...What side were the Indians on? Why did they disobey Washington’s orders? o In simpler terms, they did not want to shoot first. When they encountered the French in the woods someone shot, but they did not know who. o The French had men injured and no Virginians were injured. The Tanaghrisson killed and scalped the injured soldiers, disobeying the command of Washington. In result the French retaliated. o The French brought in 600 soldiers and completely eliminated 1/3 of Washington’s army • The British tried to repair the friendship between the Mohawks as a strategy to prevent a larger and bigger war. o To resolve the problem between the Indians and the French, they had a meeting in Albany. A layout for an anecdote but...
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...Rhode Island, after the local stamp distributor failed to resign. The protests and disorder that broke out in the American colonies in 1765 marked the beginning not only of the American struggle for independence, but of over half a century of popular protest, revolution, and war across the western world. From the Ural Mountains in Russia to the Alleghenies and the Andes in the Americas, rioting, revolutions, and popular struggles against undemocratic rule took place in areas as diverse as France (in 1789), Geneva in Switzerland, Ireland, and Mexico. Revolution took on an entirely new meaning in 1791, when civil war erupted in San Domingue (Haiti) and slaves in the French colony's northern province rose in revolt. In 1770, a French philosophe, the Abbé Raynal, had called for a "Black Spartacus" to overthrow slavery. Spartacus was a Thracian slave and gladiator who led a great slave revolt against the Romans, in southern Italy in 73-71 B.C.E. Under the leadership of a new Spartacus, Toussaint Louverture, Haiti's slaves defeated the armies of France, Spain, and Britain, and, in 1801, adopted a constitution prohibiting slavery forever. Haiti became independent in 1804 after expelling a second French expeditionary...
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...have chosen to write about is the Louisiana purchase of 1803. The actual purchase of the state of Louisiana happened more by chance than by intention. What began as an attempt to regain access to navigate the lower Mississippi river evolved into one of the surprise territorial expansions in United States history. In reaction to Spain suddenly retracted an agreed upon treaty that allowed the United States to have access to the lower Mississippi river in 1802; the then President of the United States sent James Monroe to Paris to join with Robert Livingston to assist in negotiate the purchase of New Orleans and West Florida from the French. This maneuver was intended to secure control of the Mississippi, which was a vital trader route. However, as fortune would have it; Napoleon Bonaparte, who by this time had become a great military leader; was preparing for an impending war in Europe and needed a financial war chest. So, in April of 1803, Napoleon offered to sell, not just New Orleans, but all of Louisiana. Even though, they were not authorized to spend the amount Napoleon was asking, which was $15,000.000.00, this was an offer that was just too good to pass up. Because of this move, the American negotiators had doubled the size of the country by adding over 830,000 square miles to its’ territories. The short term consequences of...
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...Chapter One Canadian Constitution * THE MOST IMPORTANT DOCUMENT IN CANADA!!!!!!!!!!! * Has the roles of ALL levels of the government and describes how they work together * Governor General * Executive * Legislative * Judicial * Also has things like ooooh, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms British Monarch * The governor general is the Queen’s representative here in Canada * They are the formal head of state * So no real power… * Considered part of the executive and legislative branch The Executive Branch * Prime Minister and the Cabinet are part of the executive * To become PM, you have to lead a political party and win the most seats in the HofC * The cabinet is chosen by the PM and they come from his political party * Makes most laws and goes through the process to enact them * Basically runs the government through the days * Cabinet ministers are given portfolios that they are responsible for * They research issues and help to propose laws from their portfolio * Ex. Agriculture, justice, foreign affairs are types of portfolios * Each cabinet runs their own affairs which is the day to day activity of the government. * Each cabinet minister has their own staff to help them Political Parties * Whoever has the most seats leads the government * Candidates run for election, party with most votes form government * Are considered organizations...
