PERCEIVED VALUES: FACE TO FACE VS. VIRTUAL TRAINING

MSA 600 Foundations of Research Methods in Administration
Central Michigan University

Submitted by:
Gregory X. Brown

Project Instructor:
Dr. Marty Meloche

Submission Date:
10 August 2015
Table of Contents

Page Number

List of Tables ii
List of Figures ii
Chapter 1 Problem Definition 3
Chapter 2 Literature Review 10
Chapter 3 Research Methodology 21
Chapter 4 Data Analysis Future
Chapter 5 Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations Future
Definition of Terms Future
References Pages 29
Appendix A Permission to Conduct Study

Chapter 1: Problem Definition
Background
Over the last decade Soldiers in the Headquarters Company of the 710th Brigade Support Battalion, 10th Mountain Division (HHC, 710th BSB) have deployed several times throughout the Middle East in support of combat operations. The way that Soldiers have trained has changed over that time. Training has shifted from a hands-on platform to more virtual world. Since the mid-2000s, the Soldiers of HHC, 710th BSB, 3/10 MTN have been prepared to execute combat operations based on the training that has been spearheaded by the Non Commissioned Officers (NCOs). Army Directorate Publication 7-0 (ADP 7-0) is a manual that describes the appropriate way to conduct unit training. According to ADP 7-0 “unit training is the Army’s life- blood and the NCOs are the primary trainers of enlisted Soldiers, crews, and small teams”. NCOs primary responsibility is to develop and conduct training for subordinates that support the unit training plan, coach other NCOs, advise senior leaders, and help develop junior officers (ADP 7-0, 2012). In addition, NCOs supervise weapon ranges, drivers training, and ensures the welfare of Soldiers are up to standard. The NCOs are responsible for getting junior Soldiers fully prepared for combat by providing real life examples of how things feel, smell, sound, and look. In doing so, Soldiers are able to receive most training value from the conducted activity. However, as stated previously, training is going through a transition. Soldiers are now being engaged by an avatar on a computer monitor as they “click away” through a block of instruction. Such as the Survival Evasion Resistance Escape 100 (SERE 100), which is a basic crash course of what to do if a Soldier should become a Prisoner of War (POW) or go Missing in Action (MIA). Typically, the training would last about seven days if taught in person, however since it’s a virtual course it has the potential to be completed within four hours.
The perceived value in using virtual training is convenient, cost effective, and reduces the chances of major risk that would be associated with dangerous tasks. Soldiers are able to take part in virtual convoys and weapon ranges. Soldiers are given the same block of instruction as if they were actually onsite at a live range or were actually about to depart on a convoy. However, the small details are overlooked and/or missed when this type of training is simulate. Soldiers still need to experience being uncomfortable whether it’s laying in the dirt at a range or in an up armored vehicle without air-conditioning. The virtual world has yet to figure out a system that can replicate those conditions while maintaining a safe environment and being cost effective. Not exposing the Soldiers to how things smell, feel, sound, and taste will leave them vulnerable when they do experience those aspects in combat.
The leaders of HHC have been in the unit a minimum of 2 years and have seen numerous ways to train. HHC’s leaders have mixed views on the two learning platforms. Usually, time constraints will dictate which platform will be used. However, very seldom will the value of the training be the deciding factor because there are several tasks that need to be completed in a limited time. The Soldiers, especially the brand new ones, suffer from these unforeseen actions. As mentioned earlier, training that deals with actual combat needs to be replicated with extreme attention to detail. Since HHC takes pride in realistic training, knowing the details of the battlefield is essential. ADP 7-0 states “that the principles of unit training are to train to standard”.
On the other hand, automated systems that accomplish administrative tasks are highly favored. As stated above, these tasks take a fraction of the time to complete. The automated systems also allow a single Department of the Army Civilian (DAC) to work with multiple Soldiers at a single time and provide consistent training. For instance, every year HHC has to take an annual Cyber security class. The class is required for all 200 HHC Soldiers. Available classrooms have a maximum capacity of 35. The block of instruction for the Cyber Awareness is about 45 minutes. Conducting this one class in a face to face platform would take a minimum of 2 days. With the virtual platform the company can have a 100% completion rate before lunch.
Ultimately, the preferred method is cost effective and ensures a high level of combat readiness. HHC is split into 2 distinct learning categorizes; visualizers and verbalizers. Visualizers are those individuals who rely primarily on imagery processes when attempting to perform cognitive tasks; verbalizers prefer to process information by verbal logical means (Jonides & Smith, 1997). Face to face training allows visualizers have the opportunity to watch what is being taught and verbalizers have the opportunity to hear the entire block of instruction. Virtual learning also allows for the same opportunities but introduces new barriers to the training environment. SFC Bryan. Jeffcoat, the brigade Master Resilient Trainer (MRT), is in charge of teaching resiliency classes to HHC states, “That in the early 1990s, Soldiers were more knowledgeable about the job because Joe (Soldiers) did everything. There were no civilians telling a Soldier how to do their job.”
Since the wars have begun the enemy has constantly changed tactics. Currently, the enemy’s weapon of choice is technology. As a result, HHC has to lean to adapt and overcome to this. PFC Andre Joa, works with HHC’s communication section states that,” the technology is not state of the art but it’s pretty neat. People hundreds of miles apart can communicate with each other in real time.” Bottom line, is HHC’s Soldiers need the highest standard of training in order to remain ahead of the enemy.
Ever since studies have proven that playing video games can improve cogitative skills, sales of video game systems have spiked (Daphne Bavelier, 2014). Most of the Soldiers own at least one of the video game systems available. Along with a copy of Call of Duty (COD) or Battlefield. Both COD and Battlefield are first person shooter games that recreate certain fictional and nonfictional battles throughout history. During the story of the game the tasks, conditions, and standards change as objectives are completed. Some of the skills that are displayed through this game are the same skills that are taught in HHC. Research Problem The Soldiers of HHC are preparing for another deployment to the Middle East and they need to receive the best training possible. The perceived values of both virtual and face to face training will be analyzed during this train up period to determine the most effective way to achieve the highest training value. Then, the results will be compared and the better method will be implemented as soon as possible to aid the Soldiers during training.

