...My statement of “does a solution with a nonvolatile solute have a lower freezing point than a pure solvent?” can be reasoned by the following scientific information. Solutions are composed of a solute and a solvent and most properties of the solution are dependent on the properties of the solute. However, there are four properties that are unique to solutions that are based only on the number of particles of solute in the given solution. These four properties are: vapor pressure, boiling point, freezing point and osmotic pressure and collectively these properties are know as the colligative properties of solutions. In this lab, freezing point depression was observed when comparing a pure solvent of distilled water to a saltwater solution. The decreased freezing point of the saltwater solution is a result of the interactions between particles of solute from preventing the solvent particles from becoming more organized and forming solid crystals. Finally, collected data also confirms that they statement is true. The saltwater solution had an initial temperature of 26.5 °C and after being submersed in an ice bath, the temperature decreased to –5.0 °C. This temperature change was also confirmed when applying the formula for calculating...
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...and how each effects the environment. The subject in this paper is how Riordan Manufacturing will identify their nonsustainable practices, federal regulations, mandatory, and voluntary actions necessary to implement a successful sustainability plan. Nonsustainable Business Practices The business practice audits brought to light three nonsustainable practices. The three practices highlighted by the audit include wasted energy from the plants, the use of toxic cleaning solvents, and spilled ink. These three business practices can be very harmful to the environment. Burning fossil fuels for energy creates gases such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and volatile organic compounds. These gases cause air pollution. They can cause several kinds of air pollution, particular matter, smog, and ozone (New Energy Alternative, 2008). Air pollution can travel thousands of miles and can harm areas that burn fossil fuels sparingly. The next nonsustainable practice is the use of toxic cleaning solvents. The release of toxic chemicals from the spent cleaners can cause damage to the ozone layer. This contributes to the greenhouse effect that causes global warming. Global warming raises the earth’s temperature and can cause many environmental problems. Some of those are polar ice caps melting, fires, wild fires, increased hurricanes,...
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...3 Titanium Dioxide 4 Chloride Process 5 Sulfate Process 5 Water 5 Plastic Acrylic Resin 6 Manufacturing Stage 6 Final Use 7 Disposal Stage 7 Product Care Association 7 Landfill Disposal 8 Conclusion 8 Bibliography 9 CIL Naturaliving Paint 11 Introduction Objectives & Structure This life cycle analysis report is going to acknowledge the environmental and health benefits of using CIL’s naturaliving VOC-free paint, while also shedding light on the effects that its production and distribution have had on the environment. Following the introduction will be a brief overview and history of latex paint. The remainder of the report will be comprised of the life cycle of latex paint, which will walk the reader through the stages of: raw material extraction, manufacturing/production, distribution, final use, and disposal. Product The product chosen for this report is 100% acrylic latex paint, specifically, CIL’s naturaliving, VOC-free paint (for product ad, see Appendix: A). There are two main types of paint currently in production, oil-based (alkyd) and water-based (latex). This report is focusing on latex paint because of the environmental benefits that come from using latex over oil. Paint is thinned by use of a solvent; latex paint uses water as a solvent, whereas oil paint uses petrochemical distillate (Mario's Painting Services, 2010). When paint dries the solvent is evaporated into the atmosphere, which is the main reason latex...
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...Current Business Practices Audit Kimberly Johnson, Richard Siemienczuk, Karen Graham, and Chad Smestad MGT/360 December 3, 2012 Vicki Bauer Current Business Practices Audit The learning team conducted an audit of Riordan Manufacturing’s current business practices at its processing plants located in California, Georgia, Michigan, and China. The business sustainability worksheets used to complete the evaluation aided the team in locating common areas of non-sustainable practices relating to land, water, and air pollution. The three non-sustainable practices evaluated further are solid waste, and hazardous waste causing land pollution, hazardous waste causing water pollution, and gaseous waste causing air pollution. These areas are the most harmful to the immediate population, which includes the plant workers and the communities. Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste Causing Land Pollution One of the non-sustainable practices is adding to land pollution. Currently, off-spec materials are sent to the landfill (Apollo, 2012). In addition to this, scrap plastic managed as waste goes to the landfill (Apollo). The biggest problem is that plastic is not biodegradable. When plastic and off-spec products are sent to the landfill, breakdown occurs but at minimal rates and these take longer to biodegrade over time. To remain compliant with government regulations, Riordan Manufacturing is required to identify hazardous waste generated each month if it exceeds 2,200 pounds (Apollo...
