open the file with that type or certain program. For example if a user is accessing a text document and saves it, the operating system will detect the word processing application and save the file in a directory or pathway that will...
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...FUNCTIONS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM. * The main purpose of an operating system is that it defines an abstraction of hardware behavior with which programmers can control the hardware. An operating system also manages resources that are shared by other computer users. In addition, this system is an interface between hardware and users which manages and coordinates the activities and the sharing of the resources of the computer. It acts as a host for computing applications running on the machine * Functions Booting the computer The process of starting or restarting the computer is known as booting. A cold boot is when you turn on a computer that has been turned off completely. A warm boot is the process of using the operating system to restart the computer. Performs basic computer tasks The operating system performs basic computer tasks, such as managing the various peripheral devices such as the mouse, keyboard and printers. For example, most operating systems now are plug and play which means a device such as a printer will automatically be detected and configured without any user intervention. Provides a user interface A user interacts with software through the user interface. The two main types of user interfaces are: command line and a graphical user interface (GUI). With a command line interface, the user interacts with the operating system by typing commands to perform specific tasks. An example of a command line interface is DOS (disk operating system). With a graphical...
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...Linux CIS 155 Victor Gaines Dr. Weidman December 19, 2012 An operating system is, in the most basic of terms, the back bone of any modern day personal computer. They allow for users to start applications, manipulate the system, and, in general, use the computer effectively and efficiently. There are many different operating systems, all of which are used by different people for different reasons. The Apple OS operating system is the sole property of the Apple Company and is used in all of their computers and technology that they create. Then you have Windows, which is quite possibly the most widely recognizable operating system on the market today. Then there is Linux. Linux is seen as the operating system for “people who know computers”. Linux is not as user friendly as the Apple OS or Windows but it is seen as one of the most flexible operating systems around. Linux was born from the brain trust of a small group of friends lead by a Finn computer science student, Linus Torvalds. Linus built the kernel, which is the core of the Linux operating system, though the kernel itself does not fully constitute an operating system. Richard Stallman’s GNU tools were used to fully flesh out the Linux operating system. Torvald matched these two together to make these two parts one whole working body. Linux is still in its infancy but has gathered a tremendous following since its inception in 1991. Linux is greatly favored by amongst developers, being used in everything from computers...
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...Operating Systems Section A Part one 1. a. Heap 2. c. An execution of program 3. a. without a break irrespective of size 4. C. Page replacement 5. b. To execute a procedure in another compute in the distributed system 6. b. High performance by serving several processes simultaneously 7. b. To execute a procedure in another compute in the distributed system 8. c. Multi-site transaction 9. c. Both a & b 10. d. 1 or more CPU True and False 1. false 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. True 6. True 7. False 8. False 9. False 10. True Section B Answer 1) It is a secure means to recognize a user when accessing government services online. The user remains anonymous, and the authentication process just confirms that the credential is valid and is in the hands of the owner of the credential. Credential authentication does not reveal or confirm identity to the government website. It receives only a message confirming that your credential (username/password) was successfully validated by your bank or by the government. Answer 2) File system a. Directory system for convenient grouping of files b. Protection of files against illegal access c. File sharing semantics d. Reliable storage of files IOCS a. Effecient operation of I/O devices b. Effecient access to records in file c. Invokes facilities through kernel d. Perform I/O operations without knowing the...
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...OPERATING SYSTEMS LECTURE: Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEMS * Elements of a computer system: Hardware, Software, Peopleware, Communication, Data, * Types of Software: System software and application software | Type | Description | Examples | System software | Basic Software | * SW that manages and controls hw and application sw * usually called OS * includes utility programs/ service programs * language processors | OSDevice driversDisc compressionOptimization swScreen saversAnti virus swCompilers/ interpreters | | Middleware | Sw that operates between OS and appcn sw | DbmsCommunication mgmt sysOperations m toolsSw development system | Application software | Common Application Software | Sw that is used for a variety of industries and work | Word processing swSpreadsheet swCad/camStatistical swGraphics swGroupware | | Specific Application Software | Sw that is used for specific industries and work | Payroll calc swFinancial accounting swSales mgmt swProduction mgmt system | | | | | User | | Software Application software Runs on system software platform | | Systems software Middle ware | | Basic software Acts as interface between the hw and appcn sw, and user | | | | hardware | PURPOSE OF OPERATING SYSTEM * provide an environment within the hardware so that users can execute their programs * serves as a platform where other programs can run goal of OS ...
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...Operating Systems Operating system is a software program that operates and manages computer hardware and software components. An operating system can be categorized either as an open source operating system or a closed operating system on the basis of the source code availability for alteration and modification. An operating system that copies the source code into the system when operating installed whereas a closed operating system does not allow viewing, modifying, or updating the source, it only installs the executable files when this operating system is installed into any of the operating systems. Examples of open source operating systems are Linux, UNIX etc., and closed operating systems examples are Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X etc. Open source and closed source operating systems comparison Open-source operating will allow access to the source code by the users and programmers to make alterations. As source code is available in the public he person who has programming skills can read the source code and modify the code or here she can add some advanced functions in the existing operating system which can debug the code. In most cases new versions of the open source operating systems are introduced by the Open Source community programmers that debug the product for a special reason and make your own personalized version of the product. Possibilities in the personalize open-source product are limitless. As open-source product...
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...functions of an operating system In definition the operating systems provides an interface between the hardware of the computer and the user. So without the operating system you wouldn’t have GIU and it would take you days for the simplest task. The operating system functions like a boss at work place. Its job is to make sure all the applications get the right resources. Similar to a boss making sure the employees have the right resources. It also makes sure the capacity of the system is running good for all users and applications. Like in a work place the boss makes sure production is at the right pace for employees and employers. The operating system also provides a consistent application interface. This allows a software developer to write on one computer and be confident it will run on different computer of the same type. The three most used operating systems are Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X. The operating systems have the same function on all computers. Which is allows the user to have an interface but there are differences between them and here are five of them. The first is that Microsoft Windows and Apples Mac OS X operating codes are protected so you have to buy specific software for them. Linux is a free operating system and anybody can change the code or write software for Linux freely. The second difference is the security of the operating system. Windows has a lot of users and programs so hackers tend to focus more on windows operating systems and create more viruses...
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...three main purposes of an operating system? • To provide an environment for a computer user to execute programs on computer hardware in a convenient and efficient manner. • To allocate the separate resources of the computer as needed to solve the problem given. The allocation process should be as fair and efficient as possible. • As a control program it serves two major functions: (1) supervision of the execution of user programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer, and (2) management of the operation and control of I/O devices 1.2 What are the main differences between operating systems for main frame computers and personal computers? Operating systems for batch systems have simple requirements than for personal computers. Batch systems do not have to be concerned with interacting with a user as much as a personal computer. As a result, an operating system for a PC must be concerned with response time for an interactive user. Batch systems do not have such requirements. A pure batch system also may have not to handle time sharing, whereas an operating system must switch rapidly between different jobs. 1.3. List the four steps that are necessary to run a program on a completely dedicated machine. (a. Reserve machine time. (b. Manually load program into memory. (c. Load starting address and begin execution (d. Monitor and control execution of program from console. 1.4 We have stressed the need for an operating system to make efficient use of...
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