Research Objective
The objective of this research paper is to analyze the perceived values for both virtual and face to face training for HHC. Once the perceived values have been gathered and analyzed, the objective will shift to determine the best method to train. The results of this research will be used to influence future training to ensure that the Soldiers are more than ready to for combat.

Scope/Delimitations
The targeted populations for this experiment are the 200 Soldiers of HHC, 710th BSB and the Department of the Army Civilians (DAC) who operate the automated training platforms. All other personnel with be excluded; however for research purposes, information from outside sources may be used. No personal information will be used during this experiment. All participants will be on a voluntary basis and all data collected will be unbiased.
Finally, data collected from training and patterns of behavior are from this experiment will be published in the new Company TACSOP.

Chapter 2: Review of the Literature
Introduction to the Literature This literature review was conducted for the sole purpose of gathering information on military training. A brief inquiry is incorporated in this literature review of field manuals, articles, and journals.
Presentation of the Literature
Traditional Training 1. Over the past decade HHC has encountered numerous lessons learned about training. SFC Brown, the Non-Commissioned Officer in Charge (NCOIC) of the communications section of HHC states, “When his Soldiers are beginning to learn their craft, they learn better from hands-on applications and it makes little difference if it is through a virtual platform or a real life training environment. However, when they become proficient the best thing that the Soldiers can do is train as if they are in a combat ". The technical support Soldiers of HHC aren't really affected by virtual or real life applications due to their skill set. If the virtual platforms malfunction or need trouble shooting, the subject matter experts are the Soldiers from the communication section. The perceived value on real life applications verse virtual applications is relatively the same for this section
Virtual Training 2. The perceived value of training to HHC is held extremely high. “One of the most rapidly developing applications of virtual environments (VEs) is in the field of training” (Durlach & Mavor, 1995). Leaders of HHC can choose to have the "new age" training that includes combat simulators and virtual avatars or the "old school" training through face to face applications. “The challenge is to optimize, synchronize, and support training in schools, training in units, and self-development training to produce forces and leaders capable of responding across the range of military operations” (Army Regulation 350-1, 2014).
Sergeant First Class (SFC) James Jones the NCOIC of the personnel section is in a similar situation. SFC Jones states "the virtual platforms that HHC has incorporated into day to day tasks has expedited certain processes and allowed Soldiers to hone their craft”. The personnel section deals with an immense amount of information and being able to pull the right information from a single source saves a lot of time. Prior to the incorporation of the virtual platforms Soldiers had to track down different people in order to help one Soldier. “With the systems in place Soldiers are able to help numerous Soldiers and get several repetitions" (Jones, 2015). The virtual applications have enabled junior ranking Soldiers to learn more than one aspect of their Military Occupation Specialty (MOS).
The second and third order of effects from virtual platforms is the personnel section of HHC will be well versed in personnel actions. The regulations states “HR professionals must be able to determine functions and tasks that must be accomplished…they must be versatile and flexible enough to sustain uninterrupted HR support.” (Field Manual 1-0, 2010). By broadening the potential of younger Soldiers the intent of the regulation will be met. Thus, the perceived value is held extremely high for virtual platforms.
First Sergeant (1SG) Amanda Howard has an opposing view of the virtual platform because it hinders the Soldiers overall performance. Particularly, the Virtual Battle Space 3 (VBS3).Kenyon and Afenya (1995) state crucial to these training applications of VEs (virtual environments) is the issue of transfer of training. Does training carried out in a VE transfer to the equivalent real world situation? 1SG Howard (2014) states prior to her last deployment to Afghanistan, HHC received 5 brand new Soldiers straight out of Advanced Individual Training (AIT) who had a Military Occupation Specialty (MOS) as Small Arms Repair Specialists. These Soldiers used hands-on training throughout school and had issues trouble shooting a dummy weapon ". The dummy weapon is a full sized plastic replica without the working internal mechanics.
The Virtual Battle Space 3 (VBS3) allows a platoon sized element or about 40 people to conduct simulated missions simultaneously. The VBS3 replicates the battlefield with dummy weapons and enemy combatants. Each Soldier has the ability to fully control the avatar throughout the simulated interactive environment as if the Soldiers was physically there. The avatar replicates the average Solider in every detail. However, the VBS3 does not sense when a Soldier starts to become drowsy or confused. The small details that cause military operations to fail are vastly overlooked but Soldiers still receive passing scores during the After Action Reviews (AAR). These faults needs to be fixed in order for the perceived value and training value to become equal. As it stands the training value of the virtual platform is much lower than the perceived value.
Disadvantages of Embedded Training 3. In the previous chapter, Army Doctrine Publication (ADP) 7-0 stated that in order for training to be effective, both virtual and real life platforms have to be used to properly train Soldiers. CPT William Walker, the HHC commander, (2015), states “virtual platforms will one day phase out real-life platforms for several reasons. Cost, being the main thing".