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...The Agony of Diesel Engine Oil Particle Counts * Print Jim Fitch, Noria Corporation Tags: particle counting, oil analysis If cleaner motor oil extends engine service life, why aren’t labs reporting particle counts? Anyone who has worked in an oil analysis lab knows the challenges of counting and sizing particles in soot-laden diesel engine oil. Historically, most labs have chosen not to attempt particle counts with black oils. However, there is increasing user interest to have such numbers included in oil analysis reports, and some labs have already begun to comply using various instruments and methodologies. The increasing interest in contaminant monitoring of crankcase oils is driven in part by the many studies that have reported the positive effects gained from improved filtration on engine service life. One such study by General Motors documented that upgraded filter performance reduced engine wear by 50 percent. Statistics like this are hard to trivialize. In condition monitoring, any property that is important to machine reliability and life extension should be a property that is measured, assuming it is technically and economically feasible. Of course, this is the point of considerable consternation by the oil labs when it comes to crankcase oils. How does one perform practical particle counts on opaque fluids, achieving precision and cost efficiency at the same time? Before we examine the specific challenges of particle count methodologies, let’s review...
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...Chapter 5: Water and Seawater • Water has many unique properties, both chemical and physical. • Salts and other dissolved compounds in seawater. • Ocean water salinity, temperature, and density vary with depth. Water's structure defines its many properties • Atoms – building blocks of all matter • Subatomic particles – Protons – Neutrons – Electrons • Number of protons distinguishes chemical elements Water is a molecule • Strong covalent bonds between one hydrogen (H) and (two) oxygen (O) atoms • A single molecule of water is stable. • H20 is dipolar – Bent shape gives water its unique properties • Dipolar nature leads to molecules attracting each other Hydrogen Bonding • Polarity results in attraction between molecules. • Also, attraction to ions in water. Hydrogen Bonding • Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent bonds but strong enough to contribute to: – Cohesion – High surface tension Hydrogen Bonding -High solubility of compounds in water -Unusual thermal properties of water -Density of water Water as a solvent • Water molecules attract other polar molecules. • This attraction produces an ionic bond. • Water can dissolve almost anything – universal solvent Water’s thermal properties • Water in all three phases is present at the Earth’s surface. • Water moderates the Earth’s heat budget. Heat, Freezing and Boiling Points • Heat – energy that is transferred • Temperature – average kinetic...
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...skin, hair, callus, cartilage, muscles, tendons and ligaments, proteins hold together, protect, and provide structure to the body of a multi-celled organism. In the form of enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and globulins, they catalyze, regulate, and protect the body chemistry. In the form of hemoglobin, myoglobin and various lipoproteins, they affect the transport of oxygen and other substances within an organism. It is also known as polypeptides, are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and folded into a globular form. The amino acids in a polymer are joined together by covalent bonds called peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues. The physical and chemical properties unique to each amino acid are the result...
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...ANALYSIS OF FOOD PRODUCTS FOOD SCIENCE 581 Instructor Prof. D. Julian McClements Room 238, Chenoweth Lab Tel: 545 1019 Email: mcclements@foodsci.umass.edu Course Description Food products are analyzed for a variety of reasons, e.g., compliance with legal and labeling requirements, assessment of product quality, determination of nutritive value, detection of adulteration, research and development. The lectures will cover the basic principles of analytical procedures and techniques commonly used to provide information about the chemical composition, structure and physical properties of food materials. The aim of the laboratory classes is to give students experience in performing food analysis experiments, analyzing data and reporting their findings. In addition, students are expected to work in teams on a special project where they will identify and critically assess the most appropriate analytical methods for analyzing the properties of a particular food product. [4 Credits]. Textbooks * Introduction to Food Analysis. S.S. Nielsen, 1998. Aspen Publishers - The best general overview of food analysis techniques currently available. (Required). * Food Analysis: Theory and Practice. Y. Pomeranz and C.E. Meloan, Chapman and Hall - General overview of food analysis techniques (Useful) * Food Analysis: Principles and Techniques. D.W. Gruenwedel and J.R. Whitaker, Marcel Dekker - General overview of food analysis techniques (Useful) * Analytical Chemistry of Foods...
