...preparing for careers in health-related fields—but regardless of your career choice, you will find the information within these pages relevant to your future. You do, after all, live in a human body! Being human, you most likely have a seemingly insatiable curiosity—and few subjects arouse so much curiosity as our own bodies. The study of anatomy and physiology will provide answers to many questions regarding the functioning of your body in both health and disease. Although we will be focusing on the human body, the principles we will learn apply to other living things as well. Our world contains an enormous diversity of living organisms that vary widely in appearance and lifestyle. One aim of biology—the science of life—is to discover the unity and the patterns that underlie this diversity, and thereby shed light on what we have in common with other living things. Animals can be classified according to their shared characteristics, and birds, fish, and humans are members of a group called the vertebrates, characterized by a segmented vertebral column. The shared characteristics and organizational patterns provide useful clues about how these animals have evolved over time. Many of the complex structures and functions of the human body discussed in this text have distant evolutionary origins. When we compare the particular adaptations of human beings with those of other creatures, we find two important principles: there are obvious structural and functional similarities among vertebrates...
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...Germany 2Department of Philosophy, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA Abstract. The human body as conceived by medical science is a system made of systems. The body is divided into bodily systems proper, such as the endocrine and circulatory systems. These are subdivded into many subsystems at a variety of levels whereby all systems and subsystems engage in massive causal interaction with other systems and subsystems. In this essay we offer an explicit definition of bodily system, and explicit means for understanding these causal interactions. Whereas informality is acceptable in documentation created for human beings, it falls short of what is needed for computer representations. In our analysis we will define bodily system, and will take some first steps toward understanding the causal relationships bodily systems have with their subsystems. 1. Introduction Ontology plays an increasingly significant role in work on terminology and knowledge management systems in the domain of biomedical informatics, and we hold that it will play an essential role in biomedical research of the future. The term ‘ontology’ must, however, be understood in the right way [1]. The dominant paradigm might be referred to as ‘applications ontology.’ This holds that the ontologist should focus primarily on the construction of ontologies as working software applications, a view which often goes hand in hand with the thesis that the expressive power of an ontology is limited effectively...
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...Eastern approach better, an understanding is needed of the basic Chinese concepts: the concept of a small universe living in a large universe; the duality concept of yin and yang; the concept of anatomy; the concept of physiology in Chinese medicine-the state of equilibrium expressed by the five elements; the concept of pathophysiology expressed by the external and internal insults; the concept of maintaining and promoting health expressed by the circulation of chi and hsieh; the therapeutic concept in Chinese medicine-the normalization or reestablishment of balance of the body function; the concept of preventive medicine. Two WESTERN STATES in the United States, Nevada and Hawaii, have regulated acupuncture as an independent practice not requiring medical referral or supervision.' Two other states have ruled that...
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...What does research indicate about clinical depression? What are the implications for treatment? Shvawn Christensen Psych 435 Athabasca University What does research indicate about clinical depression and what are the implications for treatment? The purpose of this paper is to logically provide a review about the biological and situational aspects of depression and the various forms of treatment. I will define what depression is, evaluate who depression affects and why, then proceed with the description of the most widely used methods of treatment, behavioral therapy and prescribed medication. I What is Depression? When it is referred to as your mood no one is exempt from some imbalance from time to time. This would be considered as normal day to day stress and living. However a diagnosis of depression is arrived at after a person has had or displayed a long struggle with feelings of sadness and hopelessness. As well if these feelings continue to affect and interfere with the person’s daily life. Unipolar and Bipolar are two types of mood disorders that can affect anyone of us. [People only troubled by depression would be diagnosed with “unipolar disorder” as this emotional disorder only affects one end of the mood continuum. However “bipolar disorder” affects both emotional ends of the mood continuum. People with this disorder will experience periods of both depression and mania] (Weiten & McCainn, 2007, p. 591)...
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...What kind of hierarchies do we encounter in the study of art from 1400-1600? Ideas of the Renaissance The hierarchical phenomenon operating between the years 1400-1600 shaped and organised Renaissance society, heavily defining codes of conduct and correct communal correlations. What’s more, it was a comprehensive and widespread concept that manifested from various angles in Italian Renaissance art. Hierarchical influence can be encountered when considering the contention between several aspects of Renaissance art, and the bearing this classification and ranking process had on the canon of art history was considerable given the periods place in it. Specifically, this ladder of position operated within the competitive frameworks between the liberal and mechanical arts, Early Renaissance and High Renaissance artists, male and female artists, patrons and their employees in the practice of patronage, genres of art works, and painters and sculptors. When trying to understand how a period is structured and works as a whole, consideration of the hierarchies operating within it reveal some clear points of focus. Societies generally work on a ‘pyramid of prestige’, and Renaissance Italy followed this rule. Each societal member had a place, and was expected to fully understand the boundaries this position placed upon them. Societal roles were clear, and every person was conscious of their social standing, whether it be that they were higher or lower than the next person...