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...Ashley Hughes Unit 4 Individual Project AIU Online Professor Brigitte Powell April 20, 2014 Abstract This paper explains how the United States acquired the territory. It explains the short term and long term consequences of the territory. The United States first looked to get arrives west of the Mississippi after 1802. When then, the United States had a peaceable association with the Spanish Empire, which controlled New Orleans and the immeasurable extends of region to its south and west. In any case, with wars boiling over in Europe, Napoleon Bonaparte constrained the session of the Louisiana region from Spain to France and quickly banished American access to the port of New Orleans in 1802. President Thomas Jefferson immediately dispatched then Secretary of State James Madison to Paris to arrange access to the port of New Orleans through buy of domain, transaction, or by picking up some other kind of access to the port. Be that as it may, upon his landing in Paris, Madison quickly took in of Napoleon's plan to offer the whole Louisiana domain to the United States. Seizing the open door to buy around 827,000 square miles of land, Madison arranged the buy of the Louisiana region for 15 million dollars in 1803. Since Madison was just sanctioned to use 10 million dollars, the buy surpassed his power, which was possibly hazardous. Jefferson likewise mulled over the legality of such a buy, actually proposing, to the point that an alteration to the U.s. Constitution...
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...American, French, and Haitian Revolutions: Causes and Consequences The world in the 18th century was in turmoil. Not so much politically as it was philosophically. For centuries the power of government had rested in inheritance and tradition. The king was king by birth and divine right. People were content to accept their lot. You took what life gave you and did the best you could with what you had, but all that was about to change. Starting around the turn of the 17th century, works by philosophers such as John Locke, Voltaire, David Hume, Emmanual Kant and others began making their way into the libraries of the common people. The ideas about government and its existence were starting to be questioned. The government, the philosophers preached, existed to serve the people, not the other way around. If and when a government fails to be of benefit to its people, then said subjects have the right to abolish the current government. It was this idea, along with the teachings of all men are created equal that would eventually lead to the revolutions that would dominate the end of the 18th century and on into the 19th century. Called the "shot heard around the world" by Ralph Waldo Emerson in his poem “Concord Hymn”, a bullet fired in Concord, Massachusetts in 1775 is credited by many as the official start of the American revolutionary war. In reality, though, it had actually begun more than two decades prior with the start of the French and Indian War (1754-1763)...
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...America, there was no greater sense of Otherness than between Europeans and Native Americans. Both Indians and Africans represented the "other" to white colonists, but the Indians held one card denied to the enslaved Africans— autonomy. As sovereign entities, the Indian nations and the European colonies (and countries) often dealt as peers. In trade, war, land deals, and treaty negotiations, Indians held power and used it. As late as 1755, an English trader asserted that "the prosperity of our Colonies on the Continent will stand 1 or fall with our Interest and favour among them." Here we canvas the many descriptions of Indians by white colonists and Europeans, and sample the sparse but telling record of the Native American perspective on Europeans and their culture in pre-revolutionary eighteenth-century British America. All come to us, of course, through the white man's eye, ear, and pen. Were it not for white missionaries, explorers, and frontier negotiators (the go-betweens known as "wood's men"), we would have a much sparser record of the Indian response to colonists and their "civilizing" campaigns. . * Royal Library of Denmark “The natives, the so-called savages” Francis Daniel Pastorius, Pennsylvania, 1700 Pastorius was the founder of German Town, the first German settlement in Pennsylvania. 2 Philip Georg Friedrich von Reck “The supreme commander of the Yuchi Indian nation, whose name is Kipahalgwa” Georgia, 1736 The natives, the so-called savages . . . they...
