...manufacturers are looking into a complete autonomous vehicle (AV). These are completely self-driving cars which the computer system controls every aspect of the drive. AVs have the potential to alter the landscape of driving like it has never been altered before. They have the potential to reduce the number of deadly crashes, provide transportation to elderly and disabled people and provide more capacity on the road. This paper will address the overall safety benefit of these vehicles. The first section will provide details into the technology behind the AV. This technology is the main component of the AV and will provide the safety factors in the system. The technology is currently in some cars and will advance to cover more systems as the AV becomes more accepted. The second section will cover the safety of the vehicle. It will delve into the number of accidents currently happening with human drivers to the tests of AVs. It will also bring up different factors which cause human accidents which are not present in a computer. Finally the third section will cover the health benefits of AVs. Stress is a major cause of most medical conditions. Driving in some instances cause major stress. So if a computer is driving the car then that should lessen the overall stress. This section will explore this benefit. Technology of Autonomous Vehicles The development of autonomous vehicles is in high demand. Many universities and private companies...
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...Autonomous Vehicles Google with the help of specially trained scientist and engineers, have come up with a robot concept car. This autonomous vehicle uses artificial intelligence software. This can sense anything near and mimic the decisions made by a human driver. With someone behind the wheel to take control if something goes wrong and a technician in the passenger seat to monitor the navigation system. Using a funnel like cylinder on the roof contains a camera and a sensor. The mass production of this car has people to believe that they can transform society as profoundly as the internet has. The first thought that comes to mind when you think about a car that could drive itself, is that how safe could it be? You could also ask yourself can a robot be a safer driver than a human? But the truth is that robots react 10 times faster than humans. They also have a 360 degree perception. There aren’t any distractions such as texting, talking on the phone, falling asleep at the wheel, or intoxication. More than 37,000 people died in 2008 due to distractions while driving. Engineers started out by building and testing models in the mid 1960’s. Seven test cars have been driven 1,000 miles, without human intervention and more than 140,000 miles with only occasional human control. One even drove itself down one of the steepest and curviest streets in the nation. The only accident engineers said was when a Google car was rear-ended while stopped at a traffic light. The engineers say...
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...attempt to making profit for Google itself by monetizing even more personal data from the customers. They point out that Google has been allegedly collecting users’ personal data in different ways. With the introduction of autonomous vehicle, more private information, such as personal movement, can be inappropriately collected, stored, sold and even disposed of (wired by DOUG NEWCOMB, 2012). Currently, the communication technologies for data transfer used by autonomous vehicles include Commercial Wireless Services, such as cellular for voice and data communication, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi and so on. In addition, as the fast-growing cloud-based technologies become prominent, it is very likely that autonomous vehicle communications utilize such technologies so information carried on the “cloud” is inestimable. Therefore, without setting legislative limits on data sharing for the purpose of profit making, massive amount of personal information and people’s basic rights for privacy are at enormous risk. Recently, A global technology developer acknowledged the vulnerabilities of autonomous vehicles to various types of security attack and also he agreed that the security concerns applicable to the Internet would apply to autonomous vehicles as well (Autonomous Vehicle Technology A Guide for Policymakers, 2014). Solutions: Lawmakers and policymakers should amend relevant lawsuits or regulations to prevent personal information from being compiled without the knowledge and permission from the...
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...“A driverless car is a robotic vehicle that is designed to travel between destinations without a human operator” (Whatis.com, 2011, September). Plenty of research has been done to explain the benefits of autonomous vehicles. The research covers a wide variety of benefits; however, this paper will bring focus on three major benefits of autonomous vehicles. These benefits will include a reduction in traffic jams, reduced crashes, and increased mobility amongst the disabled. Current theories and research on autonomous vehicles indicate that self-driving cars will reduce congestion. Self-driving cars are adjusted to operate at a particular speed. These cars preserve a regular distance from other automobiles and do much less lane adjustments. According to Bose and Loannou (2003), “if 10% of all vehicles on a given freeway segment are AVs, there will likely be an AV in every lane at regular spacing during congested times, which could smooth traffic for all travelers” (As Cited in Fagnant & Kockelman, 2015). Thus, it has been shown that AVs have the potential to reduce congestion....
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...has to be involved, car and other motor vehicle collisions have a more straightforward process than truck accidents. The factors making these cases more complex are determining fault and getting information about the accident. For those unaware, truck and tractor trailer accidents have increased over the past two decades. Because of the truck's larger size and weight, these collisions, as well, result in greater damage than standard motor vehicle accidents. The trucking industry, in response, has federal laws and regulations drivers, the companies, and vehicle owners are required to follow; the standards, as well, assist with determining who is at fault for the accident. Common regulations include Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), state DOTs, and Federal Motor Carriers Safety Administration (FMCSA)....