The regulation states that “requirements for training aids must be justified and validated before being resourced and authorized for procurement and fielding” (Army Regulation 350-38). According to the 710th BSB S-4, the budget approving authority, HHC spends over $40,000.00 a month on training aids; just shy of 5 million annually. This is twice as much as any other company in the whole Battalion. Embedded training is simultaneously using both virtual platforms and live platforms. “Embedded Training (ET) shall be considered as the first alternative. As a general rule, ET is not cost effective in an operational (collective) training environment because of the quantities of actual systems that may be needed to support training throughput requirements” (Army Regulation 350-38). Additionally, the reaction from the people who are unwilling to accept change will be another obstacle to face. Nevertheless, ET has the support of the army regulation.
With that being said, not all Soldiers are happy with the incorporation of ET. SFC Brown, S6 NCOIC, is in support of the morale boosting aspect that ET has on PT and the Soldiers definitely have a positive response from it. However, the “new thing” always has unforeseen problems. The virtual platform takes “the power out of the hand of the NCO. This cripples the NCO's opportunity to lead his Soldiers. If the platoon constantly depends on a media medium to motivate them through a work out something is definably wrong” (Brown, 2015). “It’s the sole responsibility of the NCO to train the force” (ADP 7-0, 2012). Timid or new NCOs will use this as a scapegoat in order to get out of the spot light and without the NCO leading the workout, the intent of the regulation is missed. The NCO needs to be in the front or the middle ensuring that coaching, mentoring, and teaching is indeed happening. Both virtual and real life platforms have proven their respective advantages and the disadvantages to the training of HHC. Nevertheless, embedded training will continue to be the premier choice to maintain and achieve a high state of combat readiness
Applications of ET 4. The Operations Section of HHC, commonly known as the S-3, is in charge of collecting and maintaining the training records for all of HHC. Over the last 5 years the S-3 has recorded trends that show training is in a high demand during the third and fourth quarters the of year. The upcoming Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) rotation and the Brigade Support Area (BSA) exercise will demand a substantial amount of effort from HHC. The JRTC rotation is a Decisive Action Training Environment (DATE) scenario that will last approximately 4 weeks. During the DATE rotation HHC will utilize ET. All of HHC will be outfitted with Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement (MILE) gear. Consisting of laser emitters and receivers that they will wear at all times. The enemy elements will also be outfitted in the same gear. The lasers will also be mounted to all weapons systems and vehicles that are in “play”. The lasers will simulate bullets, shrapnel for explosions and a warning device when they are being shot at. In hind sight, it’s a glorified game of laser tag and capture the flag. The Soldiers will have to hold ground and conduct themselves as if they were in real combat. All battle drills will be tested, so will basic Soldier tasks such as first aid and land navigation. Each day the Soldiers will be visited by the Observer, Coach/ Teacher (OC/T) and discuss things that went well and things that may need to be improved on. At the end of the rotation a mass AAR will be held and lessons learned will be discussed.
The BSA will focus on the logistical and sustainment aspect of combat. It will entail conducting around the clock punctual deliveries through ground and air transportation to surrounding Command Posts (CP), while safely eliminating any potential threats. The BSA will test HHC on their ability to react and overcome surprise attacks with over whelming force. Just like during the JRTC rotation, Soldiers will be wearing MILEs gear along with combat gear. Additionally, at the end of the BSA another AAR will be held to discuss lessons learned.
The Army Times, the Army’s own newspaper, is claiming to have a revamped AR 350-1 training curriculum that is supposed to be coming out in midyear 2016. This particular article, titled “AR 350-1 Revamped”, goes into detail about how out dated the old AR 350-1 curriculum is (The Army Times, 2015). Subjects such as SHARP (Sexual Harassment and Assault Responses and Prevention) have had policies that were amended several time over the past 2 years. “The goals of the SHARP program are to create a climate that minimizes sexual assault incidents, which impact Army personnel, Army civilians, and family members, and, if incident should occur, ensure that victims and subjects are treated according to Army Policy. Create a climate that encourages victims to report incidents of sexual assault without fear. Establish sexual assault prevention training and awareness programs to educate Soldiers. Ensure sensitive and comprehensive treatment to restore victim’s health and well-being. Ensure leaders understand their roles and responsibilities regarding response to sexual assault victims, thoroughly investigate allegations of sexual assault, and take appropriate administrative and disciplinary action”( Army Regulation 600-20, 2013). Soldiers have to pay particular attention to SHARP because it's a priority on the Commanders list.
The real life platforms for briefing SHARP related topics typically works well when life experiences are shared amongst the group. Mrs. Brandy, the Company Sharp representative (2015) stated that “making the subject matter personal, will allow the Soldiers to relate. The expressions and tones that are shared amongst the group are genuine and will be hard to replicate through a computer screen”. However, Mrs. Brandy also goes on to say that conducting ET with SHARP related topics works extremely well when the audience is having a difficult time trying to relate.
The virtual platforms allows for surveys to determine the common knowledge of the audience. It helps finds which areas need additional clarification. In addition to that, questions, activities, and videos can all result from a simple confidential survey that Soldiers can do any time before the brief". This is actually the best way to conduct the training because each briefing brings a new audience and the information stays relevant and fresh in the mind of the Soldiers.
Using ET has been proven to be the most preferred method time and time again of the last five years. Studies show that Soldiers recall just 10% of what they read and 20% of what they hear. If there are visuals accompanying an oral presentation, the number rises to 30%, and if they observe someone carrying out an action while explaining it, 50%. But Soldiers remember 90% if they do the job themselves, even if only as a simulation” (Mullich, 2004). From physical training to marksmanship, this hybrid platform produces the best results. Soldiers are able to receive and understand information in their own way.
