...A hazard can be define as something which poses a level of threat the life, health, property or environment, a volcano can compromise all these things through the many hazards volcanoes presents. Such as lahars, flash flooding, landslides, pyroclastic flows, ash clouds and many others. There are factors which can influence the severity of the hazard and cause differences in them and can be classified into different categories, such as physical, economic, political and social. One physical factor which causes differences in a volcanic hazard is the steepness of the volcano. If the volcanoes sides are of a steep gradient then the lava from the volcano would flow must faster than if the sides were a steady gradient. Mount Nyiragongo for example had extremely steep sides, 50 degrees at some points. This, combined with the low viscosity of the basaltic lava, saw lava speeds of up to 60 miles per hour. The hazard of a lava flow in Nyiragongo was much greater than if the volcano had steady sloping sides. The type of lava also influences the hazard, if the lava is rhyolitic then it has a high viscosity due to its high silica content and its low temperature (only between 650-750 Celsius). Therefore it won’t flow very fast, minimising the impact of the hazard, whereas if it is basaltic like Mount Nyiragongo then it will flow extremely fast, intensifying the hazard. The location of a volcano is also a large variable in determining the nature of its eruptions. Volcanoes are generally...
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...chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere. The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems. Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report.[1] Pollutants Main articles: Pollutant and Greenhouse gas Before flue gas desulfurization was installed, the emissions from this power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide. Schematic drawing, causes and effects of air pollution: (1) greenhouse effect, (2) particulate contamination, (3) increased UV radiation, (4) acid rain, (5) increased ground level ozone concentration, (6) increased levels of nitrogen oxides. A substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the environment is known as an air pollutant. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. In addition, they may be natural or man-made.[2] Pollutants can be classified as primary or secondary. Usually, primary pollutants are directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxide gas from a...
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...Alternative Energy Sources Geology Many people believe that we must depend on fossil fuels for energy, where as the reality of it is the earth provides an abundance of renewable energy sources. These energy sources can produce enough energy that we would never have to use fossil fuels again. Alternative energy is the use of other energy sources instead of the use of fossil fuels or nuclear energy. Solar power can be used to operate cars and provide electricity to homes and businesses. Hydropower can be used to provide electric power to small towns and cities. Geothermal power can heat up buildings or water to power turbines to make energy. Wind power can be used to pump water and generate electricity. So let’s start with solar power since it is the most known of the group. Energy from the sun is one of the most abundant resources available today out of the alternative group. It is one of the most important of the non-conventional energy sources as well, because it does not pollute the earth. “One of the reasons for this is that the total energy we receive each year from the sun is around 35,000 times the total energy used by man”. (Alternative Energy Sources) One way to capture the sun’s energy is through the use of solar panels made out of Photovoltaic cells, which are commonly called (PV) cells. These panels can be used on homes, businesses, greenhouses, water heaters, traffic lights, or grouped together as a solar power plant. PV cells can transform the sun’s energy...
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... nested (like El Piton in Teide), multiple summits (like Shasta), elongated along a fissure (like Hekla). Strato-volcanoes are constructed along subduction zones. Examples of composite volcanoes include Mount Hood, Mount Rainier, Mount Shield volcanoes are huge in size. They are built by many layers of runny lava flows. Lava spills out of a central vent or group of vents. A broad shaped, gently sloping cone is formed. This is caused by the very fluid, basaltic lava which can't be piled up into steep mounds. Shield volcanoes may be produced by hot spots which lay far away from the edges of tectonic plates. Shields also occur along the mid-oceanic ridge, where sea-floor spreading is in progress and along subduction related volcanic arcs. The eruptions of shield volcanoes are characterized by low-explosivity lava-fountaining that forms cinder cones and spatter cones...
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...Located on the French Caribbean Island of Martinique, Mt Pelèe is named after the Hawaiian Goddess of fire, Pele. This volcano is 4,583 feet above sea level and can be noticed in an observatory controlled by the French. Mount Pelèe has not been active since the 1929-1932 eruption; although that eruption was much less mild than the eruption of 1902. Mount Pelèe is a diverse type of volcano called a stratovolcano (composite volcano). Stratovolcanoes are usually half lava and half pyroclastic material. They are made up of many layers of ash, lava, tephra, and pumice. In January 1902, Mt. Pelée began to display a large increase in fumarole activity; although, the public showed little concern. On April 23, minor explosions began at the top of...