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...War of Independence or a Revolution? It should be understood that without understanding the causes, course, and consequences of the American Revolution, one cannot grasp the history of the United State. The American Revolution was the political commotion during the end of the eighteenth century. The thirteen North American colonies united to break free of the British Empire and become a new nation; The United State of America. A revolution can be defined as, the change in power or the constitution stirring in a relatively short period of time. Aristotle described revolution as complete change from one constitution to another (Sinclair 190). And this is precisely what happened two centuries ago in the United State. But the question needed to be answered is, was the American War of Independence really a war for independence or a revolution? The American War of Independence (1775–1783) was a climax in the political American Revolution rather than just a war for independence, ideologically influenced by the Enlightenment philosophers and writers of the Great Britain. Benjamin Rush remarked in 1787, "The American war is over, but this is far from being the case with the American Revolution. On the contrary, nothing but the first act of the great drama is closed." 2 This drama staged in the Pennsylvania State House in summer of 1776 remains the only most important chapter in the archives of American Revolution. Although, the political atmosphere in France...
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...1. Namethe French artist who made a series of paintings visualizing his dreams of democracy republic? Ans. Frederic Sorrieu 2. What had the French artist visualized as world made of democratic social republics? Ans. In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four prints visualizing his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social Republics’, as he called them. In Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume. Leading the procession, way past the statue of Liberty, are the United States and Switzerland, which by this time were already nation-states. France, identifiable by the revolutionary tricolour, has just reached the statue. She is followed by the peoples of Germany. Following the German peoples are the peoples of Austria, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary and Russia. 3. What are absolutist’s regimes? Ans. Literally, a government or system of rule that has no restraints on the power exercised is known as an absolutist regime. In history, the term refers to a form of monarchical government that was centralized, militarized and repressive. 4. What is a utopian society? Ans. A vision of a society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist 5. What is a plebiscite? Ans. A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal 6. What was the concept of European...
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... The Five Nations (Haudenosaunee) originally known as the Iroquois League is presently based in upstate New York. Originally, the League consists of the nations of Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. In 1722, the transition to what is called the Six Nations came to being when Tuscarora joined. According to history, the Five Nations started as distinct tribes by the middle of the 15th century. Each nation occupies a distinct territory and performs a different task. Iroquois influence and earlier domination ranges from Canada, to the Great Lakes and from Allegheny Mountains to Virginia and Kentucky. To live harmoniously with each other, the people from each nation came together and formed the Iroquois League which means Nations of Peace and Power as per their language. Would this change prove to be affluent or detrimental to the future of the Iroquois people? The League also known as the confederacy was known to have been established before contact with Europeans (Tooker, 1978) and its influence through alliances with other Indians, stretched east to west from New England to the great lakes, with Canada and south of Georgia. Strategically located in New York between French Canada and the English colonies along the river routes from north and west, the Iroquois have been reduced in number by a series of epidemics in the seventeenth century (Tooker, 1978). Iroquois settlements consisted of groups of 30 to 150 longhouses containing...
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...strings * Dominance of other institutions * Abundance of experienced polinticians * Knowledge of constitutional writing * Home rule * Experience with local affairs but not collective action between colonies * Strains during the French and Indian War * Albany Congress Limitations to Colonial Home Rule * Their Limited home rule did have some disadvantages: * Limited training for self-governance * Did not regulate their own commerce * Depended on Britain for military security * Incentive to free ride; Limited experience in collective action Franklin’s “Plan of the Union” * This plan called for an American army to provide for the colonies’ defense, a popularity elected national legislature with the power to levy taxes, and an executive appointed by the King. * Colonies could muster little support. They were unwilling to shoulder the burden of providing for colonial security. * To them, free riding made sense as long as they could get away with it. Dismantling Home Rule * At the end of the Seven Years’ War Britain was broke * This was a global conflict, part of which (the French and...
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...Brackley and the Bed READING Reading literature 1 All five short story features are represented in the short story “Brackley and the Bed” to a larger or smaller extent: Short time span: About two-thirds of the short story takes place during one single day in Brackley’s life. The remainder covers some subsequent weeks. Few characters: There are only two characters in the short story: Brackley and Teena. One central incident: The central incident is Teena’s arrival in London. Conflict: The intrusion of Teena into Brackley’s seemingly uncomplicated life in London. Turning point/surprise: The main turning point is at the end when Teena reveals that her aunt is coming over to stay with them. 2 2a The short story is set in post-war London before 1962. There is a reference to the Colonial Office in London which handled matters related to the British colonies. Trinidad and Tobago was a British colony until 1962. 2b Brackley is the protagonist of the short story. He is a young Tobagonian who has come to London in search of work. Being a Caribbean he realizes that it is difficult to find decent work and accommodation in a white society such as London. He seems to have resigned to his fate, which has often been so typical of many immigrants from the colonies. When encountering such challenges, it is easy to become passive, lazy and apathetic. He also understands that the English do not care and that he has to rely on himself. In this environment he also tries to adapt...
