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What Are the Unique Challenges and Benefits Associated with Infill Development?

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1. What are the unique challenges and benefits associated with infill development?
Challenges:
(1) 此開發容易受到當地居民的反對與抗議。 (2) 建商為保留大家對遊樂區原有設施的記憶,保有設施,使得維修成本與裝潢費用在維護上甚至比開發新建設還高。 (3) 建案須以較低價格出租給居民,滿足居民期待並保有居民福利,來減少聲浪。 (4) 從單一型社區轉為混合型社區,在規劃上需耗費較多資源來整合,且有較高困難。 (5) 需考量到政府政策,按照都市更新計畫執行所有建設。
Benefits:
(1) 土地取得較容易,且土地價格較低,能夠減少土地成本。 (2) 廢棄地比例將升高,土地供給增加,可加以規畫整體投資規模及土地運用。 (3) Greyfield已既有管線等等,不需再經過管線配置來增加成本。 (4) 原地上物之廢棄物材料可回收做為新建物之材料或用以販售,來減低材料成本的花費。 (5) 相較於Greenfield,Greyfield需求量持續增加。 (6) 在廢地上改建,站在政府的角度上,是幫他們作廢棄地、市容的規劃,較不會加以刁難建商,工程也可以相對順利的進行。 (7) 鄰居皆具備環保意識,在交通上也相當方便,更可藉由綠建築來吸引人潮。

2. What are the pros and cons of green construction techniques? In what ways do they add value?
優勢:
(1) 綠建築的建造並不會比一般建築成本還要高,且通常一開始較高的初始成本能透過降低營運成本回收 (2) 綠建築被歸類為效能屋,因此可以用較低的成本去經營;美國綠建築協會的報告中顯示,綠建築可節省能源成本20%~50%。 (3) 研究表示,用綠建築當作辦公式可增加自然光照及改善空氣品質,並且能將員工的工作效能從6%提升到26%。 (4) 綠建築提供住戶健康、安全的室內環境,減少生病的機率。 (5) 對房屋擁有者來說,綠建築能降低建案品質不良所導致的法律糾紛,也較能保值;對承租者而言,綠建築能創造價值。 (6) 綠建築可獲得較低的利率,且能刺激綠能建築的發展;綠建築可活絡房市,人民可擁有更多選擇。 (7) 綠建築可降低建安的風險。

劣勢: (1) 綠建築的使用習慣與一般建築的使用習慣不同,需要加強宣導綠色建築的新觀念與設施,例如加裝省水、省電的裝置。 (2) 有些建商會利用綠建築的名號來圖利,並非能達到真正綠建築的規範,或著 利用偷工減料來賺取政府的獎勵。 (3) 綠建築用的材料與產品技術,在往後要維修或維護的成本相對高。 (4) 綠建築有許多規定的指標,在監督與維護的成本較高。

綠建築的價值在於減少對地球的傷害,以太陽能發電、廢水回收再利用、利用空間規畫使空氣對流都能減少地球資源的耗竭。

3. Would you pay a premium for a house that utilized green construction techniques? If so, how much of a premium?
美國綠建築協會(USGBC)宗旨是改變建築物建造與運作的方法,賦予環境、社會及整體營造的責任,促進生活品質以利居住與工作。而USGBC也提出了以下綠建築的優點:
| annual saving | r | N | PV | PVpSF | Urban | 226 | 5.82% | 20 | 2630.51 | 1.32 | Suburban | 394 | | | 4585.93 | 2.29 |

可以看出都市綠建築與非綠建築,跟市郊綠建築與非綠建築,可省下的分別為226與394美金(以2000平方英尺為比較基準),再以2003年美國平均抵押貸款利率5.82%為折現率,若居住20年,則相當於現在可省下2630.5與4585.9元,即每平方英尺省下1.32與2.29元。 (1) 蓋綠建築不確定是否需要更多的成本,但有更低的運作成本為償。 (2) 綠建築比起同類的傳統建築節省約20%~50%能源成本。 (3) 在商業環境下,研究指出可以增進員工6%至26%的生產力。 (4) 提供房客健康且安全的室內環境。 (5) 綠建築可以減少業主法定責任,關於不良的工作環境造成的病態辦公室症候群訴訟。 (6) 較少的能源費與水費減少房客的支出。 (7) 高性能綠建築可以提高產權價值。 (8) 綠建築有合格獎勵計畫,包括優惠利率、稅額抵減等等。 (9) 高效能建築可以做為在競爭市場分化的來源與競爭優勢。
而既然綠建築能改善我們的生活與工作環境,兼具節約能源功能。則根據USGBC提供的Capital E Analysis提到,綠建築分為四級的Level 1(合格級)、Level 2(銀級)、level 3(黃金級)和level 4(白金級),平均成本溢價分別是0.66%、2.11%、1.82%和6.50%。可用來做為我們費用參考。 4. What is the best strategy for the retail space? Why? Which offers the investor the best return on a risk-adjusted basis? (1) 第三個方案 (2) 用第三個方案,HGV已經將部分風險事先轉嫁給了National Grocery Chain(請見文中第14頁第10行提到,NGC會買下土地,並且所有規劃歸NGC負責),從exhibit 12可以得知方案三的profit 最大,所以選擇方案三是最好的選擇。 (3) 大量的稅金收入,可以減少投資的風險。

5. What are the barriers to widespread adoption of new Urbanism, infill development, and environmentally-responsible building and design techniques among mainstream developers? What forces are driving/inhibiting adoptions?
Barriers:
(1) 此種正處於未完成階段的節能科技是否會帶來其他side effect尚未可知,消費者對此種階段完成品是否能帶來真正的未來效益的疑慮為一大阻礙。 (2) 由於消費者已習慣目前的生活方式,但建商卻要使其轉換另一種生活型態(住商混合的規劃環境)無疑讓人心生退念。 (3) 原本存在的建築保留問題,需要依原本的建築來做重新規劃與重整
Driving forces: (1) 環境保護責任:
在環保意識抬頭的今天,如何在開發中兼顧環境生態的保護為主要的課題,而不能只著眼於眼前利益,喪失未來的資源和公司的聲譽,須讓消費者認為他們是一個有環保和永續概念的公司。
(2) 創造新需求:
此種綠建築不僅有減少能源、資源回收的優點,更能回收廢棄物,雖然這樣讓規劃過程更加繁鎖,但因環保導致其實值利潤高,且較省成本。
(3) 新都市型態生活:
因為都市毫無規劃的拓展,衍生出許多的問題,像是對汽機車的依賴使的能源快速消耗、環境品質降低,社區群體的感覺淡了,所以靠著重視環境、社區互動的優點,以及因政府政策而有機會換取獎勵措施或是銀行的低利貸款優惠去吸引更多消費者,而這樣的新規劃也能促進消費者更重視居家生活。

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