Since the successful incorporation of ET, the training progress with marksmanship has been increasing. Soldiers are now starting to consecutively earn the title of Sharpshooter and Expert during weapon qualifications. Soldiers and Leaders of HHC are in compliance with the regulation. It states “training on simulators and sub caliber ranges is encouraged before qualification, but do not replace the requirements for live fire qualification” (Army Regulation 350-1, 2014). The EST (Engagement Skills Trainer) 2000 is a simulated first person shooter that allows Soldiers to experience everything of being at the range minus minor details. The EST 2000 simulates the recoil of every weapon system that we have in our arms room without firing a live physical round. The EST 2000 allows Soldiers to become familiar with their assigned weapon and over time they become proficient before firing a single round. As mentioned above, the results are Soldiers becoming skilled marksman. The EST 2000 has been in operation since HHC was founded in 2005. It has saved the company over $10,000,000.00 in ammo costs alone. The EST 2000 cost the company nothing but time in order to use it. HHC has the ability to use it whenever they need to. The EST 2000 offers a safe alternative to build the confidence of weary Soldiers.
As for physical training (PT), the ET approach has made workouts fun and boosted moral. The incorporation of the Nintendo WII, Insanity, and P90x to the morning work outs have turned the typical morning routine into a training event that the Soldiers enjoy. SGT Cass, a squad leader in first platoon (2015), states that “he has seen a vast difference, in the attitudes, of his soldiers”. The Soldiers of first platoon have had lower PT score when compared to the rest of HHC because first platoon consists primarily of cooks. Cooks typically work on a different schedule than other Soldiers so PT on most occasions is condensed to less than one hour. SGT Cass goes on to say (2015) that “with the short time that they have it is convenient to, have a pre-selected workout that will accomplished the daily goal. Having the instructor in the video allows the leadership to motivate everyone else to continue to give 100 percent until the workout is complete”. Over the past six months first platoon has conducted 2 PT test and have had positive results due to the new workout routines. The average score has grown by 15 points from a 186 to a 201. “In order to pass a PT test a minimum score of 180 must be achieved in all three events” (Army Regulation 350-1). The new twist to the workout routine is a huge boost in morale. Soldiers of first platoon are actually looking forward to PT Monday thru Friday. The old PT routine involved had workouts that did not appeal to all Soldiers. The old routine did not allow for the leadership to properly supervise because of the amount of leaders to Soldiers was not properly balanced. However, now that PT is a priority leaders are highly encouraged to participate during PT.
Virtual Training Advantages 5. In addition to the two major training events listed above some of the training that is approaching is required by Army Regulation 350-1 (AR-350-1). This training consist of class room style blocks of instruction. AR 350-1 training is a quarterly requirement for all HHC personnel. The training can exceed 40 hours in length and can get very redundant since the training consists of similar topics. The real life approach to tackle these training tasks is very tiresome for the instructor, typically a NCO. With new constraints on class sizes for military courses nearly cutting the number in half from what it once was, each lesson has to be taught a minimum of two times. Extending the overall time to exceed 80 hours.
The virtual platforms allows each soldier to progress at their own pace and ensure understanding of the subject. The use of personal computers and projectors enables a Soldier to complete all AR 350-1 training in a fraction of the time. Not only are the Soldiers able to complete the training, they are able to provide their certificates of completion to the S-3 to prove that they have completed the training. As a result, the S-3 can efficiently monitor the progress of HHC, a capability that wasn't available in the past.
Disadvantages of Virtual Training 6. As mentioned before the S-3 has the ability to monitor the time a Soldier spends on each task. Over the past 5 years a new trend has begun to emerge. With the incorporation of virtual training, answers to the exams that appear at the end of each module are being provided by nearly every search engine. Soldiers are just clicking through the module coping and paste questions without actually reviewing the material. Topics that are typically 30 slides long are now being completed in less than 5 minutes. The availability of the answers on the internet are providing false readings into how well the information is being received. Required lessons like AR 350-1 are now more of a necessary nescience than a block of instruction.
As stated above there are some minor but sufficient faults with the EST 2000. The biggest problem with it is the lack of realism when firing the weapon systems. The regulation states “alternate qualification courses may be used when a standard record fire range is not available. The engagement skills training (EST) 2000 will not be used as a substitution for live fire qualification” (Army Regulation 350-1, 2014) for this exact fact. The recoil and sound of the shot are substantially muffled when compared to the real thing, due to the EST 2000 being an indoor platform. The recoil is the first thing that Soldiers have complained about in the past. 1LT Vista, Range Safety Officer and Officer in Charge (RSO/ OIC) has conducted several ranges over the 2 years in HHC. 1LT Vista (2015) states “that Soldiers who start off using the EST 2000 typically do well when using it, however, the Soldiers struggle trying to zero a M4 carbine at a live range. Their basic fundamentals of marksmanship are evident however their shot group is all over the paper. Typically by the second and third iterations of zeroing Soldiers typically settle down and tighten up their shot group”. Nevertheless, despite those minor faults Soldiers who are able to spend time practicing with the EST 2000 historically do well when qualifying on a live range.