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...About World War I "Total War I: The Great War" by John Bourne The First World War was truly ‘the Great War’. Its origins were complex. Its scale was vast. Its conduct was intense. Its impact on military operations was revolutionary. Its human and material costs were enormous. And its results were profound. The war was a global conflict. Thirty-two nations were eventually involved. Twenty-eight of these constituted the Allied and Associated Powers, whose principal belligerents were the British Empire, France, Italy, Russia, Serbia, and the United States of America. They were opposed by the Central Powers: Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire. The war began in the Balkan cockpit of competing nationalisms and ancient ethnic rivalries. Hopes that it could be contained there proved vain. Expansion of the war was swift. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914; Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany declared war on France on 3 August and invaded Belgium. France was invaded on 4 August. German violation of Belgian neutrality provided the British with a convenient excuse to enter the war on the side of France and Russia the same evening. Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia on 6 August. France and Great Britain declared war on Austria-Hungary six days later. The underlying causes of these events have been intensively researched and debated. Modern scholars are less inclined to allocate blame for the outbreak of war than was...
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...2) Secularism is the ideology that argues for the historical inevitability and progressive nature of secularization everywhere and 3) Secularity is the resultant state of society. The term "secularism" was first used by the British writer Holyoake in 1851 to describe his views of promoting a social order separate from religion. The English word ‘secular’ comes from the Latin ‘saeculum’, which means ‘an age’ or ‘the spirit of an age’ and has the same meaning as the Greek ‘aeon’. In general terms, secularism means “belonging to this age, or worldly” along with a denial of other worldly realities (i.e. religious). The Bible introduces the idea of divine creation in the book of Genesis. God speaks directly to Man in Genesis: “Be fertile and increase, fill the earth and master it”. As Peter Berger, a social theorist notes that in this the idea of a secular world is sown as a God who stands outside of the Cosmos which is his creation. This opens the way for self making activity which Berger calls ‘historization’. Caesar was the emperor of Rome. In a famous passage Jesus said, "Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's". Some have thought that Jesus' statement established two separate realms, Caesar's and God's, and that people should render to each what they ask for in their respective realms. Later, during the rule of Roman Emperor Constantine 1 the two worlds were sought to be brought together. Christianity became a dominant religion...
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...for the witchcraft in British America occurred in Puritan colonies. Many factors contributed to the hysteria that gripped Salem. Impact of King William‘s War, the Puritan belief system and gender roles all led to the Salem witch trials. The foundation of the witchcraft crisis lay in the Puritan New Englanders’ singular worldview, one they had inherited from the first settlers of Massachusetts Bay more than sixty years earlier. That worldview taught them that they were a chosen people, charged with bringing God’s message to a heathen land previously ruled by the devil. And in that adopted homeland, God spoke through his providence - that is through small and large events of daily life. New England’s Puritans even in the third generation, believed themselves to be surrounded by an invisible world of spirits as well as by a natural world of palpable objects. Both worlds communicated God’s messages, because both operated under his direction. Losses sustained in the Second Indian War, King William’s War, prompted doubts or spiritual anxiety within the Puritan community. “That their Wabanaki enemies were Catholic (or at least aligned with the French Caltholics) made matters worse, suggesting that the settlers’ own Protestantism might not be destined for the triumph they had long assumed inevitable.” (296) The First Indian War, though extremely costly, ended with a victory in southern New England in the late summer 1676 and with a standoff in the northeast in 1678. New Englanders...
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