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...organomagnesium compounds, or more commonly Grignard reagents. Grignard reagents are unique due to their polarization. The carbon atom in the Grignard reagent is made electron-rich by the electropositive metal giving the carbon atom a partial negative charge (δ-), and the metal a partial positive charge (δ+). This unique charge distribution allows carbon to act as a nucleophile in chemical reactions. However, when carbon is bonded to a more electronegative atom, such as a halogen (structure 2) or to oxygen (structure 3), it acts as an electrophile in chemical reactions (Gilbert, Martin 639). Figure 1. Structure of an organometallic reagent (structure 1), an alkyl halide (structure 2), and a carbonyl compound (structure 3). * Due to the nucleophilic properties, organometallic compounds are commonly used in reactions to form new carbon-carbon bonds. Equation 1 is a general example of a reaction between an alkyl halide and an organometallic compound. Equation 2 is an example of a reaction of a carbonyl and an organometallic compound. In both reactions the nucleophilic carbon atom of the organometallic compound bonds to the electrophilic carbon of the other reagent (Gilbert, Martin 640). Equation 1 Equation 2 Grignard reagents R-MgX or Ar-MgX are prepared through the reaction of an alkyl halide (R-X) or an aryl halide (Ar-X) with magnesium metal in an anhydrous ethereal solvent (equation 3). Grignard reagents are commonly represented by R-MgX or Ar-MgX; however...
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...Chemistry of Life Matter is anything that occupies space. Matter is made of one or more elements. An element is the most pure form of matter. Elements are made of atoms. There are 111 elements and of these 92 are naturally occurring. Essential Elements About 25 elements are essential to life. These are called ‘essential elements’. 4 essential elements make up 96% of the human body. These are O, C, H and N. The other elements account for the remaining 4%. Trace Elements Certain elements are needed in trace amounts. These are also essential to life. Eg. The human body needs trace amounts of boron, chromium, iron, iodine, etc. Humans need 0.15 mg of iodine each day. If iodine is deficient or in excess, a goiter develops – due to malfunctioning of the thyroid gland. Properties of Atoms All atom have a neutral charge because of the following: In nucleus of atom are protons that have a positive charge (p+) and neutrons that have a neutral charge. Outside of the nucleus are the electrons. Electrons have a negative charge. The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons: so negative charges cancel out the positive charges. Atomic Number= number of protons (also number of electrons) Atomic Weight = number of protons + number of neutrons Atomic weight is the average weight number of isotopes for one elements. Atoms for one element have different numbers of neutrons and are called isotopes. Isotopes = different isotopes of an element have...
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...Water Life on earth evolved in water, and all life still depends on water. At least 80% of the mass of living organisms is water and almost all chemical reactions of life take place in aqueous solution. Water molecules are charged, with the oxygen atom being slightly negative and the hydrogen atoms being slightly positive. These opposite attract each other, forming hydrogen bonds. These are weak, long distance bonds that are very common and very important in biology. Water has a number of Important properties essential for life. * Excellent Solvent- Because it is charged water is a very good solvent.Charged molecules such as salts, sugars, amino acids dissolve readily in water and are called hydrophilic. Uncharged molecules such as lipids do not dissolve so well in water and are called hydrophobic. * High Specific heat capacity- Water has a specific heat capacity of 4.2 J g-1 oC-1, which means that it takes 4.2 joules of energy to heat 1g of water by 1oC. This is unusually high and it means that water does not change temperature easily. This minimises fluctuations in temperature inside cells and it also means that sea temperature is quite constant. * Latent heat of vaporisation- Water requires a lot of energy to change state from a liquid to a gas, and this is made use of a cooling mechanism in animals (sweating and panting) and plants (transpiration). As water evaporates it extracts heats from the surrounding area, cooling the organism * Latent heat of...