Summary of the Literature This chapter displays the analysis of selected field manuals, journals and studies that concentrated on specific topics pertaining to military training. The research focused on the question: Does face to face training have more perceived value than virtual training? The analysis within the chapter has established that further study on the value of training will need to be done in order to confirm the training’s effectiveness. The JRTC rotation and the BSA exercise represent a portion of solution that defines the method that yields the most value.

Chapter 3: Research Methodology
Research Approach The research will use a process of elimination in order to gather quantifiable data over all 3 phases. HHC will answer a 50 question survey containing a variety of open and closed ended questions prior to the start of every phase (see Appendix A). The survey will allow the researcher along with the leaders of HHC to determine the quantifiable data needed to dictate the perceived value of the training and ultimately develop the new HHC TACSOP. The goal of this analysis is to determine the best way to train Soldiers and answer the following questions: a) What changes can be made to current training programs and b) Why certain methods work over others?
Data Collection Approach and Procedures
Data to be collected. The intent of the experiment is to discover if face to face training is more conducive at producing better results in combat situations, than virtual training. Second and third order of effects such as safety and cost will also be accounted for. All 3 phases that HHC participates in will be under close observation by certified Observer-Coaches/Teachers (OC/T) and Department of the Army Civilians (DACs). The data collected will provide specifics about which training platform produces the best results. Additionally, collecting the surveys will allow for more honest feedback from the Soldiers. Primary research question and sub-question data details. The primary research question concentrates on the overall training program of HHC. Information to be gathered for the sub-questions consist of: predicted results, amount of training, quality of training and if the goals are realistic. The second sub-question concentrates implementing the better training platform. Why, is this training platform better? HHC has consistently maintained a high level of readiness over the years. However, with another upcoming deployment, the training program has become an area of focus. With a time frame that continues to shrink daily, high value training is in great demand. Information to be collected will be: type of training, leadership style, and environment. The third sub-question concentrates on the cost of training. In order to fully answer this the actual cost of training will need to be discovered. Then, compare prior cost of training to the cost of training after all 3 phases of this experiment. The forth sub-question will emphasize on improving existing programs. To achieve this, improvement areas will need to be identified. Information gathered consists of: incentive programs, relative training, quality training, leadership involvement, and standards. Which training platform produces the best results, why the particular method works, if the method is cost effective and how to improve that method will be answered by this experiments end. Data collection procedures. Army Regulation 350-1 (AR 350-1) states that the Army’s “training challenge is to optimize, synchronize and support training to produce forces and leaders capable of responding across the range of military operations”. AR 350-1 along with the TACSOP will be the guide lines that will establish the left and right limits of training. Anything deviating from the TACSOP or AR 350-1 will result in failure. The TACSOP and AR 350-1 will identify and explain the tasks, conditions, and standards of each event with great detail. All Soldiers will be well aware of the task(s) that need to be completed prior to the start of any exercise. Time, accuracy, attention to detail, team work, radio etiquette, and basic land navigation are a few of the skills that will be observed and analyzed. The Soldier’s performance will be the dictating factor on the effectiveness of the training. By using the TASCOP and similar Operations Orders (OPORD) as references the training environments will mirror one another as much as possible. Target Population. The target population of this analysis will be to question and observe all 200 Soldiers of HHC. The Soldiers will all be active duty military and be stationed at Fort Polk, Louisiana. HHC has Soldiers ranging from age 19 to 51 and both male and female genders. The Soldiers are also from serval ethnic back grounds. Instrumentation. The survey, exercises, and simulators used for this experiment have be validated by the Department of the Army as a certified mean to train Soldiers. Each were established to analysis a unit’s level of training. Additional analysis will need to be completed in order to validate the information gathered.
Procedures. HHC to have the best trained force available prior to the upcoming deployment a system needs to be set in place. The training regimen will need to be strict and must maintain a high standard for discipline. Additionally, the training will be scrutinize closely to ensure none of the training value is lost. This experiment will be conducted in 3 phases. Each phase will be discussed below in depth.
Timing. Performance results for January 1, 2015 to June 15, 2015 will be recorded and kept for future comparisons. On June 16, 2015 HHC will implement Phase 1 of training. In order to record all data each training platform will be tested over a span of 96 days. After 30 consecutive days Soldiers will be given a 48 hour period to recover for the next 30 days. During that lull in training the results from the past phase will be complied and briefly compared to the training that has taken place in the past. In order to record the most accurate data all of HHC will train on each platform. The first 30 days will consist of training with strictly real life platforms. This portion of the training will be called “phase 1”. The second 90 days will consists of Soldiers being trained through automated platforms. During this 30 day period the training will be known as “phase 2”. The last 90 days wills consists of Soldiers being trained in an environment that consists of both real and automated training. As mentioned before this is known as embedded training and will be “phase 3”. After completing all 3 phases, the Soldiers in HHC will take a vote to deem which phases had the highest training value and will be implemented immediately.
Proposed Approach for Data Analysis and Synthesis
Phase: 1
During this phase Soldiers will be training in an outdoors environment exposed to the elements. Soldiers will hone the basic skills needed to survive in a combat environment. Each Solider will be given a complete Unit Basic Load (UBL) of ammunition for the applicable weapons system. Each weapons system will be allocated a generous amount of ammunition. That alone can weigh from 10 to 35 pounds per Soldier, HHC is primarily equipped with small arms. In addition to the UBL, Soldiers will be required have the following on their person at all times: • Night Vision Googles (NVG)
• Knee pads
• Elbow pads
• Eye protection
• Ear protection
• Gloves
• Army Combat Helmet (ACH)
• Pen
• Individual First Aid Kit (IFAK)
• Compass
• Map
• Flashlight
• Water source
• Pencil
• Paper
• Watch
• Identification tags (Dog tags)
• Identification card (ID card)

