...Historical Development of Nursing Timeline Development of the nursing practice has e started as early as the 1850’s with Florence Nightingale. She was the founder of the first nursing theory. From her foundation over the years nursing has blossomed into a great career and practice to where nurses and patients both benefit from the advances in theories and practice. Theory is an essential part of the past, present and future of nursing. Timeline: (1860) Florence Nightingale: - Florence Nightingale was the founder of nursing theory (George, 2011). She described nursing as both an art and a science. She recommended adjusting the environment to improve the person’s health. She believed that nursing was a calling and that it is different from medicine and the goal for nursing was to place the patient in the best possible condition for nature to act. She was able to construct this theory through her experiences in the Crimean war. Theory development began with Nightingale and was revived in the 1950s. Her foundational work is what nursing theorists expanded upon that started in the 1950’s until the present time. (1952) Hildegard Paplau: Interpersonal Relations Theory -Paplau, a psychiatric nurse instructor, described the nurse-client relationship, and stated that nursing is therapeutic interpersonal process (George, 2011). The 1950’s populated theoretical conceptualization of nursing science by Columbia University Teaching College graduates (George, 2011). Paplau...
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...Sandra J. Mitchell Trident University International MAE 524 – Adult Development and Learning Module 1 – Case Dr. Jerusalem Howard Fall 2013 Andragogy Andragogy was a concept first introduced by Alexander Kapp in 1833 to describe how adults learn as opposed to children (infed.org). It however did not gain much appreciation and it was not until around the 1950’s when the term came to surface again. Andragogy was actually a study done in Europe in the 1950’s that was researching on how adults learned. The current and recognized definition of andragogy “the art and science of helping adults learn” was coined by an American theorist of adult education Malcolm Knowles in the 1970’s (Queensland 2010). Knowles recognized that adults learned differently and brought unique characteristics to the learning environment, what he referred to as “adult learning principles” (Queensland). They are as follows: * Adults are internally motivated and self-directed * Adults bring life experiences and knowledge to learning experiences * Adults are goal oriented * Adults are relevancy oriented * Adults are practical * Adult learner like to be respected With these principles in mind, one can see that adult learners require a different approach when it comes to learning. When adults return to school, it is usually because they are looking to advance their career, learn a new skill or just to learn something new. With jobs getting harder and harder to find, many look...
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...characteristics of a country's population. Many sociologists have studied these topics and some that will be looked at in this essay are Thomas McKeown (1972), N.L Tranter (1996) and many more. The first topic to be assessed in this essay is the death rate in the UK, the death rate is currently declining in the UK and there are several reasons for this decline. According to N.L Tranter (1996), over three quarters of the decline in the death rate from 1850 to 1970 was due to a fall in the number of deaths from infectious diseases. Since deaths from infectious disease were commonest amongst the younger generations, it is not surprising that most of the decline in the death rate came from infants, children and young adults. This decrease in the death rate is part of what has led to a growing population in the UK. However, this is not the only reason for a decline in the death rate leading to an increase in the population in the UK. Thomas McKeown (1972) also points out that improved nutrition is also part of what has led to a decreasing death rate, he believes it is accountable for up to half the reduction in death rates. He argues that improved nutrition is particularly important in reducing the number of deaths from tuberculosis (TB). Better nutrition increased resistance to infection and increased the survival chances of those who did become infected. This meant less people died form these diseases, reducing the death rate and then, forcing population to grow. On the...
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...Prompt: What are some overarching motifs and symbols embedded within the text of Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s dramatic novella: Chronicle of a Death Foretold? The novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold was written by Gabriel Garcia Marquez and further published in 1981. It is based on the true story of a man by the name of Santiago Nasar who had been accused for taking the virginity of an unmarried woman named Angela Vicario. The story takes place in a small town in Colombia, South America, set in the 1950’s. According to the Colombian culture, it is a terrible sin to take the virginity of an unmarried woman, so in the novel, this sinful man is murdered by two of the woman’s family members. Many motifs and symbols are embedded within the text of...