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...CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR A Case study on GREEN vehicles in India: A FUTURE MARKET FACULTY:- Dr. Himani Sharma FROM:- Aamir Saleem Roll No – C-022 MBA M&S Under: Taufeeque Ahmad Company: JLL India Ltd. Phone number: 09560427952 ABSTRACT The Indian automobile industry has emerged stronger from the recent global downturn, and sales across all segments have seen record breaking numbers in the recent past. While the Indian industry has much to look forward to, by way of steady growth in both domestic and export markets, there are some clear challenges accompanying the opportunities in greener vehicles and alternative mobility. The shooting upward trend of price of fuel, pollution and purchasing power of the people the Indian automobile industry look to create a segment of consumer that has demand for the “GREEN VEHICLES” that are more fuel efficient, less CO2 emission and low operating cost or can run on alternate fuel. KEYWORDS: Green vehicles, Alternate fuel, Hybrid cars, Eco-friendly, CNG/LPG vehicles, E-mobility INTRODUCTION Demographically and economically, India’s automotive industry is well-positioned for growth, servicing both domestic demand and, increasingly, export opportunities. A predicted increase in India’s working-age population is likely to help stimulate the burgeoning market for private vehicles. Rising prosperity, easier access to finance and increasing affordability is expected to see four-wheelers gaining volumes, although...
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...“Historically, many in the automobile and oil industries have fought progress on electric cars. It's the same story we've seen before with seat belts and catalytic converters: The automakers leave the technology on the shelf until policymakers require them to do what is in the best interests of the American people.” (Anair & Shahan, 20011). Policy will dictate how the industry will be impacted over the next five years. Lawmakers are constantly changing the rules and regulations that automakers have to produce cars by. In the following essay we will use a macro trend analysis to determine the path of the hybrid vehicle. Issues Legislation has evolved over recent years requiring automakers to adhere to a minimum fuel economy standard. As gas prices continue to rise, people have started to trend toward more energy efficient means of transportation. Hybrid vehicles have an electric motor along with rechargeable batteries and have an increased efficiency of up to 50 percent. There is an onboard computer that switches between gas and electric power. The hybrid car runs on the energy of the battery when it is cruising, using less energy. When it needs additional power, the fuel engine is used for energy purposes. The market for hybrids can be analyzed by looking at the macro-environmental trends (macro trends). According to Mullins and Walker (2010), “the macro-environment can be divided into six major components: demographic, sociocultural, economic, technological,...
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...Body Slip Angle Observer Based on Nonlinear Tire Model for Electric Vehicle Stabilization Control with In-Wheel Motors Geng Cong, Hori Yoichi (The University of Tokyo) Abstract: Body slip angle is important for electric vehicle stabilization control with in-wheel-motors. However，as sensors to measure body slip angle are very expensive, it needs to estimate β from variables measurable. The most difficult forβestimation is that the strong non-linear characteristics of vehicle, especially non-linear characteristics of tire force makes vehicle model parameters change greatly as vehicle running in nonlinear conditions. This paper proposes an observer based on nonlinear tire model which can describe the tire lateral force in its nonlinear region. Simulation and experimental analysis demonstrate the observer’s effectiveness, especially when the vehicle running in nonlinear cornering regions. Key words: electric vehicle, vehicle stabilization control, body slip angle, nonlinear observer, nonlinear tire model 1. Introduction In recent years, considering environmental protection and energy conservation, electric vehicles (EVs) are intensively developed. Due to the improvement of motor design and control technology, modern configurations are developed for EV. One of the latest configurations is motor-in-wheels, which means motors can be fitted into all the driving wheels of EV independently. For vehicle chassis control, such configuration brings much more advantages. All...
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...the last that is remaining being grabbed by the richest that are able to afford it by paying a huge premium for it. It sounds like a situation that will happen in far future, but all of us need to realize and be aware of the fact that the so called ‘far future’ is just 4 decades away. Can we envision a world sustaining without oil reserves? Can we still be ignorant of the fact that the oil reserves are getting completely drained up in the near future? Can we still continue comfortably the same level of oil consumption? One needs to act upon to save the oil, use it very meticulously and postpone the exhaustion of the oil reserves by as much as possible. All of it can start with initiative as simple as - • Turning off the engine of motor vehicles while one idles at the Traffic Light Though it seems to be very small saving, it will definitely make a big difference when considered holistically. And studies did reveal the benefits of such actions. Such small initiative will not only result in saving of the oil but also gives many other cascading benefits. But all it needs is awareness and realization in the general public. If we can successfully market the cause and call for the action, the public will definitely join hands. In India, domestically the oil production is roughly 0.69 million barrels per day. But the demand for oil is 2.2 million barrels per day. Hence, only 30% of the demand is met by the domestic oil reserves and the excess 70% of the oil required is imported by India...