Additional required equipment will be the following items:
• Hygiene kit Sleeping bag
• Sleeping mat
• Gloves
• Cold weather gear
• Wet weather gear
• Poncho
• 3 day worth of Meals Ready to Eat (MRE)
• Snack
• Towel
• Boots
• Socks
• Under garments
• T-shirts
• Full uniforms
• Extra batteries
With this gear Soldiers will sustain themselves and defend the area of operation (AO) against enemy advances. Soldiers will be given daily mission orders containing essential tasks that will have to be accomplished in order for HHC to receive a “go” for the exercise. The orders will require the Soldiers to preform different tasks that introduce stress to HHC. The tasks will vary in difficulty as will the threat level. The dissemination of the information contained in the order will be a major grading requirement that will be scrutinize heavily.
Once the information from the order is disseminated and understood by all Soldiers, everyone will have to get on the same accord and establish a safe AO. The threat level will depend immensely on how organized the AO is. The leadership of HHC will have to figure out the best placement for the weapons systems and the proper personnel to the man them. HHC will have to establish an AO that is easily defendable, yet functional to sustain daily operations. HHC will also have to set up the following in order to get receive a “go”:
• effective communications systems
• dining facilities
• latrines (bathrooms)
• command posts (CPs)
• entry control points (ECT)
• quick reaction force (QRF)
Once all that was previously stated is established and it must also be successfully maintained at all times. Redundant systems will be required in order to make that a possibility. The time that it takes HHC to figure out the concept of redundant systems will also be scrutinized closely.
Once daily routines have started to developed Soldiers will then be graded on battle drills while simultaneously maintaining everything mentioned above. The Soldiers will be graded on how well they react to the stress of enemy contact. Pop up silhouettes (targets) will represent the enemy force that will be engaging HHC. The targets be controlled by the Observer-Coaches/Teachers (OC/T) or “graders” so that no one in HHC will know of an attack beforehand. The OC/T will dictate roles of the enemy and determine how the enemy attacks. The enemy force will be one strong enough to overrun the AO, if they are not properly contained. The capabilities of the enemy force will match the capabilities of those in the Middle East and Africa, in order to keep the training relevant. The enemy will stress serval methods of attack. HHC’s reaction to incoming mortars and rockets and small arms fire will be noted. In addition to the attacks previously mentioned, the reaction to Improvised Exploding Devices (IED), Rocket Propelled Grenades (RPG), cyberwar fare, and sporadic harassment from machine gun will also be documented. As stated earlier this training will continue for 30 consecutive days.
Once the 30 days are complete an After Actions Review will be held (AAR). The AAR will be held in an air conditioned facility back in civilization. The OC/Ts will host and drive the topics of discussion for the entire AAR. During the AAR these simple rules will be followed:
• Everyone will respect each other
• Everyone will have thick skin
• Only one person will speak at a time
• No one will fall asleep
• Food and drinks are not allowed
• If a problem is presented, a solution will follow