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...Diversity in the Workplace When we think of diversity we may think of different colors of skin, or maybe different backgrounds of origin. However diversity is so much more. In historic times white men where the world’s leaders, within the workforce. There are some who helped shape our managerial environment. We had great men like Maslow who was the father of hierarchy of needs. Which is a theory in psychology which subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity. With this theory we understood the needs basis for the blue collar employee, and how to communicate from the bottom to the top. We also had others like Frederick Taylor, father of scientific management, with scientific management we were able to understand what it meant to be a top manager, and how to communicate with the employee. Henri Fayol, was another contributor of the idea of human resources, and the managerial world, he was the early proponent of general principles of management. With these men they shaped the idea of what was proper management, and what the work environment needed. With them they brought forth new ideas, and these ideas brought forth the movement of diversity. With diversity becoming more of a norm within the working environment, and fewer whites moving up in the ranks of companies, and businesses. The workforce started to change with the introduction of women in the workforce, and other cultures being involved, when the market began to globalize. ...
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...Life after World War II Once WWII ended, the United States experienced many changes, both good and bad. Despite inflation and war strikes, the U.S successfully transitions to a peacetime economy. The economy didn’t just change, but the government also with the changes in balance of power of the three branches of federal government during the 20th century resulting in the expansion of executive power during periods of crisis. Many factors contributed to the better economy, and even minimum wages increased to 75 cents because of one of Truman’s Fair Deal that Congress passed. Although with the good times, there came the bad. There was a lot of labor unrest during this period. After WWII, rising inflation triggered the labor unrest. A wave of U.S industrial strikes at the end of WWII contributed to President’s Truman’s attempt to place strict limits on striking labor unions when national interests were at stake. A miner’s strike also took place, which was ended by President Truman by ordering the government seizure of the mines while pressuring owners to grant most union demands. Labor leaders strongly rejected the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947 because the act favored big business interests over union interests. Delinquency was also a problem. Concerns about juvenile delinquency and failing educational systems surfaced during these years. Topping the list of juvenile crimes was car theft, which was something that needed to be changed. Other countries also had an impact on the U.S...
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...1. Discuss when, why and how the Cold War began. Then cite at least one factor that perpetuated the Cold War in each decade from the 1950s-1980s and discuss how the item you selected affected America at home as well. Last, discuss when and why the Cold War ended. 2. Discuss the origins of the Vietnam War, the course of the war over thirty years in the 1940s, and wars' impact on the United States, both at home and in terms of foreign policy. 3. Write an essay on the civil rights movement since 1953 in which you discuss the major factors that have contributed to its success and its major gains. Be sure to discuss more than one group and to cite examples from each decade of the 1950s through the 1990s. 4. Discuss the reasons for America's economic growth or decline in each decade from the 1950s through the 1990s. Then explain how various presidents have dealt with economic problems and why they succeeded or failed. 5. Write an essay about the impact of television on the history of the United States over the past fifty years in which you describe in detail at least one historical event of national importance from each decade of the 1950s - 1990s that was affected by TV. Civil Right: The WWII can be recognized at the origin of the period when United States started it political and economical dominant compare to other nations. WWII reshaped Americans’ understanding of themselves as a people. The struggle against Nazi tyranny and its theory of a master race discredited...
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...trading partner, surprisingly little research has been devoted to cross-cultural perceptions in the India-U.S. business context. We developed an approach based on Levinson’s (1950) ethnocentrist model to explore the underlying values of the two cultures, specifically in relation to perceptions of work. Preliminary results indicate a potential misalignment of motivating values. This study may have further implications for the selection of strategic business partners and other important crosscultural transactions. Keywords: India, Ethnocentrist, Levinson Introduction The genesis for this study was a question posed by an Indian graduate student on her first visit to the U.S. who simply wanted to know what Americans thought of Indians and her home country. India’s economic liberalization in 1991 opened the gateway for new multilateral business opportunities, and in a broader sense, the world gained access to a vast wealth of untapped resources in India, including a highly educated workforce to satisfy the global desire for outsourced services. Although the U.S. has quickly become India’s largest trading partner, surprisingly little research has been devoted to cross-cultural perceptions in this business context. In response to our student’s question, anecdotal evidence suggested that the stereotypical view was quite favorable in that Indians in America were assumed to have strong abilities in math and science that resulted in professional positions with above average...