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...Hybrid Vehicles A hybrid is a type of automobile that utilizes two or more propulsion systems. Current hybrids integrate an internal combustion engine and an electric motor and battery. Depending on their design, certain hybrids can operate primarily on the internal combustion engine with some assistance from the electric motor. Other systems rely predominantly on the electric motor; these systems use the internal combustion engine only when significant power is needed to propel the car or when the battery system needs recharging. The Basic Types of Hybrids: * Mild Hybrid: The electric motor and battery act as an assist to the internal combustion engine. * Full Hybrid: The two propulsion systems (electric motor and internal combustion engine) can work independently or in conjunction with each other. * Plug in hybrids: The internal combustion engine acts only as a back-up to the main rechargeable motor and battery system. How Mild & Full Hybrids Work Both mild and full hybrids never need to be plugged in, however there are some features that distinguish the two. A mild hybrid is one that cannot drive on the electric motor alone—it always needs the internal combustion engine to propel the vehicle while the motor acts as an assist. One such example is the Chevrolet Silverado pickup hybrid, which features a massive V8 power plant, incorporating two small electric motors. These motors act only to start the internal comusbtion engine, and recharge the battery...
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...started taking steps in this direction. In America, for example, The Obama administration has, set forth a goal of having one million electric-powered vehicles on U.S. roads by 2015, while some others have also proposed a medium-term goal where electric vehicles would consist of 20% of the passenger vehicle fleet by 2030 or approximately 30 million electric vehicles to contribute toward greener planet or reduce their carbon print. Many big automobile companies have also started taking steps in this direction by giving serious thought to development of battery operated vehicle or hybrid vehicles. Nissan Motor for example has already put a six billion dollars bet in the growing market for such vehicles. To those worried about the over dependence of their countries on exports of oil from foreign countries, development and deployment of electric vehicles will be a huge respite. Implementing stronger efficiency standards and imposing higher taxes on motor fuels are some steps in the direction to reduce over dependency on depleting natural resources, but achieving even greater reductions will require changing the way people power their transportation system or use vehicle/cars/public transportation to travel. To those worried about climate change, greenhouse emission and depleting ozone layer, electric cars, or battery powered vehicles could increasingly be considered a boon. Finally, to countries and states which are increasingly trying to reduce their...
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...hybrid vehicle Abstract The topic of this research paper is the impact of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) on the environment and society. The methodologies used to carry out research on this topic include collecting information on HEVs, their components, pollution caused by the manufacturing of their batteries, their economics, and their safety. The conclusions of the report are that HEVs adversely impact the environment and society. iii Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iii Table of Figures ............................................................................................................................. vi Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Definition of the Problem ........................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Fossil Fuels ............................................................................................................................ 6 1.2 Air Pollution .......................................................................................................................... 7 1.2.1...
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...the average automobile consumer demands a better, more fuel efficient vehicle. This demand has forced manufacturers to begin producing hybrid vehicle; first four door hybrid sedan was unveiled by Toyota in 2000. The Toyota Prius’ success encouraged it competitors to roll out their hybrid cars as well setting a common standard for environmentally friendly and efficient vehicles. The relationship of consumer and manufacturer in the car industry on a macro level has always been one in relative equilibrium. As demand increases the car manufacturers have increased supply. The green movement in the United States pushed for hybrid vehicles and car manufacturers responded by producing more vehicles, making the supply line more open. The next venture for an ultimate environmentally friendly vehicle has been the all-electric, plug-in vehicles. The market for all electric vehicles is heavily influenced by numerous variables: government influence to decrease gas consumption, media attitude for a green planet to decrease the potential effects of global warming, and –the big one- gas both its supply influenced by international politics and its consistent rising cost. The production of hybrid cars has increased profoundly since Toyota first released the Prius in 2000. Competitors such as a Ford and GM began releasing hybrids in 2004 and 2007 respectively; increasing consumer options from 2 hybrid vehicles to 10. The graph below shows hybrid market share breakdown in the United...
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...Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Country Background Nepal is situated in the Himalayas bordering the Peoples Republic of China on the north and India on the remaining three sides. Nepal is elongated in east west direction with an average length of 885 km and the width varying from 133 km to 255 km in North South direction having an area of 147,181 sq. km. The Population of the country is 26.494 million with growth rate 1.35% per annum. 1.2 Modes of Transportation Nepal’s transport sector accounts for a large part of domestic passenger and freight movements. Being a landlocked country and due to high current and inadequate water depth in Nepalese river the water transport has very limited potential. Air services were the main mode of transportation in remote hills of Nepal till few years back and still contribute to passenger movements to key commercial and tourist destinations, and to the transport of both passengers and goods into remote hill areas. The single operating railway system covers only 52 km within the country which is in pathetic condition. The road construction in Nepal is very difficult and costly due to the rugged topography and poor geology. International trade movements are conducted through various land routes across Nepal India border among which 7 routes are significant and there is only one land route across China Nepal border. Limited high-value goods are carried by air. Therefore, Roads are the principal transport mode in Nepal. 1.3 Road Network Planning and...
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...Autonomous vehicles, also known as self-driving vehicle, driver-less vehicle, etc. in addition, these vehicles are capable of sensing the environment and navigating without human input. For me, I would continue with “sacrifice one, save many” self driving logic because its large numbers compared to one, however some may say it will be a different case if I was the “one”, I would still choose sacrifice one, but before I do that there are some rules to be implemented like all self-driving cars should follow that sacrifice one rule and before a person buys an autonomous vehicle, he should agree the terms of the rule and know that the driver is at a greater risk. That way there will be less conflict or fight in case an accident happens. I would...
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