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...2013 Aimee Kirkendol Security and Privacy Patient security and privacy is one of health care organization fundament responsibility in meeting the organization objectives and providing services to the community the organization serves. Patients’ health care information are expected to be kept confidential and protected, there is a legal and ethical responsibility binding health care organization to protect and to develop a plan within the organization to protect patients’ medical records. There is always a privacy concern when patients’ medical data information are not protected and secured during a natural disaster. In this paper natural disaster scenario case of a small town on Gulf Coast that was struck by a hurricane will be discuss, also management detailed plan for patients’ medical record privacy and security will be discussed. The implementation of management plan for staff training and code of conduct will be discussed. A disaster is an adverse event as a result of natural processes of the Earth. It can cause losses of life, property damage, and electronic damage. Examples of natural disaster are flood, volcanic eruption, earthquakes, tsunamis, and other geologic processes. Actions to take when patients ask for their records Patients health care records serves many purposes to patients, it provides patients with accurate summary of patient’s health, patients have legal right to demand for his or her medical records at any time, but in...
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...Earthquakes I Earth’s composition Earth is a dense, stratified planet with many layers: core (inner and outer), mantle and crust Inner core: most dense material, solid iron and nickel Outer core: second most dense, liquid, iron and nickel Mantle: composed of oxygen, silicon, magnesium, aluminum Crust: composed of sodium and potassium rich silicate rocks Upper 100-350 km of upper mantle makes up asthenosphere: fluid layer due to heating from core Plate tectonics Earth’s uppermost layer, the lithosphere, broken up into 7 plates due to movement of asthenosphere underneath Plate tectonics- name for dynamic interactions of these plates Plate boundaries 3 types: divergent, covergent, and transform Divergent boundaries: tension from deep earth pulls two plates away from each other, allowing lava to upwell through the cracks and create new seafloor Covergent boundaries: two plates coming together as stress pushes plates toward each other- one plate forced under another in a subduction zone Transform boundaries: two plates slide past each other horizontally-frequent cause of destructive forces like earthquakes The nature of earthquakes Cause = abrupt movements on faults Fractures in earths lithosphere Normal fault- block above the fault has moved downward relative to the black below Reverse fault- upper block, above the fault plane, moves up and over the lower block (aka thrust fault) Right lateral strike slip fault- two blocks slide past one another Earths crustal...
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...come to recognize air pollution as a major environmental concern not just in the United States, but internationally as well. This however, is not a current issue. In fact, the importance of good air quality was reco ng or heart disease, the elderly, and very young children under the age of five (Buchdahl "Health Effects" 1). In a study taken, it was estimated that six of every ten Americans live in an area that fails to meet one or more federal air quality standards What therefore should the citizens of this country do to prevent such catastrophes? This paper aims to expose the different types of air pollutants, where they come from, their specific effects on the environment, and what we as human beings should do t Air Pollutants First, one must take a look at the different pollutants and air toxins. Ozone is a gas that can be both beneficial and very harmful. High in the upper atmosphere it may shield the earth from the harmful ultraviolet radiation waves from the sun. Howeve Carbon monoxide is an odorless and colorless gas that comes from the exhaust of motor vehicles after fossil fuels, mainly oil and gas, are burned or combusted incompletely (Buchdahl "Health Effects" 2). Cars, buses, and some industrial plants tend to gi The next major pollutants are hydrocarbons. These tend to be released by many man-made sources mainly fossil fuel combustion (Brownstein 1). Some hydrocarbons can directly create health hazards. Benzene, a colorless clear liquid is highly volatile...
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...Decisions in Paradise: How to Be, or Not to Be Expanding Del Monte’s Presence in Kava Del Monte Foods is considering expanding their operations and establishing a greater presence on the Island of Kava in the South Pacific. There are many obstacles to overcome, some of them being the fact that Kava has many disasters and chaos to deal with in its every day existence. Many of its residents are indigenous people who practice indigenous health care and indigenous religion. Becoming a greater presence in Kava can either have a very positive effect that can transform the life of an entire culture or not be any help at all just remain status quo. Del Monte Foods is one of the countries largest and best known producers, distributors and marketers of premium quality, branded food and pet products. Their mission is “committed to enriching the lives of today’s families including pets. They do this by providing nourishing, great tasting, and easy-to-use products that meet the needs of everyone in your home.” The company further defines those principles as the following: We are driven by the consumer and deliver results through a partnership with our customers built upon superior brands and products, continuous innovation, excellent service and a commitment to quality in all we do. Our people are passionate about winning and take pride in Del Monte as they lead the company to achieve world-class performance and superior shareholder value. “(www.delmonte.com)” While there are...