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...Week 4 Assignment Religious and Ethnic Groups Paper Kevin M. Ford ETH-125 9/22/2013 Tamira Moon Week 4 Assignment Religious and Ethnic Groups Paper Throughout time, individuals have been classified into distinguishable groups based on many characteristics like physical appearance, ethnicity, religious beliefs, region of origin, and economic status. The intent of this paper is to provide background on how these groups are differ from each other, how they interact with each other, and what these groups have contributed to American culture. Whatever the classification people may fall into, it is almost certain that they have faced difficult choices regarding their beliefs, culture, and well-being. They have also faced scrutiny and discrimination from other groups. How they have adapted and persevered during these times contributes to their cultural history. Buddhism is a religion practiced by nearly 300 million people around the world, but is a little known religion to westerners. It is gaining popularity in western countries because its philosophies lend to the minimalistic trends that are becoming popular in America. More than just a religion, Buddhism differs from other religions because does not worship idols or gods, instead it is designed to teach its followers a deep understanding of the human mind, and to find the path to enlightenment. Another unique characteristic of Buddhism is that it has historically been a tolerant religion, which cannot be said for most other...
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...Robert Frank - The Americans Early History: Robert Frank was born on November 9, 1924 in Zurich, Switzerland. He is best known for his documentary photography book The Americans however he has released additional books and documentary films as well. Robert Frank was raised into a wealthy Jewish family, his father of German decent and a photographer as well, and a Swiss mother coming from money. In an interview that Frank gave to the NY Times, he stated, ‘‘My father married my mother because of money. It became the most important thing in order for them to feel good. If my father had a good day, dinner would end and my father would take out his wallet and give my mother 100 Swiss francs." (DAWIDOFF) At the time of his upbringing, the beginnings of WWII were also in play where by Frank states remembering the speeches of Adolf Hitler via the radio in his youth. Frank later studied as an apprentice under a commercial photographer by the name of Herman Segesser. It was then that Frank had thoughts of exploring elsewhere to shoot photography. Although safe in Switzerland, growing up during the Holocaust years and the oppression that he witnessed took it's effect of Frank, this of which pushed him into traveling to America to pursue broader interests in photography. Coming to America: In 1947, Frank immigrated to America to explore photography in new ways and other outlets than he had done before. Upon arriving, Frank landed a short stint...
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...Abstract “Censorship of the arts” consists of a brief look into the art industry and how governments are attempting to control what artists release. There are several high profile cases referenced within this paper, one involving AMTRAK and a refused billboard. Also referenced is a situation which involves an artist painting abstract and grotesque pictures involving deformities. Closing out this paper is how art is able to bring people of different backgrounds and cultures together. Censorship of the Arts Art is present in every aspect of modern life. It is there when we turn on the T.V. and watch our favorite program or see a commercial, when we drive past a billboard, and it’s even there when we make our morning breakfast. Art is a major part of our society, but it has been under attack by censorship since its first conception. Censorship of the arts is unconstitutional, limits creativity, and stifles diversity, but is sometimes needed. Censoring art is unconstitutional because art, at its core, is an expression of oneself or an idea, and in essence the same as a verbal statement. In the case Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corporation, AMTRAK refused to display a billboard ad by Michael Lebron in New York City’s Penn Station. The ad used Coors ad slogan “Right Beer” against it, asking the question “Is it the Right’s Beer Now?” The billboard pictures the usual, happy beer drinkers’ right next to a Nicaraguan village where villagers are being...