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...blindness: missing cones; common: no L or M cone Cones not function at night One class of rods, see in the night Opponent processing: Red/green: (L-M): differences between those 2 cones/ if miss L, then can’t tell red from green Blue/yellow: (s-s+m/2) Explicit: conscious Episodic/semantic Implicit: skill memory LTP: stronger synaptic connection Long term: grow more receptors on post synapse anatomical Short term: amount of neurons Turing machine Single vs double dissociation Single: one manipulation Double: two manipulations Visual angle Grandmother cell a lot of cells respond for Halle Berry Do not respond only to Halle Berry Math: impossibly large number of neurons Only 100 images do not necessarily show that those cells only respond to one concept Size constancy: If no depth cue/ with out size constancy; then same visual angle same proximal size and same perceived size. s Alternative: different difficulties of those 2 tasks Mediate by separate part of brain regions Color constancy Binding: different percepts What is intelligence? (Cartesian) Dualism, identity theory, functionalism The Turing test (and objections to it) Aunt Bertha machine Linear vs. exponential scaling Dualism: mind is nonphysical substance Identity theory: same mind state means the same brain state Problem of strict...
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...Language and Culture There are many ways in which the phenomena of language and culture are intimately related. Both phenomena are unique to humans and have therefore been the subject of a great deal of anthropological, sociological, and even memetic study. Language, of course, is determined by culture, though the extent to which this is true is now under debate. The converse is also true to some degree: culture is determined by language - or rather, by the replicators that created both, memes. Language as Determined by Culture Early anthropologists, following the theory that words determine thought, believed that language and its structure were entirely dependent on the cultural context in which they existed. This was a logical extension of what is termed the Standard Social Science Model, which views the human mind as an indefinitely malleable structure capable of absorbing any sort of culture without constraints from genetic or neurological factors. In this vein, anthropologist Verne Ray conducted a study in the 1950's, giving color samples to different American Indian tribes and asking them to give the names of the colors. He concluded that the spectrum we see as "green", "yellow", etc. was an entirely arbitrary division, and each culture divided the spectrum separately. According to this hypothesis, the divisions seen between colors are a consequence of the language we learn, and do not correspond to divisions in the natural world. A similar hypothesis is upheld in the...
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...Professional Presence and Influence Cynthia Ellis March 1, 2015 Western Governors University In our practice, professional presence is the foundation on which we establish what it means to be human and to care for our fellow man. To be a nurse and choose the many sacrifices it takes to spend one’s life caring for others requires knowledge of one’s own personal beliefs and values. Our own past experiences with life and how they have shaped us also influence how we relate and treat our patients. These things work together to create our mindful presence. Throughout our years of practice, our experience with patients, coworkers and physicians as well as a growing knowledge base help us develop a road map which we follow in our everyday work. These things help us better understand others and what it truly means to be human. As we gain a better understanding for the very people we serve, we can better create a healing environment. Jean Watson, a nurse theorist, best defines a human as “a valued person in and of him or herself to be cared for, respected, nurtured, understood and assisted. He is to be viewed as greater than and different from the sum of his or her parts.” She then says that nursing is “a human science of persons and human health, illnesses, and experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific, esthetic, and human transactions.” (Watson, 1999) Surely, with her definition of nurses, we are to be held to a very high standard as well as charged...
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...especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex OR recognition and understanding of the difference between one thing and another. 4. Prejudice - preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience. 5. Institutionalised racism - any kind of system of inequality based on race. It can occur in institutions such as public government bodies, private business corporations, and universities 6. Multiculturalism - the doctrine that several different cultures (rather than one national culture) can coexist peacefully and equitably in a single country 7. Ethnocentricity - Belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group. 8. Sexism - prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex. 9. Heterosexist - a system of attitudes, bias, and discrimination in favour of opposite-sex sexuality and relationships. It can include the presumption that other people are heterosexual or that opposite-sex attractions and relationships are the only norm[2] and therefore superior 10. Homophobia - an extreme and irrational aversion to homosexuality and homosexual people. 11. Equal opportunity - the right to be treated without discrimination, especially on the grounds of one's sex, race, or age. 12. Equality - the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, or opportunities. 13. Prejudiced – having or showing a dislike or distrust that...
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...Midterm 1 Notes * Anthropological Approaches to Understanding Evolution * What is Anthropology? * the study of culture * the study of humans * the study of humans and human behavior * the study of culture among different people and places * the study of global cultures and the comparisons between the various differences * It incorporate culture, including language, social practice, religion, etc. * the study of culture…it can be scientific, humanistic and based on observation * the study of humans in all parts of the world…it combines several fields into a holistic view * the study of humankind in all time and places * Anthropology is: 1. A Social Science * Academic discipline concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society, which often reply primarily on empirical approaches 2. Studies Culture * Culture is composed of ideas, values and perceptions * Culture is not instinctual, it must be learned and shared * Culture only exists within a society or group of people * Culture is a human adaptation to their environment 3. Holistic * The various parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence * Cultural Anthropology * The study of patterns of human behavior, thought and emotions, focusing on humans as culture-producing and culture-reproducing creatures ...