This will be the time all Soldiers from HHC will be able to contribute opinions to what methods worked and which ones did not. This is also when the overall performance of the phase will be displayed through graphics projected on screens so everyone can have the same sight picture. Additionally, OC/Ts will advise Soldiers on practices that may help in the future. The AAR will last no more than 150 minutes from start to finish to allow Soldiers as much time as possible to recover before the next phase.
Phase: 2 During phase 2 HHC will undergo 30 consecutive days of automated training. Every Soldier will report to the Movement Training Center (MTC). Once there, Soldiers will be given workstations that consists of a computer screen, a key board, a mouse, and a set of headphones with an attached mouth piece. The computers will already be pre-loaded with the combat scenario that will be very similar to the one that they just completed in the first phase. The only difference will be the use of the computer. The Soldiers will still have to establish and maintain an AO and all the other priorities of work previously mentioned above. Soldiers will still have all the equipment that they had before with the exception of the assigned weapon. The weapons will be automated through the computer program. Soldiers will have to successfully accomplish missions and maintain combat effectiveness through any means necessary. The program will replicate every vehicle, weapon, munition, and attack as if it was actually real. The Soldiers would be able to communicate with each other through the computer program and interact with the environment. The Soldiers would be able to do all physical activities with the assigned avatar. The avatars will react as if they are human. Soldiers will have to be mindful of the weather, strenuous activities, injuries, rest, and breathing while simultaneously doing other things such as listening to what is going on in the background. The manner that HHC performs will determine if the Company receives a “go”. Since phase 2 deals entirely of automation, a full crew of software and computer specialist will be at HHC’s disposal. This crew will be embedded into the Company and serve in the roles of the OC/T from phase one, as the Company’s evaluators. This crew will be able to provide the necessary support the Company needs in order to sustain the automated training from start to finish. The crew will also program how and when the enemy attacks to ensure the highest training value to the Solders. The MTC has rooms that will completely isolate all HHC Soldiers from the rest of civilization. The location at the MTC will have bathrooms and showers on sight. Everything else will be replicated via the computer program and the Soldiers will have to react accordingly. The Soldiers will maintain a 3 day supply of MREs and water at all times. The computer program as mentioned previously will be a first person shooter with an interactive environment replicated to look like the Middle East or Africa. It will allow each Soldier to have an avatar and the stats of that avatar will be recorded. Every bullet shot, injury sustained, step taken, and confirmed kill will be noted. The program will also record the voice commands given and the questions asked for the duration of the phase. Once the 30 days have passed, another AAR will be held. The AAR will again display the performance of the Soldiers and the Soldiers will be able to contribute to the conversation. Additionally, the results from Phase 1 will be compared to the results of Phase 2. During this time Soldiers will be able to see where the strengths and weakness of the Company are. The Soldiers will be able to discuss what worked better and why. This AAR will also not exceed 150 minutes to allow Soldiers to have the most time possible to recover for Phase 3.
Phase: 3 For Phase 3 HHC will once again brave the elements in an outdoor environment. Each Soldier will be required to have the same UBL and combat equipment as in Phase 1. The only exception is instead of live ammunition Soldiers will be using blank rounds. Blank round only release gas and when combined with a Blank Firing Adaptor (BFA), it will cause the weapon system to cycle the round as if it was live. Additionally, Soldiers will be outfitted with the Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement Systems (MILES). MILES consists of a torso harness; that will be worn like a vest, a laser emitter; that will be attached to the Soldier’s assigned weapon, and a halo; that will be attached to the Soldiers ACH. The torso harness and the halo will contain receivers on it to detect lasers. The torso harness also has a little computer that dictates if a Soldier has been killed, injured, or missed. The laser beam emitted from the emitter attached to the Soldiers weapon will represent a bullet when a round is shot. The enemy force will be played by the 509th, otherwise known as “Geronimo”. Geronimo will be outfitted with the same MILES gear and will have the same capabilities as HHC. All vehicles will also be outfitted with MILES gear to detect the effects of IEDs and RPGs. Aside, from that everything else will be the exact same.
Due to the pyrotechnics that will accompany the MILES a whole crew of effect specialists will be integrated into the training. The sole purpose of this crew is to ensure the safety of the Soldiers while replicating realistic special effects. The crew will be in an easily identifiable uniform and will be out of play for the duration of the training. The crew will not be able intervene with training except when someone’s life, limbs, or eyesight are at imminent harm. The crew will have free range of movement throughout the AO and will only communicate to the OC/Ts.
Alongside of the effects specialists will be medical personnel (medics). The sole purpose for the medics is to monitor the welfare of the Soldiers. The medics will enforce all weather advisories that would take Soldiers out of the fight. The medics will also be out of play and will be available to Soldiers at certain times of the day, except in emergencies. The medics will have enough supplies to last 15 days of constant support on hand and will refit when deemed necessary. For all other medical needs Soldiers will be provided through First Aid/ Buddy Aid.
As in Phase 1, Soldiers will be graded on the way that the AO is established and maintained. HHC will have to figure out what works and what doesn’t work during this phase since the enemy force now is completely unpredictable. The battle drills and past training of the Soldiers will absolutely be tested during this phase.
Once the 30 days in phase 3 has elapsed another final AAR will be held. This AAR will be ran the exact same way as the prior 2 and all the data that was recorded will be displayed. All the patterns and trends will be noted and discussed. During this AAR HHC will vote to see which training platform provided the most valuable training. The chosen platform will be implemented into training HHC for the foreseeable future.
Methodological Limitations
Even though the experiment is capable to produce quantitative data to leaders of the military, the experiment’s major limitation is time. Due to the upcoming deployment time is of the essence and in short supply. Otherwise, the experiment’s time frame would be more extensive and display information in greater detail. Another limitation of the experiment is the population size and resources. Only HHC is included in this study. Limiting the data to only pertain to HHC. Also, the resources available are limited to what is located at Fort Polk. This could have a major impact on the quality of training.
Finally, the cost to conduct training could be a problem. With the restrictions on the budget and the high cost of ammunition training, could be modified slightly. Resulting in a loss of training value due to unrealistic training conditions.
Summary
Once all three phases are complete, the leaders of HHC will have enough quantifiable data to analyze and prove the best method of training. Every Soldier in HHC will have participated and received the opportunity to contribute ideas to improve the training’s value; ensuring HHC will receive the best training available prior to the deployment to Afghanistan.