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... 2014 Freshwaters Sun Sun Decomposers Decomposers * Abiotic- air, water, sunlight * Biotic- plants, fish, etc. * Producers- plants (rooted to the bottom), algae (attached to the plants) and other solid substrate. * Consumers- tiny crustaceans, flatworms, insect larvae, snails, frogs, fish and turtles. Energy flow through an Ecosytem The ecosystem uses energy from the sun when the plants use a process called photosynthesis. This process is when the plant uses the sunlight to make sugar molecules. Also during this process the plants gain solar energy. The solar energy trap will produce chemical reactions that will require water and carbon dioxide. The carbohydrates (chemical reaction from water and carbon) are consumer by animals. Soon a chain reaction begins: plants- animals eat the plants- animals eat the animals that eat the plants. The sunlight energy will move, grow and reproduce. There are six characteristics that make water so unique and essential for life on earth: changing tetrahedrality, a versatile solvent, and attraction between molecules, freezing density, ability to hold nutrients and oxygen, state changes supporting energy transfer. Water can change from liquid to gas, making it possible to supply solar energy around the planet. Water also can hold nutrients and oxygen, which are both essential for organisms to survive. With water ability to freeze and decrease its density, ice will flow to the top instead of sinking in...
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...1. How can we account for life’s dual nature of unity and diversity? All forms of life have common unifying features yet are amazingly diverse. Both of these facts are a result of our DNA. All life has commonalities, while still being unique. For example insects all have a hard exoskeleton and numerous legs, but they all have different rolls to play on earth, as well as different shapes and sizes. Another good example is humans. We're all built with the same general composition, but each of us are unique within those boundaries. 2. While waiting at an airport, Neil Campbell once overheard this claim: "It's paranoid and ignorant to worry about industry or agriculture contaminating the environment with their chemical wastes. After all, this stuff is just made ofthe same atoms that were already present in our environment~How would you counter this argument? While waiting at an airport, Neil Campbell once overheard this claim: "It's paranoid and ignorant to worry about industry or agriculture contaminating the environment with their chemical wastes. After all, this stuff is just made ofthe same atoms that were already present in our environment. How would you counter this argument? Yes, that’s right cause the chemicals present in our environment every now and then are the same chemicals that are present in the industrial and agricultural wastes that are contaminating our environment Put in mind first that chemicals is used in large amount may leads or brings us to toxicity or...
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...anhydride to form an ester, with the help of the catalyst, phosphoric acid. III. Experimental A hot water bath with 100 ml of water at 50 degrees Celsius was prepared using a 250 ml beaker and a hot place. From there, 0.251 grams of salicylic acid were weighed (MW=183.1g/mol) and placed in a dry 5 ml conical vial. Also, 0.480 mL of acetic anhydride (MW=10.9 g/mol) was added with one drop of concentrated phosphoric acid from a Pasteur pipet was added. The phosphoric acid acted as a catalyst to aid in the synthesis. Also, added a magnetic spin vane and attached an air condenser to the vial, stirred the mixture with the spin vane until the salicylic acid and phosphoric acid had dissolved, and heated mixture for 8 to 10 minutes after the solid had dissolved to complete the reaction, which made the acetylsalicylic acid and the acetic acid from the mixture of salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. For the crystallization of the acetylsalicylic acid, the vial was removed from the water bath to cool down to room temperature. After it was cooled, the air condenser was detached and the spin vane was removed with forceps. The conical vial was placed in a small beaker and allowed the vial to cool to room temperature. The acetylsalicylic acid began to crystalize when the walls of the vial were scratched with a glass rod and the cooling of the mixture in an ice water bath....
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...AP Biology Exam Review: Lab Essays At least one essay (FRQ) on the exam will be based on an AP laboratory. To prepare for this question, review the objectives for all twelve laboratory exercises. The College Board does not necessarily expect that you have completed that lab, but rather that you have investigated the objectives of the lab. You may be asked to “design an experiment to determine….” You don’t necessarily need to create a new lab; if you have done an activity that would answer the question, simply describe it. For a good response, you should include the following. 1. State a hypothesis [as an “if…..(conditions), then….(results)” statement] Be sure your hypothesis is testable. 2. Identify the variable factor. 3. Identify the control. Be certain to explain the control for the experiment. 4. Hold all other variables constant. 5. Manipulate the variable. 6. State how you would measure the results. 7. Discuss the expected results. Relate the results to your hypothesis. 8. Include steps to replicate or verify. You may be asked to graph data. Be sure to use a graph that is appropriate for you data. Bar graphs are used when data points are discrete (not related to one another), while line graphs are used with the data are continuous. If there is a data point at zero, be certain to extend your line to 0, but do not extend the line to 0 if there is no data point at zero. Other points to keep in mind: ...
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