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... contraception, celibacy, marriage, adultery, casual sex, flirting, prostitution, homosexuality, masturbation, seduction, rape, sexual harassment, sadomasochism, pornography, bestiality, and pedophilia. What do all these things have in common? All are related in various ways to the vast domain of human sexuality. That is, they are related, on the one hand, to the human desires and activities that involve the search for and attainment of sexual pleasure or satisfaction and, on the other hand, to the human desires and activities that involve the creation of new human beings. For it is a natural feature of human beings that certain sorts of behaviors and certain bodily organs are and can be employed either for pleasure or for reproduction, or for both. The philosophy of sexuality explores these topics both conceptually and normatively. Conceptual analysis is carried out in the philosophy of sexuality in order to clarify the fundamental notions of sexual desire and sexual activity. Conceptual analysis is also carried out in attempting to arrive at satisfactory definitions of adultery, prostitution, rape, pornography, and so forth. Conceptual analysis (for example: what are the distinctive features of a desire that make it sexual desire instead of something else? In what ways does seduction differ from nonviolent rape?) is often difficult and seemingly picky, but proves rewarding in unanticipated and surprising ways. Normative philosophy of sexuality inquires about the value of sexual...
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...male or female ii. Do I think as myself as a boy or girl, main or woman, or something else iii. Sense of being masculine, feminine, or ambivalent iv. Feeling of belonging to a particular gender v. The Data shows the following: 1. Evidence of Gender ID begins to emerge at 1 ½ years and is influenced by the infant’s observed genitalia, proper gender assignment, belief’s regarding gender, and infants experience with his/her body 2. 2-2 ½ years old- Clearly Crystallizing through naturally curiosity about anatomical differences between sexes, genital play and gender categorization. 3. 3- firmly established through process of identification with same gender parent 2) Be able to discuss the current understanding of the development of sexual orientation A. What is sexual orientation: i. This refers to a person’s potential to respond with sexual excitement to persons of the same sex, opposite sex or both ii. This includes erotic or sexual fantasies, affection preferences, romantic attraction, etc iii. Heterosexual, Homosexual, Bisexual, and Asexual B. In Summary, there is Likely the following: i. Several Genes that encode for sexual orientation and perform other roles as well ii. Complex interaction between the biology and psychosocial mechanisms to produce sexual orientation...
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...idiopathic epilepsy. Hmong believes quag dab peg symptoms are the result of a person’s soul travelling between realms, while western medicine associates these symptoms with abnormal electrical activity in the brain. The Hmong culture sees this condition as an honor and indication that the person is called to host a healing spirit and become a shaman. The US medical system views epilepsy as an impairment. Neither the social construction of this illness nor cultural implications in Hmong and Western medicine were understood by the Lee family and the doctors treating Lia at MCMC. They did not understand or even possess the knowledge that they had contrasting socially constructed beliefs about Lia’s condition. Each party assumed the other’s thoughts as they did and did not consider the cultural factors that contributed to one another’s perceptions of the situation. This was further complicated by stereotypical thinking and language...
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...& Intelligence Piaget & Problem solving Special needs students Gender o Male vs Female o Cognition & Behavioural differences Direct instruction & Discovery Learning Teaching Students with Additional Learning Needs Special Children Have special needs and require assistance at some stage in our schooling The notion of ‘fairness’ is not giving our students the same, but rather giving them what they need to learn and succeed. A look at the importance of resilience o Resilience is the ability to rebound, develop and thrive in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, hardship or even significant sources of stress. o How does resilience develop? Who are we talking about when we discuss children with special needs? o Those students with learning needs that are so diverse they need individual consideration and support. o A continuum of support in the classroom. Definition of Disability Social Model o socially created problem o not an attribute of an individual, but rather a complex collection of conditions o management of the problem requires social attention o collective responsibility of society at large o human rights issue of major concern o in the educational setting we ask what can we do in the classroom to give these students access to the curriculum Medical/Deficit Model o disability is viewed as a problem of the person o directly caused by disease, trauma, or other health condition that may require sustained medical...
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...Pakicetus… 5-7 * Ambulocetuss… 7-8 * Rodhocetus… 8-9 * Basilosaurus and Dorundontidae… 9-10 * Kentriodontidae… 10-11 Part II: Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Behavior… 11 * What is a Dolphin?... 11 * General Anatomy… 11-12 * Integumentary, Sensory and Urinary systems… 12-18 * Musculoskeletal system and Locomotion… 18-20 * Respiration, diving, and breath-hold physiology… 20-22 * Sound Production, communication, echolocation… 22-23 * Diet, foraging strategies… 24-27 *...
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