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Appendix A – Questionnaire Never Maybe Always
Question 1: How likely are you to learn something new from: Listening to the instructions: 1 2 3 Reading the instructions: 1 2 3 Watching a demonstration: 1 2 3
Question 2: How likely are you to deploy within the next year? 1 2 3
Question 3: How likely are you to play video games after work? 1 2 3 Yes No
Question 4: Is your training realistic 1 2
Question 5: Does your training have value? 1 2
Question 5: Does your leadership lead? 1 2
Question 6: Do you have faith in your leadership? 1 2
Question 7: Do you feel properly trained for war? 1 2
Question 8: Is your time valuable? 1 2
Question 9: Do you enjoy the outdoors? 1 2
Question 10: Do you enjoy the indoors? 1 2
Question 11: Are you confident in your abilities as a Soldier? 1 2
Question 12: Are you able to speak with you leadership? 1 2
Question 13: Are you scared of your job? 1 2
Question 14: Do you know you leadership? 1 2
Question 15: Are you aware of upcoming training? 1 2
Question 16: Are you physically fit? 1 2
Question 17: Have you passed an Army Physical Fitness Test with the last year? 1 2
Question 18: Are you familiar with computers 1 2
Question 19: Are you comfortable with simulations? 1 2
Question 20: Is the operating tempo too slow? 1 2
Question 21: Is the operation tempo to fast? 1 2
Question 22: Are your co-workers easy to work with? 1 2
Question 23: Are your co-workers hard to work with? 1 2
Question 24: Do you feel safe? 1 2
Question 25: Do you understand your Commander’s intent? 1 2
Question 26: Are you familiar with Army regulations? 1 2
Question 27: Are instructions clear and concise? 1 2
Question 28: Do you feel that there enough time to complete tasks? 1 2
Question 29: Do you feel tired? 1 2
Question 30: Do you feel angry? 1 2
Question 31: Do you feel this is a waste of time? 1 2
Question 32: Do you feel valued? 1 2
Question 33: Do you live on post? 1 2
Question 34: Do you know your Chain of Command? 1 2
Question 35: Do you like rules? 1 2
Question 36: Have you ever deployed? 1 2
Question 37: Are you a single child? 1 2
Question 38: Are you married? 1 2
Question 39: Were you born in the last 30 years? 1 2
Question 40: Do you like to push boundaries? 1 2
Question 41: Do you have goals? 1 2
Question 42: Do you have an optimistic view on life? 1 2
Question 43: Are people depending on you support? 1 2
Question 44: Are you punctual? 1 2
Question 45: Do you have more than 3 years of service? 1 2
Question 46: Are you dependable? 1 2
Question 47: Are you responsible? 1 2
Question 48: Are you loyal? 1 2
Question 49: Are you short tempered? 1 2
Question 50: Are people happy to be around you? 1 2