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...Running header: POLLUTION 1 POLLUTION: MORAL AND ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITY VANESSA HARRISON HARVEY BUS330 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING INSTRUCTOR: ANGELA MANLEY AUGUST 14, 2012 Running header: POLLUTION 1 “I do wonder whether there will come a time when we can no longer afford our wastefulness – chemical wastes in rivers, metal wastes everywhere, and atomic wastes buried deep in the earth or sunk in the sea.” – John Steinbeck Pollution is the action of environmental contamination with man-made waste. This includes land, water, and air. Of all the First World countries, the United States is the most polluting nation on Earth. The United States is ranked seventh on pollution control, by only spending 60% of its Gross National Product to help the environment. As a nation we have spent over 120 billions of dollars a year on research and development. The majority of the cost incurred has come from Environmental Quality, our country has consumed over 98 quadrillion Btu of energy in the year 2000 alone. Americans generate five pounds of solid waste every day, creating one ton of solid waste each year. In an average day in the United States, we throw out 200,000 tons of edible food and have thrown 1 million bushels of litter out of our automobiles. The main human contributor for pollution are landfills. It is possible that land pollution can contaminate the air and/or the water. Water pollution is the action of environment contamination...
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...southwest Italy near Bay of Naples. Herculaneum was a waterfront town situated on the coast of Bay of Naples 7km west of Mt Vesuvius, while Pompeii was slightly inland on the Sarno river, 9km southeast of Mt Vesuvius. Both towns were linked to Rome through sea and land routes. Natural features Campania was a fertile plain with two main rivers. Nearby there was a 15km wide series of craters, where pools were filled with boiling mud and vents, from which sulphur and steam could escape. The towns were popular because of their rich volcanic soil, coastal area for fishing and trading area. Resources of Campania The production of olive oil was used for cooking, and as the basic ingredient for perfume. Wine, wool and textile productions took place, along with the fishing industries including the production of fish sauce. There were fruits such as peaches, apricots, lemons & vegetables like cabbages and onions, and volcanic material was used for building and paving roads. Plans and streetscapes of Pompeii and Herculaneum ▪ streets of Pompeii vary greatly in width from 2.4m to roughly 7m ▪ streets & roads divide towns into neat rectangular blocks- called insulae ▪ insulae blocks had 1-12 dwellings with houses, apartment blocks, shops ▪ streets were paved with large Vesuvian lava blocks ▪ either side of most streets had a raised sidewalk, usu about 33cm high ▪ streets were usu raised in the middle so water would run into gutters and footpaths sloped...
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... organic materials, and particulate matters. Automobile is the greatest contributor to our air pollution. Various living organisms, such as animals, humans, and plants are at risk. Plant life is critical to keep our air uncontaminated. Human daily activity is the prime impact of both negative and positive effect to air quality. United States is suffering from major air pollution because of the mixture of immense population use of automobiles and manufacturing industries. Motorized vehicle emits substantial amount of carbon monoxide and nitrogen in to the air every day. Manufacturing industries, such as power plants and other facilities, release ten times more of particulate matters and sulfur oxide than motorized vehicles. In contrast, the positive effects humans have to offer are taking a few initiatives to redeem their mistakes by inventing non conventional fuels such as biodiesel, batteries and fuel cells, and other biomass resource. This proposal is to establish a mitigation plan to discuss the benefits and challenges of air pollutions. Furthermore, this devise strategy will encompass government and societal support to enhance the air quality we breathe. “The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.” ("Air Pollution", 2012) This is a concern to our emergent...
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...Europa is similar in the size of the earths moon but slightly smaller. The surface is fairly new due to the lack of crater impacts. The surface has many crevices and cracks making it look like glaciers compressing and stretching. This is what brought scientists so curious. The stretching due to the orbit around Jupiter causes heat that helps sustain a subsurface ocean. When I land I would have to take into account by the possibility of the ice shifting underneath me. Another concern is the random plumes of vapor coming through the ice. The vapor is caused by the core spewing out heat into the sub ocean. The core is likely composed of an iron material. The temperatures on the surface can drop to minus 220 degrees Celsius. A special suit is required in order to survive the freezing temperatures. Europa has a very thin atmosphere that is entirely composed of oxygen. The result of this thin atmosphere means that it will be very quiet with no weather and wind conditions. The gravity is 13% of earths gravity making it similar the earths...
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...|Environmental Research | | | |Natural Science 1 | | | |1/29/2015 | | | |April S. Domingo 1st Year BSBA Economics | | | | | |Atty. Vicente T. Peña | Environmental pollution is “the contamination of the physical and biological components of the earth/atmosphere system to such an extent that normal environmental processes are adversely affected” Pollution is the introduction...
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...less than one water molecule almost too small to imagine (Williams & Adams). Nano technology is the science of interacting with atoms and molecules to modify the way they behave; for example by chemical creating Ferro fluids or liquid magnets the exhibit strange behavior due to external magnetic fields. Or by fabricating Nano scale semiconductor crystals known as quantum dots which are sometimes called artificial atoms that glow like Christmas lights. All of this occurs by waving the alchemist wand of the very fine particles of golden solution to modify their shape and size effecting dramatic color changes from yellow to deep blue to red all depending on the size of the Nano particles being utilized. Scientists have been modifying materials for decades. In fact nanotechnology has been in existence...
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