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...Historical Development of Nursing Timeline NUR/513 - THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF PRACTICE DOLORES DIEHL University of Phoenix March 10, 2014 Nursing science was defined in 1978 by Donaldson and Crowley as “principles and laws that govern life process, well- being, and optimum functioning of human beings-sick or well…; patterning of human behavior in interaction with the environment in critical life situations… and process by which positive changes in health status are affected (Donaldson, S. K. & Crowley, M. 1978 p. 113). The definition of nursing science was recently noted by U. S. National Institutes of Health which wrote that the “ ultimate intent of the knowledge generated through nursing research is to provide information for guiding nursing practice; assessing the heath care environment, enhancing patient ,family, and community outcomes; and shaping health policy” ( U. S. National Institutes of Health, 2005, p. 72). These definitions are all stepping stones from the very first person that said there is a need for better care delivery for those who are sick. The founder of nursing was Florence Nightingale’s and she wrote a book titled “What it is and what it is not. Florence‘s book outlined the bases for nursing practice in a time when the simple rules of health were only beginning to be known. The topics were of vital importance not only for the well-being and recovery of patients, when hospitals were riddled with infection, when nurses...
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...Transcultural nursing care/Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory. Quynh Doan SCF- RN-BSN progrgram •Born in Sutton, Nebraska on July 13, 1925 •received her diploma in nursing from St. Anthony’s School of Nursing in Denver, Colorado in 1948 In 1950 •She earned her BS from St. Scholastica (Benedictine College) in Atchison, Kansas •She earned an M.S. in psychiatric and mental health nursing from the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., in 1954. •She received her Ph.D. in Cultural and Social Anthropology from the University of Washington in 1965 Referrence •Parker, M. E. (2005). Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice. Philadelphia: F.A. Madeleine M. Leininger Loading... •Madeliene Leininger recognized that the congruent of care and culture was the missing link in nursing. What lead her to recognized this phenomenon? •References •Parker, M. E. (2005). Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice. Philadelphia: F.A. Factors that shape the theorist •The main focus of cultural care frameworks is to assist nurses to avoid ethnocentric assessments, so that they can provide care that is responsive to the recipient’s cultural perspective. (Baker 1997.) Madeliene Leininger Loading... •It is the only theory explicitly focused on the close interrelationships of culture and care on well-being, health, illness, and death. •It is most holistic and multidimensional. •The theory focused on comparative culture...
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...a two part answer. First, do I agree with the claim regarding the immediate post war years, and second, was there a change towards the end of the twentieth century? First I shall look to the immediate post war years to see if the claim paints an accurate picture of the era in question, and second, I will look at some of the changes which occurred in more recent times. In the immediate post war years in the UK the traditional nuclear family was a widely accepted concept. The father, as head of the household and the bread winner, would go out to work. In this role he formed the link between the family and the state. The mother’s responsibilities were to take care of the children and the home. Marriage was seen as a heterosexual union and was taken on as a life long commitment. Generally religion and the church would play a part in most family’s lives with religion taught in school during the week and Sunday school or church attendance expected at the weekend. Most men of that era were employed in the manufacturing or industrial sectors and these jobs were generally very secure, widely thought of as ‘jobs for life’. This was also the time when the welfare state was being established. This was intended to provide a good standard of healthcare, unemployment benefit, schooling, pensions and child benefit to the whole population, and would be free at the point of usage. This was touted as a ‘cradle to grave plan’ under an ‘all pay, all benefit’ system (Fergusson and Hughes, 2000, p...
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...of a Diverse Workforce Having a diversity workforce can be beneficial for any organization. Not only does it bring people from different cultures together but can bring new ideas that could help a company be more productive. Different cultures may go about problem solving in different ways which could result in thinking “outside the box”. Multinational businesses often have a great deal of diversity in their workforce usually due to their size and geographical locations. A diverse workforce can make an organization stronger and give it the ability to better provide the needs of their customers. We will look at laws affecting equal employment opportunity, components that make up a diverse workforce and uniform guidelines on employee selection procedures. Diversity is not only people from different cultures but can women, single mothers, people of color, older workers and those who are disabled. We learn in the bible that God does not take sides when it comes to race. In Galatians it is stated “There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male and female, for ye are all one in Christ Jesus” (Galatians 3:28, KJV). Today in the United States there are many employment laws that protect working Americans. But this was not always the case. According to Walsh (2010) at the turn of the twentieth century, employment law was virtually nonexistent in the United States. A major breakthrough came in the 1930’s with the enactment of the National...
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